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Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) is a potent activator of glucose uptake associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and obesity. The aim of this study was to assess relationships between the anthropometric parameters, body composition, and FGF-21 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy young adults.

This cross-sectional analytical study included 30 healthy young adults from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1401. The FGF-21 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Linear regression was used to assess relationships of anthropometric and body composition parameters with the gene expression.

The median (interquartile range) age and body mass indices of the participants were 22 (21–26) years and 23.3 (21.25–3.6) kg/m2, respectively. Significant inverse relationships were detected between FGF-21 ΔCT in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and body mass index (β = -0.516), waist-to-hip ratio (β = -0.477), total fat mass (β = -0.412) and visceral fat (β = -0.514) (p < 0.05). This indicated that higher values of these variables were associated to the increased FGF-21 gene expression. No significant relationships were observed between the muscle mass and FGF-21 gene expression.

Results of this study demonstrated significant positive associations between the FGF-21 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the body composition, waist-to-hip ratio, fat mass and visceral fat in healthy young individuals. Further studies are warranted to verify alignment of FGF-21 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as easily accessible human cells, with serum levels.

Senescence is linked to increases in oxidative stress and free radicals, which can potentially damage DNA. Furthermore, obesity is known to exacerbate these factors. In contrast, antioxidants may postpone tissue aging, including adipose tissues, by fighting with free radicals. To investigate this link, this study was carried out to assess associations between dietary antioxidant intake and visceral adipose tissue aging in obese adults.

A case-control study was carried out at Shahada Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran, with 20 candidates of bariatric surgery and 20 adults of normal weight. The study assessed activity of beta-galactosidase in visceral adipose tissues. Assessment of dietary antioxidants was carried out using food frequency questionnaires.

Study indicated significant adverse correlations of the daily consumption of vitamin C and selenium with beta-galactosidase activity in visceral fat tissues of case group (p = 0.039 and p = 0.028, respectively). In the control group, significant adverse relationships were observed between the daily intake of vitamin C (p = 0.001), lycopene (p = 0.027), selenium (p = 0.037) and magnesium (p = 0.002) and beta-galactosidase activity in visceral fat tissues. Moreover, individuals with high beta-galactosidase enzyme activity in visceral fat tissues had a significantly lower daily intake of vitamin E (p = 0.046), vitamin C (p < 0.001), lycopene (p = 0.030), selenium (p = 0.035) and magnesium (p = 0.01), compared to those with low beta-galactosidase enzyme activity in visceral fat tissues.

Consuming diets high in antioxidants has been linked to decreased cellular senescence in the visceral adipose tissues of obese adults. To further investigate this relationship, studies including a variety of senescence markers are recommended.

such as the process of cellular respiration, which is scavenged by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Intake of antioxidants from food sources has always been considered in nutrition research. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate antioxidant effects of crocin on the expression profile of genes involved in the enzymatic antioxidant systems in muscle cells.

After culturing and several passages, C2C12 muscle cells were differentiated into myotube cells and treated with various concentrations of crocin (10, 25, 50 and 100 μM) for 24 h. Gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD2, Gpx1 and catalase) was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Crocin significantly decreased expression of SOD2, Gpx1 and catalase genes (p <0.05) with no effects on expression of SOD1 gene.

Findings of this study showed that receiving exogenous antioxidants such as crocin could possibly decrease needs of expression of enzymatic antioxidant genes through strengthening non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. However, further studies are needed to verify the results.

Embryonic cancers are very rare. However, the exact components preventing cancer development or progression in embryonic microenvironment are largely unknown. On the other hand, cancer stem cells with characteristics similar to embryonic stem cells are involved in cancer progression and resistance to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of unfertilized egg white, as an embryonic microenvironment model, on proliferation, self-renewal, stemness and migration of SW480 colon cancer cells and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) resistant subgroup.

In brief, SW480 and 5FU-SW480 cells were exposed to 10% (v/v) egg white. To assess viability, self-renewal and stemness characteristics and migratory capacity of the colon cancer cells, MTT, flow PI staining and flow cytometry, colony formation, spheroid and wound healing assays were used, respectively. Furthermore, expression levels of c-Myc, Nanog, Ndrg1 and E-cadherin genes were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Findings showed that 10% volume of unfertilized egg white significantly decreased cell survival, inhibited cell cycle in G0/G1, decreased colony formation and sphere formation and inhibited migration ability in the two cell groups, compared to the control. Moreover, expression of c-Myc and Nanog decreased while expression of Ndrg1 and E-cadherin increased in SW480 cells. However, c-Myc gene expression increased in 5FU-SW480 with decreases in expression of Nanog and Ndrg1.

It seems that unfertilized egg white includes various mechanisms to control cancer development and progression. Further studies are needed to identify actual components affecting stemness and invasiveness of tumor cells, specifically cancer stem cells.

Changes in lifestyles and consequently food patterns and consumption of ready to eat and fried foods have increased probability of Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) occurrence, and many studies have illustrated relation between -survived salt, total fat, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids contents of industrial and guilt fried products in Iran.

 In this survey, 69 samples including 18 samples of industrial fried products (potato chips, shoestring Potato, fried onion, and fried garlic) and 51 guild fried products (potato chips,  string potatoes, fried onion, and fried garlic) were prepared from different parts of country. According to case, the amount of salt, total fat, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids was determined, and their conformities with national standards investigated.

 The mean of total fat for industrial and guilt potato chips was 42% w/w, and measured for strip potato, shoestring potato, industrial and guilt fried onion 17, 34, and 47% w/w, respectively. Among 69 samples, only 5.47% did not have conformity with national standard about total saturated fatty acids in oily phase. The total trans fatty acids in oily phase of all samples was matched within maximum level which has specified for industrial and guild frying oil in national standard.
 

Due to the high level of fat content in all type of potato chips and fried onion, it can be suggested to use reducing oil absorption methods, and revise relevant national standards. The other notable point is the highest specified maximum level of total saturated fatty acids for industrial and guild frying oil (maximum 45% w/w).

An ergogenic aid is any training technique, mechanical device, nutritional practice, pharmacological method, or psychological technique that can improve exercise performance capacity and/or enhance training adaptations. This includes aids that may help prepare an individual to exercise, improve the efficiency of exercise, and/or enhance recovery from exercise. Ergogenic aids may also allow an individual to tolerate heavy training to a greater degree by helping them recover faster or help them stay healthy during intense training. Research has clearly shown that athletes that do not ingest enough calories and/or do not consume enough of the right type of macronutrients may impede training adaptations while athletes who consume a good diet can help the body adapt to training. Moreover, maintaining an energy deficient diet during training may lead to loss of muscle mass, increased susceptibility to illness, and increase prevalence of overreaching and/or overtraining. The purpose of this review is to examine the usefulness of the commercially available supplements used for weight loss and Performance Enhancement according to the International Society of Sport position categorized them to four distinct category: Apparently Effective, Possibly Effective, Too Early To Tell and Apparently Ineffective to separate myth from scientific documentation.

Clinical lore has long suggested that opiates produce hyperglycemia in normal subjects but it has been shown that peripheral administration of morphine can decrease glucose levels in obese diabetic subjects. It has been shown recently that some adipose-derived peptides such as TNF-alpha and leptin are major factors in insulin resistance in obese diabetic subjects.

In this study we decided to determine the effect of peripheral administration of 10 mg/kg morphine on some of adipose derived factors (leptin, TNF- α) in 8 diet-induced obese rats (DIO rats). The control group were injected equal volume of saline.

Peripheral administration of morphine significantly increased serum insulin levels 30 minuets after injection (p< 0.05). Serum TNF-α levels were significantly suppressed 30 minutes after injection (p< 0.05) but leptin levels decreased 60 minutes after injection (p < 0.05). Serum level of free fatty acids significantly decreased up to 120 minutes after injection (p < 0.05). Serum glucose levels were not affected by morphine in comparison with controls.

It has recently been shown that sensitivity of α-2 adrenergic receptors are increased in peripheral tissues of obese patients. Since cAMP is the main regulatory factor of TNF- α, leptin and FFA production in adipocytes, morphine may decrease α – 2 adrenoceptor sensitivity in adipose tissue and increase cAMP levels in adipocytes.