فهرست مطالب h. ahadi

Metaphors are grounded in correlation with embodiment experience, and any defect in the sensory-motor system leads to the lack of bodily experiences and, consequently, to a lack of understanding of abstract concepts, including metaphors. Poor understanding of metaphor is one of the main characteristics of autism spectrum disorder. Due to the linguistic nature of metaphors and the lack of similar results in previous research, it is necessary to study the comprehension of metaphor and its effective factors in Persian-speaking children with autism.

In this study, 20 Persian-speaking primary school children with autism were selected from autism centers (Peyke honor, Besharat, and Payambare Azam) in Tehran (age of 7 to 11 years) and after performing a language test, 11 children with a language age of 5 to 6 years were selected and compared with 11 normal language-matched children. To examine the understanding of embodiment metaphors in Persian, Soltani et al (2021). test was used and to evaluate the language level of autistic and normal children, language development test  of Nilipour et al (2021) was used.

The results showed that the comparison of metaphor Comprehension between the two groups showed that in all three scores, ie visual metaphor Comprehension score, auditory metaphor comprehension score and general metaphor Comprehension score, there is a significant difference between the two groups of children with autism and normal children (p<0/000). In both groups, the average Comprehension score of visual metaphors is lower than auditory metaphors. In children with autism, there is a positive correlation between language and metaphorical understanding in all tasks except auditory discrimination, morphology, and syntactic perception.

Therefore, Persian-speaking children with autism are weak in comprehending metaphors in both visual and auditory channels and need attention, assessment and treatment, and attention to related factors such as can be useful in designing their treatment protocols.

Mental disorders are a common problem in combatants, veterans, and their families. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment to veterans’ psychosocial needs.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with a control group in all psychiatric veterans in Tehran in 2018. Thirty psychiatric veterans were purposefully selected and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (10 people each) and a control group (10 people). Data were collected using the Basic Psychological Needs, Post Traumatic Stress, Acceptance, and Operation Questionnaires. Cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions and acceptance and commitment-based therapy were held in 10 sessions, twice a week, for 90 minutes in each session for the experimental groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software and multivariate analysis of covariance and independent t-test.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy could significantly affect veterans’ basic psychological needs and their components and increase the capacity of basic needs in veterans undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to the control group. Also, acceptance and commitment therapy could have a significant effect on the basic psychological needs and the component of autonomy and competence of veterans (p<0.05), but this effect was not significant on the component of communication with others (p>0.05).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment affect the veterans’ basic psychological needs.

Regarding the impact of bilingualism and cochlear implantation on the language development and metalinguistic skills, examining these skills in bilingual children in different languages, especially bilingual children with normal and cochlear implantation, can lead us to a greater recognition of the language development in children and the related factors. The present study aims to investigate and compare the mean length of utterance and lexical richness with lexical awareness (content and structural aspect) between the normal and cochlear implantation children in the first grade in Persian and Azeri.   Six bilingual children with cochlear implantation were selected from the first grade of exceptional school in city of Zanjan in year 97-98 and six normal counterparts were selected matched for gender, age, and socio-economic conditions. Then, mean length of utterance and lexical richness were compared with metalinguistic skills tests. For studying mean length of utterance and lexical richness, continuous speech test and for studying metalinguistic skills, lexical awareness test (including content and structural aspect of word definition) were used. Data analysis in Azeri language showed that mean lengthof utterance and lexical richness in thefirst grade of hard of hearing bilingual children with cochlear implantation in Azeri- Persian is delayed (p<0.05). But in Persian language of language development indices, only the mean lengthof utterance is delayed (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in any of content and structural aspects of lexical awareness definition in hard of hearing children with cochlear implantation (p>0.05). The low level of meta-language proficiency of subjects in metalinguistic tests in Azeri language can be attributed to the official teaching of Persian language in schools. Consistent with the results of this study, the mean continuous speech scores showed that the performance of the first grade of normal bilingual children in lexical richness and Mean length of utterance in Persian language is better than bilingual children with cochlear implantation.

Alcohol addiction imposes heavy costs on health systems. Resilience is considered as a protective factor in the rate of alcohol consumption in sensation-seeking people. The purpose of this study was to determine how resilience mediates the relationship between sensation-seeking and alcohol consumption among people aged 24-40 years old in Tehran, Iran.

This descriptive study was conducted using a two-step cluster sampling in Tehran in 2017. 410 people aged 24 to 40 years old were selected through convenience sampling according to the entrance and exit criteria. The study assessments included Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Zuckerman’s Sensation- Seeking Scale (SSS), and Conner and Davidson’s Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), which were completed by the participants. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and structural equation modeling.

The findings showed that there was a significant positive correlation between alcohol use and sensation-seeking and there was a significant negative correlation between resiliency and alcohol use. Also a significant negative association was found between sensation-seeking and resiliency and all its components.

The results of this study showed that sensation-seeking and resilience affect the amount of alcohol use by people. Therefore, it is possible to control high sensation- seeking through increasing resilience, thereby prevent alcohol use among youth.

Community health is dependent on meeting women’s health, economic, and cultural needs. Menopause is a part of women’s life which has a particular importance in their reproductive health, and thus appropriate educational programs are needed to improve women’s mental capabilities. Acordingly, this study aimed to determine the effects of educational intervention based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model on self-actualization and interpersonal relations in menopausal women.

This study was a clinical trial, with pre-test, post-test, and the control group. Of menopausal women working in non-government schools in Tehran in 2019, a total number of 60 women were selected by purposive sampling and were randomly divided into experimental (n=30), and control (n=30) groups. The required data were collected using a researcher-made demographic information checklist, and the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II (PHPLP-II). The health promotion lifestyle program was administered for the particpants in the experimental group in six sessions, one session per week and each for two hours. At the end of the training program, the post-test was taken from the participants in bith groups. The collected data were analyzed using independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, and multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS software (version 25).

The results showed that educational intervention based on health promotion model had a positive and significant effect on increasing self-actualization (F=9.53, p=0.006, Eta=0.60) and interpersonal relations (F=8.40, p=0.009, Eta=0.71) in menopausal women in the experimental group as indicated by their post-test scores.

The results showed that the educational intervention based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model can be effective in transition to the menopausal stage and researchers and therapists can use Pender’s model to improve health-promoting behaviors and lifestyle in Iranian inmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training and coping therapy in mode and attitudes to narcotics among the adolescents at risk of substance abuse. The present study employed a quasi-experimental research design along with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this study included all male secondary school students in Kish Island in the academic year of 2017-2018 (577 students). To this end, 45 students were selected in accordance with the entry criteria of the research and were randomly assigned to three groups (emotion regulation training group, coping therapy group, and control group). The research tools in this study consisted of Questionnaire of Risk and Protection Factors of Alcohol Consumption, Smoking, and other Substances; and Positive and Negative Affect Questionnaire. The results showed that emotional regulation training and coping therapy programs had a positive effect on positive affects and attitude toward drug use, and these changes occurred in the follow-up phase. However, these programs did not affect the participants' negative effects. To increase positive affects and to correct attitudes toward substance use in adolescents, emotion regulation and coping therapy programs can be used.

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of emotional self-regulation and behavioral activation/inhibition systems in addicted patients' psychological well-being under the mediating role of thinking styles. The current research employed a descriptive correlational method. Hofmann & Kashdan's Affective Styles Questionnaire, Behavioral Inhibition Activation Inventory, Sternberg & Wagner's Thinking Styles Inventory, and Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire were used for data collection. A sample of 100 addicts in Nazarbad was selected by random sampling. The collected data were analyzed using PLS Software. The results showed that self-regulation has a positive effect on thinking styles and well-being; and thinking styles have a positive impact on psychological well-being. Moreover, behavioral activation/ inhibition systems have a positive effect on thinking styles and on psychological well-being. The role of emotional self-regulation and behavioral/inhibition activation systems with the mediation of thinking styles is predictable in addicted patients' psychological well-being

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world, which is classified as a multifactorial illness. Most canceric patients experience a period of stress. Since being patient and positive thinking play an effective role in coping with chronic diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy group on being patient and positive thinking in gastric cancer patients. This cross-sectional study was performed on 92 men with gastric cancer who were referred to the Tooba Medical Center in Sari who were randomly divided into two groups of 46 test and control groups. The two groups completed the standard questionnaire of positive thinking (150-30 points) and being patient (100-0 score) in the pre-test phase. The test group was trained of cognitive behavioral therapy for ten sessions of 90 minutes. The control group did not receive any special intervention. Then, both groups completed the questionnaires again in the post-test phase. The mean score of positive thinking before the test in the test group was (88.71±24.21) and in the control group was (94.54±24.23). The mean score of being patient in the test group was (26.66±22.20) and in the control group was (30.45±22.42) that they were not significant. However, in the post-test phase, positive thinking (test group 106.33±28.16 vs. control group 94.43±24.71) (p<0.01) and in terms of being patient (the test group 23±23.5) /40 versus 30.91 ± 20.89 control group (p<0.01) had a significant difference. According to the results, -behavioral therapy group can increase being patient and positive thinking in patients with gastric cancer.

Aims:

 With regard the role and importanc of lifestyle in modifying different behaviors and habits such as weight-related behaviors, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of traditional lifestyle model on eating behavior in overweight females (With Islamic-Iranian approach).

The present study is a semi-experimental research with a pre-test post-test design carried out in 2016. The statistical population consisted of all overweight female psychology students of Azad university of Karaj in 2017; 40 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was treated in 10 sessions (Each session 90minutes) with a traditional lifestyle model related to weight. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used; also, a structured clinical interview was used for axis I disorders and a structured clinical interview was used for personality disorders. The data were analyzed with covariance analysis test, using SPSS 24 software.

Findings: 

There was a significant difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups in eating behavior (F=43.691; effect size=0.541; p=0.0001), emotional eating (F=4.389; effect size=0.106; =p 0.043)), external eating (F=6.947; effect size=0.158; p=0.012), and inhibited eating (F=22.499; effect size=0.378; p=0.0001). Traditional lifestyle model significantly decreased eating behavior and its components.

The Iranian traditional lifestyle model with Islamic approach is effective in modifying eating behavior and its components (eating, emotional eating, and external eating), and traditional medicine, as a therapeutic approach along with new models, can balance eating behavior and its components in weight loss for overweight females.

Depression and anxiety are affecting factors on increasing blood glucose. Psychological interventions are appropriate and low-cost methods for controlling these factors. This study aimed to assess effectiveness of biofeedback- relaxation on depression, anxiety and blood glucose in type I diabetic patients.

In this study which was quasi-experimental research by using pre-test and post-test with control group, sample group was selected among patients who referred to Kalar Health Center in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. Among existing records, 31 male and female patients (25-45 ages) were selected and randomly were assigned to control and experimental groups. The Beck Depression Inventory-II and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to assess depression and anxiety and their HbA1c test results were recorded. After pre-test, experimental group for 8 weeks was treated with biofeedback-relaxation and control group received no intervention. Then both of them were tested by post-test. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and covariance analysis were used for data analysis.

In the post-test, mean of depression of two groups was no significant difference with pre-test (0.805) but mean of state anxiety (p= 0.001), trait anxiety (p= 0.005) and blood glucose (p=0.000) in experimental group decreased significantly.

biofeedback-relaxation techniques reduces anxiety and blood glucose in patients with type I diabetes but has no effect on their depression.

The performance of Customer Relationship Management system at RAJA Company، as the main passenger train operator is a pattern for other rail passenger companies in Iran. Due to change in ownership of this company from public to private sector، modification needs in its customer relationship process، however there is still a gap between the performance of RAJA and similar international passenger rail companies from the viewpoints of customers. In this paper، first، the concepts of System Analysis، Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Customer Satisfaction Measurement (CSM) are investigated and the necessity of Analysis of CRM system in RAJA’ company is examined. Then current situation of customer relationship in RAJA’ company is examined and by using numerous sources، the important factors for CSM is identified. Then، by developing questionnaire based on the selected factors، the current and similar recent periods in 2011 and 2012، customer satisfaction level is investigated and finally recommendations based on priority of corrective actions in customer relationship management system at RAJA Passenger Trains Company is proposed.

This study aimed to compare clinical personality patterns using Millon’s Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) in two groups of women with and without chronic pain. To this end، 202 participants including 119 women with chronic pain and 82 women without chronic pain were selected through simple random sampling. The first group، at first، answered pain medical evaluation questionnaire in an attempt to diagnose the type، intensity، and process of pain. Both groups، then، filled out Millon’ Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Data was analyzed utilizing one-way ANOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference among sub-groups with diverse types of chronic pain and between the two main groups of the study in respect to subscales of the clinical patterns.

This study compares the effectiveness of two Behavioral Approach (BA) and Adler-Dreikurs parent training approach on improving family environment components. For this purpose، Barkley program (BA) and STEP (Adler-Dreikurs approach) were utilized. Five schools were selected randomly from region 7 in Tehran and 60 parents whose 7-11 years old boys had received the highest scores on Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4) were randomly assigned into Behavioral، Adlerian and control groups. For data collection، in addition to CSI-4، the Family Environment Scale (FES. In order to analyze the data، Analysis of Covariance test، two-way ANOVA and Tukey and Bonferroni Correction follow up tests were used. Analysis of research findings showed in Adlerian group، control and conflict components of family environment reduced، and intellectual-cultural orientation and moral-religious emphasis increased. But in Behavioral group just conflict reduced. Considering the role of family environment on the formation of conduct disorder in children، indicating the effectiveness of Adler most important way in adopting this method، therapeutic strategies are appropriate for conduct disorder. However، further research in this field considering the essential role of effective variables seems.

The aim of this study was to compare thinking styles and sensation seeking in art and math students (BA) .Statistical population of this research was all the males that studied in art and architecture faculty and central Tehran Azad Islamic University , Second term in 87-88 . Sample was 266 Art and math students that were selected by stratified random sampling . For thinking styles assessment of the students have been used Sternberg Thinking Style Test . Also for sensation seeking measurement have been used Arnett Sensation Seeking Test . These two tests were performed for the students in their universities . After getting data , research hypothesis were analyzed by Independent Two Groups Mean Test . in confidence level of 95% . Findings showed that : legislative , executive , judicial , monarchic , hierarchic , oligarchic , global , local  ,internal , anarchic , external and liberal thinking style in math students is higher than art students . And also with 99% confidence , art students sensation seeking is higher than math students . 

Aim and Background

This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of face to face and internet-applied methods of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Counseling (CBGC) based on Ellis’s theory in increasing marital satisfaction. Method and Materials: In a controlled experimental pre-post test study, a total number of 36 couples with low marital satisfaction referred to a university counseling center were randomly selected. They were then randomly assigned to one control and two experimental groups. The two different methods of CBGC were applied for the two experimental groups. Data was analyzed using the one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Sheffeh’s test through the SPSS-12 software.

A significant higher increase was seen in marital satisfaction in both intervention groups compared with the control one (P<0.05). Face to face group counseling was more effective than internetapplied method in improving some components of marital satisfaction such as financial management, leisure time management and personality issues (P<0.05).

For solving marital problems, internet-applied group counseling can be regarded as a good substitute for the face to face method in special conditions.