فهرست مطالب hadi

Following the numerous crimes committed by the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran rushed to help this country at the official request of the Iraqi government, and finally, the possessions of ISIS were liberated and this criminal group was suppressed. The purpose of this research is to examine Iran's support in the Iraq crisis after the emergence of ISIS with the three steps of the responsibility of support guide including prevention, intervention and reconstruction in an analytical and descriptive way. Examining the behavior pattern of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic in Iraq after the emergence of ISIS shows that although the prevention phase of the responsibility of protection guideline has not been fully implemented by the Islamic Republic of Iran, there is sufficient evidence of the implementation of intervention and reconstruction steps by the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the guideline of the responsibility of protection in Iraq. has it. Iran's presence in Iraq, along with national security justifications, has a human rights and human security aspect. Iran's confrontation with the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq, which has committed all the crimes under the responsibility of protection guidelines, is an example of the Islamic Republic of Iran's support for the oppressed and the oppressed, as stipulated in the Iranian constitution, and the application of human rights is a tool against human rights.
Iran's foreign policy after the victory of the Islamic Revolution has always been a mixture of ideological goals and national interests. Iran's Islamic Revolution brought about a fundamental change in Iran's political and cultural structure, which has always influenced foreign policy. The core of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is to secure national interests in the light of preserving human life and dignity. Human dignity has a special place in Islamic teachings. The same humanitarian view can be observed in all foreign policy behaviors of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the beginning until now. Supporting the oppressed and liberation movements is complementary to de-arrogance and anti-oppression, so that there is a logical and functional connection between fighting against the oppressed and supporting the oppressed; Therefore, in parallel with the fight against arrogance and colonialism, the Islamic Republic considers itself obliged to support the oppressed of the world and the liberation movements that fight against the arrogant and colonialists. Article 154 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic states that "the Islamic Republic of Iran ... supports the rightful struggle of the oppressed against the arrogant in any part of the world
Humanitarian intervention in countries has a long history. During his tenure, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon tried to develop a coherent framework for humanitarian intervention to support minorities and the oppressed around the world so that the world would no longer witness tragedies like Bosnia and Uganda. The result of these efforts is the adoption of the UN leaders in 2005, which became known as the Responsibility to Protect Directive, which states that whenever a country is unable or unwilling to defend its citizens against the four crimes of racial discrimination, war crimes, crimes against humanity and mass murder, the international community is obliged to Hasten to help the oppressed. After attacking Iraq and occupying a third of the country's territory, the ISIS terrorist group committed the four crimes under the responsibility of support guidelines, as evidenced by international organizations and the world's media. Considering the weakness of the Iraqi government in supporting the homeless people, this government sought help from the Islamic Republic of Iran. The military forces of our country also entered Iraq in the form of an advisory mission and helped the government. Many western politicians have considered the action of the Islamic Republic as a clear interference in the internal affairs of Iraq. However, according to the opinion of many other politicians, the Islamic Republic of Iran entered into a campaign with the sole aim of helping the Iraqi people, which had no other purpose than the responsibility of support.
This research has been carried out with the aim of adapting the support behavior of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the government and people of Iraq after the emergence of ISIS and seeks to answer the question of how the logic and pattern of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding Iraq after the emergence of ISIS is based on the responsibility of support guidelines. And its triple steps including prevention, intervention and reconstruction can be explained? So far, all the researches about Iran's regional activities have been analyzed with a political, security and ideological approach, and the innovative aspect of this research is the examination of Iran's regional presence from the perspective of international law and human rights.
 
Iran's presence in Iraq, along with the humanitarian approach and human rights, has national security justifications for the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has attracted the attention of researchers and thinkers, but Iran's approach to human security in the Iraq crisis stems from the Iranian constitution, which protects the oppressed against the aggressors. He knows the duty of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Criticisms of Iran's presence in Iraq mostly refer to the interests of the superpowers, which are in conflict with the foreign policy and human security guidelines of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this reason, over the past years, Iran has always been exposed to human rights accusations by international bodies affiliated with superpowers. Accusations that are mostly caused by cultural and social differences between Iran and the West. Despite all the differences of tastes and perceptions in the definition of human rights, the preservation of the lives of innocents and civilians as well as the survival of the human race is the common thread of all human rights theories and systems. The behavior of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic has a lot of capacity to show this foundation of human rights. The important point is that contrary to the famous saying "Religion is the opium of nations", it is the teachings of Islam that form the basis of this international behavior of Iran. The last word is that Iran's approach to human security in Iraq is an example of applying human-oriented human rights against benefit-oriented human rights. Human rights focus on dealing with human crimes not according to the nature of the crime, but on the basis of friendship or enmity with the perpetrators. Of course, it should be known that the future of human rights depends on a humane and non-discriminatory understanding of human dignity.

In this study, the effect of slope casting parameters including pouring temperature, slope angle, mold material, and vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AXE622 alloy (Mg-Al-RE) was investigated. The mentioned parameters were changed at two levels. It is clearly observed that in this process, the shape of the α-Mg dendrites changes to the globular and rosseta shape morphology in the matrix. Increasing the slope from 30 to 60°, caused the development of non-dendritic (spherical) structure, increased the ultimate strength (62%), and improved the elongation by 17%. Selecting the melting temperature of 680 and 700° C caused the short run and decreased the ultimate strength, respectively. In this regard, by pouring the melt at 680 °C, the semi-solid casting was successfully completed and the mechanical properties of the alloy were improved. Comparing to the pouring temperature of 700 ° C, at the pouring temperature of 680 ° C, ultimate strength and elongation increase by 33% and 5%, respectively. The results indicated that the mold material change from sand to metal, led to decrease in the average of grain size (13%), less dendritic structures, increasing ultimate strength and elongation by 81% and 15% respectively. Applying vibration to the slope surface, led to reduce average grain size, increase hardness and ultimate strength, so that the ultimate strength increased by 3% compared to the sample without vibration.

With the increasing population, increasing production in rainfed fields is necessary for food security. With regard poor distribution of rainfall in recent years, Water management for rainfed fields in critical conditions has priority. The results showed that for one or two irrigation in sensitive times, the yield of rainfed fields increased. Although supplementary irrigation in order to improve yield and water use efficiency in rainfed fields is the attention the study of special characteristic rainfed fields such as topography, slope, and the access to water resources is essential. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of supplemental irrigation in rainfed fields is based on the topography and slope. According to the land use map of Qazvin province, about 284 thousand hectares are irrigated lands and 132 thousand hectares are rainfed fields in the province that most of these lands in the Qazvin plain. Then with regard to the slope map from the region, rainfed fields for doing supplementary irrigation are classified into 4 classes: 0-5%, 5-8%, 8-12%, and more than 12%. The two land use and slope maps of Qazvin province were unified. In rainfed fields, 83, 10.7, 3.8, and 2.5% of fields have slope 0-5, 5-8, 8-12, and more than 12%, respectively. So 97.5% of rainfed fields have the ability to do supplementary irrigation. Most of these lands are in the Qazvin plain and in the vicinity of irrigated lands.

Drainage systems are used to control soil and water salinity, which requires time and money to know. Drainage simulation models can be used to save cost and time. The present study evaluated the performance of the SaltMod model in simulating the water table, volume and salinity of the drain. Simulations were performed for three important crops of Moghan plain (wheat, barley and corn) and three treatments of FD, CD70 and CDch. To evaluate the controlled drainage in the model, the drainage control coefficient (Frd) was considered. FD treatments for calibration, CD70 and CDch treatments were selected for validation. After simulation, the degree of correspondence between the real and simulated values ​​was checked. In water table simulation, the mean RE for wheat, barley and corn was 17.3, 11.3 and 11% and the mean RMSE was 0.13, 0.07 and 0.07, respectively. The same indices were obtained for drainage volume of 16, 22 and 17% as well as 0.05, 0.07 and 0.06. These results confirm the acceptable accuracy of the model. Then the model was used to investigate the effect of drainage control factor, irrigation water depth and drainage installation depth on water table, volume and salinity of the drain. Therefore, the model can simulate different irrigation and drainage managements in Moghan plain.

The tectonic activities at the meeting points of three large plates make Indonesia a high-risk disaster-prone area. Nevertheless, disaster risk reduction efforts in various regions of Indonesia are still lacking, in terms of both knowledge and the ability to analyze disaster risks. This study examines the implementation of disaster preparedness and mitigation in Indonesia.

The method used in this study was narrative review. The authors collected the articles through searching for 3 data sources from 2016–2019 using Google Scholar, iSeek, and Microsoft Academic. Content analysis of all information to obtain the thematic phenomena of this study completed the methodological approach.

After applying the exclusion criteria and removing duplicates, six studies remained that focused on disaster mitigation in remote areas of Indonesia. Implementation of regulation and policy framework in disaster management is not yet optimal. Disaster preparedness and mitigation is characterized by the low utilization of technology and information related to the disaster, and various obstacles in the process of evacuation and transportation. Promoting local wisdom and enhancing it through integrating science can increase disaster resilience.

The existence of a disaster-resilient village is very influential in community preparedness in dealing with disasters and other emergencies. This study provides some recommendations for disaster risk reduction: a) strengthening policies related to evacuation procedures in the health sector by local government, b) integrating transportation modes in remote areas, c) enhancing all parties with education and training, d) establishing community-based information systems; and e) strengthening the disaster resilience of villages.

Reverberation Chamber (RC) is new type of measurement equipment used in electromagnetic compatibility and antenna tests and capable to produce an almost uniform electric filed inside a Working Volume (WV). In this paper, the Standard Deviation (SD) of a small size RC, as a field uniformity criterion is investigated in an existing RC. A highly detailed three-dimensional model of chamber including its stirrers, antenna, WV, and its door create to verify the field uniformity of a RTS60 reverberation chamber. The removal of reverberation chamber’s stirrers shows that they have a direct effect on the uniformity of field. Besides that, the SD of the chamber is measured by using an electric field probe. A comparison between the simulation and measurement also is done in order to confirm the uniformity of the electric fields.

Artemisia annua L. is an important medicinal plant used as an original source of artemisinin for treating malaria. Although there is a wide distribution of A. annua in Hyrcanian Areas (Mazandaran, Guilan, and Golestan Provinces in N Iran), no considerable effort has been made for diversity assessment. In this study, morphological, phytochemical, and molecular characterization of A. annua accessions in this area were assessed using 4 quantitative characteristics (height, fresh weight, dry weight, and trichome density), artemisinin content, and 15 ISSR primers. Using these traits, a high level of morphological, phytochemical and molecular diversity was revealed among A. annua accessions in the provinces (populations) of Hyrcanian Areas. At inter-population level, the highest value of artemisinin was observed in Mazandaran Province. Moreover, significant correlation between artemisinin content and trichome density was observed that could be useful for indirect selection of artemisinin yield in different accessions of A. annua. In addition, fifteen ISSR primers generated a total number of 222 amplified bands, consisting of 177 and 45 polymorphic and monomorphic loci across the 60 accessions, respectively. These results indicate that ISSR-PCR is a reliable tool for fingerprinting A. annua at the intra-population level. Our results altogether are valid contributions for gene bank management and Artemisia annua breeding programs.

Fuel cells have attracted considerable interest during the recent years. Among the different types, high temperature fuel cells are very promising because of their high efficiency, fuel flexibility and high temperature of the exhaust heat which can be used for cogeneration. Among the high temperature fuel cells, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) has several advantages but is studied less than others. Co2 capturing and internal reforming are its benefits. Internal reforming eliminates the need for external reformers and increases the overall efficiency of the system. In order to better understand the performance of MCFC, in this study, the model of MCFC with indirect internal reforming is developed step by step. The model is developed in a way that has a proper response speed and accuracy. Given that MCFC is a developing technology particularly in our country, evaluating the performance of this technology under different condition could be useful in further progress of MCFC. In order to evaluate the parameters of molten carbonate fuel cell, the impact of parameters such as pressure, fuel cell inlet temperature, steam to carbon ratio, utilization factor of fuel and utilization factor of air and carbon dioxide on the efficiency of the fuel cell is examined. Given that MCFC is a developing technology, particularly in our country, evaluating the performance of this technology under different conditions could be useful in further progress of MCFC. According to the sensitivity analysis conducted, parameters such as pressure, steam to carbon ration, fuel cell inlet temperature and utilization factor of fuel have the most impact on the efficiency of MCFC. With increasing pressure, efficiency is reduced from 56% to 42%. Also, increasing steam to carbon ratio, fuel cell inlet temperature and utilization factor of fuel increases the efficiency by 6.2%, 7.5% and 14.3%, respectively. On the other hand, the utilization factor of air and carbon dioxide have the least impact on the efficiency of MCFC.

Although, that the solar energy is important for life continuity, there is need to protect large buildings from these radiations in summer and if the buildings are permitted to take these radiations, the cost of cooling will be too much. One of the most effective methods used to solve this problem is to coat buildings with specific pigments that reflect the solar infrared radiation. This work studies a new infrared reflective coating containing carotene pigment. UV-Vis spectroscopy results for the films with different concentrations of carotene pigment showed that the reflectance of IR spectrum reaches to 92% while the reflectance in the visible range (400-500 nm) was decreased to 42% by increasing the concentration. The FT-IR results showed the bonds of the Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and pigment, noted that the transmittance increased for PMMA and pigment almost 10% as compared with pure PMMA. The  containing PMMA, indicating that the transmittance increased almost 10% for pigment-containing PMMA. The results confirmed that the prepared coatings could reflect UV-Vis spectrum. So, they can be used in the protecting the planet from this type of radiation.

Spherical joints are specifically used in many robotic systems, including various industrial and medical applications, especially in non-structured environments. Modular robotic systems are the appropriate solution for use in these environments; So that the configuration of the robots can change quick and easy by link or separate different modules. Flexibility of modules, enough degrees of freedom, capability to stabilize the position of the module and rigidity to maintain strength and stiffness of modular robot during mission are the most important features of a modular robot. Shape memory alloys are suitable actuators for use in robotic modules, which a tiny, lightweight, and without noise system is achieved by using them. In this paper, a mechanism with two degrees of freedom has been created by placing three memory shape alloys springs in the structure of a flexible joint module. Also, with the installation of an electromagnetic system in the joint, it is possible to stabilize its position when necessary. The developed module, in addition to its high flexibility, can maintain its position when needed and increase the strength of the robotic arm. In this research, the design of the module has been presented and kinematic and force analysis has been investigated.

Free vibration characteristics of functionally graded materials cylindrical shells surrounded by elastic medium under axial force, lateral pressure and different boundary conditions using wave propagation method are investigated in this paper. The material properties of functionally graded materials are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to the power law. The elastic medium is assumed as two-parameter Pasternak elastic foundation. Governing equations based on the first order shear deformation theory of Sanders-Koiter for the cylindrical shell resting on elastic foundation under mechanical loads are derived by using Hamilton’s principle. By assuming displacement field in wave propagation form, governing equations are solved. Natural frequencies of cylindrical shell under various boundary conditions are obtained and compared with the results in the literature. It is seen that using displacement field in wave propagation form, acts as an effective and reliable method and gives the acceptable results for various boundary conditions. Although it is shown that for different boundary conditions and geometry dimensions, accuracy of the wave propagation approach is different. In addition, based on the developed theory the effects of different boundary conditions, axial force, lateral pressure and elastic foundation parameters on vibration behavior of functionally graded cylindrical shell are investigated.

Presentation of proximal tibia stress fracture is not infrequent among elderly patients due to their poor bone stock. Optimal management of patients with severe gonarthrosis of the knee and concurrent tibial stress fracture is not known yet. In this study we report the outcome of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using stemmed components
in elderly patients. Between 2009 and 2014, a total of 16 elderly patients with proximal tibial stress fractures and concurrent gonarthrosis were treated with TKA using long stemmed components. The diagnosis of stress fractures was confirmed based on the radiographic changes. A standing alignment view was obtained for all patients preoperatively. Union of the fracture site was investigated using plain anteroposterior (AP) and lateral leg x-rays. All patients experienced significant relieve of symptoms. The Knee Society score and Knee Society functional score averaged 86±4 and 85±6, respectively. The mean arc of motion of the knee was 118°±2° at the latest follow-up. All stress fractures resolved at a mean of 8.3±1.1 weeks. The medial proximal tibial angle was increased from 74.7°±5.7° preoperatively to 90.3°±1.1° (P<0.05) postoperatively. Tegner activity scale was increased from 2.1±1.3 to 3.4±0.9 (P<0.05). According to our findings, patients with stress fracture of proximal tibia and concurrent gonarthrosis can be treated with primary TKA using stemmed components that may bypass the stress fracture and allow healing of the fracture. Level of evidence: IV

This paper sets out to present a better understanding of the economic approach to the analysis of addictive behavior. Addiction, in accordance with the standard definitions, is a consumption behavior, which follows certain behavioral patterns. Based on recent neuroscience researches on addiction, there is now a wide consensus regarding how the consumption of addictive substances affects the neural mechanisms of decision-making. These findings, next to strong supports from psychological patterns of addictive behavior, have led to a better understanding of the nature of addiction. The development of this understanding to required policies in the field of addiction, meets what we expect from the economic approach to the analysis of addictive behavior. By defining welfare criteria for consumers, the application of economic theory in this analysis helps developing policies that are measurable and comparable in terms of achieving their goals. Accordingly, the behavioral economic approach to addictive behavior helps assimilating qualitative concepts and insights of relevant disciplines into a quantitative analytical framework of making decision as to addictive consumption. This is particularly important for generating a more rigorous, and at the same time comprehensive toolkit for making policies that are seeking to reduce the harms of addiction. On this basis, in this paper, we have attempted to explain why behavioral economics is an analytical framework suitable for extracting requisite policy implications in the field of addiction.

Natural polysaccharides are environmentally friendly materials for removing toxic pollutants from aqueous solutions, and attracted much attention. Among numerous polysaccharides, starch is an abundant, inexpensive, renewable and fully biodegradable natural raw material. However, its application in dyes removal is limited due to its low capacity and stability. To circumvent these problems, modified starches has been synthesized and applied as adsorbent for anionic dyes. We showed that the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles coated with dithiocarbamate-modified starch (DTCS-MNPs) is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of water-soluble anionic dyes from wastewaters. It is found that the capacity of DTCS-MNPs for each dye is pH dependent, and the adsorption is governed by electrostatic attractions. The desorption data shows that the removal percent of dye from the dye loaded DTCS-MNP is over 80% in 0,25 mol/l Na2SO4 solutions at 25 ºC.

Current sensorless control methods, which eliminate the current sensor by using a current observer, can bring cost effective and reliable solutions to digital control of DC-DC converters. Since any inaccuracy in the model of the converter can deviate the observed current from the actual inductor current and consequently result in the steady state error of the output voltage, an accurate model is derived, incorporating the parasitic resistances of the switch, inductors and capacitors and the forward voltage of the diode. According to this model, Cuk converter is a nonlinear system. Therefore an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used for inductor current estimation and output voltage filtering. In this paper, an accurate current observer is presented for Cuk converters by considering the influential parasitic parameters in the converter model. The estimated current from the observer, is used for current control of the converter. Simulation results of the system show the accuracy and favorable efficiency of the observer and controller.

The high silica Mn-substituted MFI metallosilicate catalyst with Si/Al molar ratio of 220 and Si/Mn molar ratio of 50 was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The catalyst sample was appropriately characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX and BET techniques. The Mn-substituted MFI metallosilicate has not been reported as the potential catalyst for the methanol to propylene (MTP) reaction. The prepared catalyst was examined in the MTP reaction at the optimal operating conditions. Furthermore, for elucidating the flow field of the MTP fixed bed reactor, a three-dimensional (3D) reactor model was developed. A detailed reaction mechanism which was proposed for the MTP reaction over the Mn-impregnated MFI zeolite (Mn/H-ZSM-5) was properly employed. The reaction mechanism was integrated to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for simulating the kinetic, the energy equation and the hydrodynamics of the MTP process, simultaneously. The component distribution during proceeding of the MTP reaction was also simulated as a function of time on stream. The CFD modeling results were validated by the actual data which were obtained over the Mn-substituted MFI metallosilicate catalyst. With regard to the findings, the experimental data were in good agreement with the predicted values of the CFD modeling.

Supply of safe drinking water to each community is one of the most important challenges in improving the general community’s health. Considering the importance of the research on water quality, identification of water quality research gaps was performed by reviewing the relevant studies through a systematic review for Iran.
In this study 638, 166, 300 and 1000 relevant articles were found on Scopus, SID, Magiran and Iranmedex databases, respectively. Out of 2104 articles, 1394 articles were excluded from the study. Finally, 710 articles were further reviewed.
Monitoring of pollutants by a descriptive study was the main objective of the most studies (36.62%). Around 13% of the studies were performed on a laboratory scale. Organic pollutants in Iran have been concerned only in 17 provinces, and other provinces have not participated in this regard. Nitrate is studied in around one fifth of the total studies. Heavy metals were also considered as a parameter of concern in the studies carried out on monitoring drinking water resource quality.
This study reflects the research gaps and provides a basis for prioritizing water quality research in Iran. More actions and sound planning should be taken to monitor organic and inorganic pollutants. Chemical and microbial risk assessment, tracing the fate of pollutants and assessment of their ecological effects, investigations on advanced water purification processes, the use of bioremediation methods, identification of biological contaminant using biomarkers and molecular identification techniques are the most important research priorities that require more investigations.

In order to evaluate the castor bean’s competitive effect with redroot pigweed at different levels of plant density, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications at Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan in Urmia in 2011. The first factor was different densities of castor bean in five levels 0 (Pure stand of pigweed), 3, 4, 5 and 6 plant.m-², and second factor was three levels of redroot pigweed 0 (Pure stand of castor), 5, 10 and 15 plant.m-². Results showed that with increasing pigweed density, castor bean grain yield 20-38%, oil percent 39%, and plant height 32% comparing to pure culture decreased. The maximum amount of leaf dry weight (58.7g.m-2), stem dry weight (49.3g.m-2), number of branches (5.3), and height (44.9cm) belonged to pure stand of pigweed, that decreased by increasing castor bean density. With increasing of pigweed density, its leaf area index in pure culture reached the highest level (1.44) which was 50% higher than with 15 plant/m2 of pigweed, and 6 plant.m-² of castor bean. The highest (157cm) and the lowest (107 cm) height of castor bean attained at 6 and 3 plants per m2, respectively. Therefore that increasing pigweed density decrease grain yield and oil yield. The amount of this reduction was related to pigweed density.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and Stockosorb superabsorbent on yield, yield components and water use efficiency in irrigated wheat during 2015-2016 crop years in agricultural faculty of Tabriz University as factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of supplemental irrigation at three levels of without irrigation (I0), irrigation once in June (I1) and irrigation twice in May and June (I2), and the use of Stockosorb superabsorbent at three levels of 0, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1. (S0, S1 and S2). The results showed that supplemental irrigation was significant on all traits at the level of 1%, but no significant effect of superabsorbent was obtained on biological yield. Interactions in the number of grains per panicle, yield and water use efficiency were significant at the level of 1% and in thousand kernel weight and economical productivity at the level of 5%. The highest yield and water use efficiency was obtained from treatment S2I1, respectively, 4.35 ton.ha-1 and 1.20 kg.m-3. The highest yield and water use efficiency were increased respectively by the amount of 2.74 ton.ha-1 and 0.66 kg.m-3 compared to control. The results of the economic analysis showed that superabsorbent consumption without supplemental irrigation has no economic justification in dry land farming of wheat. Considering the economic analysis, treatment S0I1 with 134.8% increase in yield and 94.4% increase in water use efficiency has the best conditions compared to control. The highest irrigation water use efficiency (3.5 kg.m-3) was obtained from treatment S1I1.

Aim: The present research attempts to study the effect of different concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the germination, the amount of photosynthetic pigments and sugar content and analyze the ultrastructure of Ricinus communis plant leaves.
Material and Experiment were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions, and designed completely randomly with three incidents. The plants were exposed to various concentrations (0, 10, 100, 500 and1000) mg/l of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The ultrastructural Characteristics of plant leaves were made with the use of TEM electron microscope in the experimental plants of 1000 mg/l.
Treatment of the plant with (ZnO) Nanoparticels at concentration of 10 mg/l caused increased and higher concentrations significantly reduced the rate and percentage of germination, as well as the radicle and plumule length and the photosynthetic pigments. The amount of soluble sugars in leaves increased significantly with the increase of nanoparticle concentration. The images TEM electron microscope revealed the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles and cell membrane rupture, as well as a deformation and decrease of the number of chloroplasts in the1000 mg/l treated plants, compared with the control plants.
The Zn absorption by the plant increases by increasing the concentration of (ZnO) nanoparticles. At high concentrations due to toxicity, germination parameters in the plant decrease, which leads to oxidative stress in the plant. The plant in response to this stress increases its sugar content. In these conditions, the amount of photosynthetic pigments decreased and caused ultrastructural ruptures in plant cells.

This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design at Research Field of Agriculture Faculty of Tabriz University in 2015-2016 growing season. yield and yield components of irrigated wheat under three stress levels (full irrigation, 30% stress and 50% stress) and rainfed wheat under three supplemental irrigation levels (without irrigation, one-time irrigation at June and two-time at May and June) were evaluated with three replicated. Results showed that water stress reduced 1000-grain weight, number of seeds in spike and consequently, decreased grain yield. In rainfed farming wheat, the treatments with two supplemental irrigations had the largest number of seeds in the spike and, the maximum straw yield. In the rainfed wheat yield there was not observed a significant difference between the treatments that were irrigated once (at June) and the treatments that were irrigated twice (during May and June). Although 30 percent of water stress applied to reduce irrigated wheat yield as 1.13 ton/ha, but using 64.1 percent of stored water resulting from this stress, as a supplemental irrigation at June, increased yield of rainfed wheat farming as 2.16 ton/ha. This matter will be increased yield production and wheat water use efficiency.

Water corrosion and scaling are known as destructive phenomenon of drinking water quality and water facilities. In this study, the groundwater tendency to corrosion or scaling in source water, water storage reservoirs and distribution system were studied. Simultaneous use of some qualitative and a quantitative index along with statistical analyses to assess the water scaling or corrosion tendency were investigated.
The data analysis of groundwater, water storage reservoirs and water distribution system in rural area of Kurdistan province were analyzed and the amount of Langelier (LI), Ryznar (RY), Pockorius (PSI) and Larson–Skold (LS) and CCPP indices were determined. Corrosion and scaling threshold for qualitative indices were determined based on CCPP index. The mean of indices was compared with the thresholds using independent t-test. ANOVA was used to assess the difference between the indices in different sources of water.
The balance range for LI, RY and PSI found to be -0.1-0.05, 7-9 and 7.1-8.5. The mean CCPP for groundwater, reservoirs and networks were 9.27 ± 1.29, 9.13 ± 1.25, 11.25 ± 1.23, respectively. All three sources of water have some tendencies toward scaling; however, a significant balance status was confirmed statistically. According to Larson–Skold index, sulfate and chloride anions did not play a role in scaling process.
The use of qualitative indices with CCPP index can provide more accurate estimation of water tendency toward scaling or corrosion. The assessment of qualitative indices along with CCPP is recommended in drinking water corrosion monitoring studies.

The Eocene marine deposits in the Chenarbu section in Torbat-e-Jam region (eastern part of Central Iran Zone) have been biostratigraphically studied based on large benthic foraminifera coincide with Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ) and Calcareous Nannofossils, according to standard worldwide zones (NP). This investigation has been conducted on carbonate sediments with a focus on large benthic foraminifera assemblage such as Eorupertia magna (La Calvaz), Fabiania cassis (Oppenheim), Eoannulariaeoconica (Cole ve Bermudez), Gypsina sp., Textularia sp., Nummulites perforatus (De Montfort) Nummulites sp., Discocyclina sp., Rotalia sp., Acervulina sp., and calcareous nannofossils such as Cribrocentrum reticulatum, Sphenolithus obtusus, Sphenolithus spiniger, Sphenolithus editus, Helicosphaera compacta, Coccolithus pelagicus, Coccolithus eopelagicus, Reticulofenestra sp., Discoaster sp., Discoaster siapanensis, Discoaster barbadiensis. Therefore, based on the determined index species, the SBZ15?- 17 biozones of large benthic foraminifera and the NP16 biozone of calcareous nannofossils in the studied section have been detected which both assign the Late Lutetian- Early Bartonian (Middle Eocene) age for the section.Also, the Lutetian- Bartonian boundary according to index calcareous nannofossil species was separated carefully, and the first appearance of the foraminifera species of N. perforatus (de Montfort) in the middle part of the deposited sequence was recorded during geological time of the Bartonian stage. Therefore, this fact points that in Iran alike western parts of the Tethys basin, the first appearance of N. perforatus (de Montfort) occurred in Early Barthonian (SBZ17). Systematic of Nummulites perforatus (de Montfort) was described based on typological and biometrical characterization.

Ephedra (Ephedracae) belongs to Klamidosperm (2) and growths in arid areas, desert and mountain. In Iran, it includes 13 species with 13 varieties. It’s a medical plant and uses for more than 2000 years in Chinese traditional medicine for asthma and other respiratory problems (4). Different species of Ephedra have more or less well-known ephedrine alkaloids that use widely. Ephedra fruit’s extract is effective for respiratory problems (3). It has different pest, such as 10 species of the families of Curculionidae, Bruchidae and superfamily Chalcidoidea. Some of these wasps are pest and parasitoid of Bruchidae such as Bruchidius.During this study, specimens were collected by aspirator and were kept in the micro tubes containing 70% alcohol. The initial investigation showed it belongs to the genus Ksenoplata. These species was identified as Ksenoplata quadrata Bouček, 1965 using identification keys of Bouček (1965) and Trjapitzin (1981). This species has not been collected in Iran so far (3). Specimens are deposited in the insect collection of the Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tabriz, Iran.