hamed shiri

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as emerging phenomena in response to the inefficiency of the private and public sectors and the requirements of the development discourse in the second half of the 20th century, have expanded and today, they play an undeniable role in participatory development and democracy as one of the most important actors of civil society. In this context, this article aims to study the non-governmental organizations in Marivan through the statements have published by these organizations during the last decade. The theoretical statement of the subject is formulated by referring to the theories of civil society, social capital, and the theory of new social movements. this study has been carried out in a documentary way using the content analysis technique. The unit of analysis consists of the statements published by several NGOs in Marivan between 2012 and 2021. According to the findings, most of the statements were published collectively and jointly, and the environmental, scientific, social, and cultural NGOs had the highest contribution in it. "Environment", "women" and "civil society" are the topics that have the most importance and priority for NGOs. The tone of the statements shows a demanding (critical) position from government institutions and playing an enlightened role towards society. Another important result of this article is the predominance of identity politics and in other words the politicization of NGOs affected by Kurdish identity. It can be argued that Marivan's NGOs have been able to fulfill the roles and functions expected from civil society organizations properly.

One of the most important quantitative and qualitative changes in the contemporary family is the phenomenon of women's custody, which has a growing trend. In the framework of gender studies and with reference to the to the feminist theory approach, the article examines the causes and consequences of custody as a social issue. Methodologically, the study was conducted with the Grounded theory approach and using the research interview technique. The samples are divorced women in Marivan city. Using purposive sampling and theoretical sampling, 20 people were interviewed. The finding is based on a paradigm model and is analyzed by extracting 13 central categories in the data coding process. "Socio-legal determinism" and "maternal emotions" are categories that imply causal conditions. "Class status" and "spouse child" as contextual conditions; and "Marital disputes", "men's inability to pay for family expenses" and "domestic violence" play a role as interfering conditions. The consequences of custody are reflected in the categories of "increasing poverty", "role pressure", "dependence" and "feeling of abandonment". Finally, the women react to the situation with dual strategies of "despair" and "tolerance". "Despair" represents subjective confrontation and "tolerance" means the objective acceptance of the custody.

Due to the existing risks, measuring environmental attitudes has become one of the most important social issues today. The aim of the article is to study environmentalism and its sociological explanation in Iran with the cross-country comparative approach. Based on the theoretical perspectives that explain environmentalism, the effect of various variables such as economic welfare or livelihood poverty, social capital, gender, Religion and religiosity has been experimentally tested. Methodologically, the study was conducted using the documentary method and secondary analysis of World Values Survey (WVS) data in the latest wave. The 7th wave has been implemented in 59 countries (including Iran) between 2017 and 2020. According to the findings, Iran is placed in cluste 1 (the countries with a high score in the environmentalism index), and has obtained the 11th rank among 59 countries. The results show that environmentalism both in Iran and in the world is directly affected by education, economic well-being, social participation and Post-Materialist values and inversely by the variables of age, poverty and religiosity. Another important finding of the research is the different environmental tendencies of the world's dominant religions: While Jews consider economic growth and environmental protection to be equally important, Christians are more environmentalists and Muslims are more advocates of economic growth.

This article studies the value and attitude changes in the generational transition of the last two decades in Iran. Its theoretical and conceptual approach is based on Inglehart’s post-modernization theory, cultural globalization, and social constructivism theory. Methodologically, the study was conducted using the documentary method and secondary analysis, and it is also one of the longitudinal studies that tries to measure the value changes in Iranian society in the 20-year generational transition, based on the 4th and 7th wave data in the World Values Survey (WVS). The findings indicate that there has been no change in some values and attitudes, in the 20-year generational transition, and in others, there are generational differences, although these changes does not follow a general pattern. In the past, topics such as “friends” and today, such as “leisure” and “politics” have become more important. As much as egalitarian gender attitudes, democratic political culture, and liberal tendencies are seen in one generation, so are patriarchal, non-democratic and Socialist values seen in that generation. Nevertheless, there are signs of value inversion in this generational transition.

The present study analyzes the relationship between university and society and investigates the social functions of the university in the context of the changes in the new society. Hybrid University (consistent with Etzkwich-Leedsdorf’s triple helix theory) and Cultural University (based on Delanty’s analysis of the role of the university in civil society) is a theoretical-conceptual formulation of this relationship, that has been operated in the form of objective-empirical indicators of the relationship between university-government, university-industry and university-civil society. Methodologically, this qualitative study has used interviews with Ph.D students inUniversity of Tehran as an instrument to collect data. The results of the study indicated that the relationship between the university and the three sectors (government, industry and civil society), rather than being compatible with the mechanisms of the hybrid and cultural university, reflects pathological aspects in which even the traditional academic functions and patterns are also challenged

The paper aim is recognizing types of political culture and studying pathological relation between these types and political development in contemporary Iran. The theoretical framework is based on this presumption that if political culture types do not strengthen political stability and also do not reinforcement civil society – as essential components of political development – they will have pathological consequences. The study method is Documentary, and uses interpretation and analytical techniques. Tribal, ethnically fragmented, mass and populist, Islamic, and identity-based political culture of youth and women are specific types of political culture in contemporary Iranian society. Also the results suggest that the political culture types not only have a convergence with political development but in some cases threaten political stability and undermine civil society.

The development and enhancement of the environmental standards and performances of a community depend on its economic, social and political development. The current research aims to examine this hypothesis and investigate the most significant factors affecting the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). Methodologically, this research is carried out based on the secondary analysis of global data gathered between the years 2006 and 2016. The EPI in Iran has the second rank after the OECD countries, and has had a better performance compared to the Middle East countries and the Global Average. The OECD countries have the first rank in all the development indexes, as well as the EPI. Iran, on the other hand, ranks below the OECD countries and above the Middle East ones and the Global Average in the education, income, health, and population growth rate indexes. In indexes such as the usage of ICTs, gender equality and democracy it ranks below the Middle East countries and the Global Average. The research indicates the influence of economic development indexes (e.g. the income), social development indexes (e.g. the education, gender equality, population growth rate, health status and usage of ICTs), and political development indexes (e.g. democracy index) on the EPI.

The close link between gender differences and the issue of inequality and power has transformed gender sociology into one of the growing and most important areas of sociology and cultural studies. In addition to conducting a comparative study of gender attitude in different countries, the paper attempts to explain different attitudes toward gender, by referring to conceptual-theoretical tools of "patriarchal discourse" and "modernity discourse". The theoretical reasoning of the article is that the inclusive and historical discourse of patriarchy, which produces an unequal gender attitude, is now challenged in opposition to modernity discourse and its equalitarian achievements. This hypothesis has been tested empirically by examining the relationship between "modernization" (in terms of economic, social, political and gender dimensions) and the "gender attitude" index. Methodologically, the study was conducted using the documentary method and secondary analysis of data from valid database and among 80 countries from 2005 to 2014. In the descriptive findings part of the study, gender attitude has been measured among the countries of the world and differentiated into five distinct clusters based on a spectrum of "totally equalitarian attitudes" to "purely patriarchal attitudes". The study of the relationship between modernization indicators and gender attitude confirms theoretical assumptions. Countries that rank higher in the indicators of modernization have an "equalitarian" gender attitude, and vice versa, countries with lower levels of modernization have a "patriarchal attitude". One of the other findings of this study is the decisive effect of the "Islam" on gender attitude.

A more increasing contribution to innovation and technology development, along with educational and research missions, is the new identity universities adopt in knowledge societies. Accordingly, universities, as the foundation generating knowledge as well as an entrepreneur, play an essential role in innovation. Having conducted an experimental study, the current article both described the interaction between universities and industry and evaluated the challenges this relation would face via a qualitative method and through analyzing Tehran University PhD students’ viewpoints. As the results suggested, there was no consistent and meaningful relation between universities and industry. Moreover, there was no evidence showing the new identity of universities regarding industry. The best state of this relation is its socialistic model. As the PhD students stated, the absence of reciprocal needs including the absence of industry’s feeling of need for universities as well as universities’ lack of motivation for collaboration with industry were the factors preventing these two institutions from establishing a suitable relation.

This article tries to examine student political culture and the role of socialization experiences، particularly the role of collegiate life-world، in shaping this culture. The theoretical approach is that the collegiate life-world as a new arena of socialization experience has relationship with shaping democratic political culture. Methodologically، this research is conducted using survey method and questionnaire distribution among undergraduate students at the University of Tehran. Given the problem and the type of questions، the “retrospective panel design” was used for collecting data. The results indicate that the students are “relatively” enjoying a democratic political culture، and the collegiate life-world has the highest rate comparing to other socialization factors in terms of being democratic. Through assessing the political culture of junior and senior students we can argue that the collegiate life-world produces democratic political culture. Those students having more collegiate life experience believe more in democracy and supporting it.

The society of knowledge is the era democratization of knowledge and universities and the crisis in the traditional pattern of information. This paradoxical situation as the late modernism and postmodernism ideology outcome has been the result of the emergence of some crises and challenges in the idea of university and its legitimacy. In this framework, the issue delved into here is that despite the current challenges in the universities, they can be harmonized with the requirements of the universities should proper and novel and academic patterns are utilized.The methodological approach of the research is a documentary-analytical and explicative one. This research has weighed various viewpoints and has come up with the edition of a sematic and conceptual pattern (the ideal one for the society of knowledge), by using which it is possible to classify and recognize the modern academic pattern for the society of knowledge. The Utopian University, The Connective University, Method-2-based University, Cultural and Technological University, Open and Extensive University,. .are among the typology of the universities which are considered the transition of old and traditional university structure to an innovative and knowledgesociety- based university aura.

cosmopolitan University, Hybrid University, Mode 2 University, Cultural University and Open and Distributed University are ideal patterns of universities in knowledgebased society which have emerged as a result of changes in social reality of contemporary society and have transformed traditional academic patterns. In this framework, the paper tries to study congruity of university in Iran with these typical forms of university and their indicators in knowledge-based society. Methodologically, the study was accomplished via Qualitative Method and «semi- Deep Interview» Technique. The data was analyzed by Qualitative Content Analysis. The results demonstrate that university of Tehran – as one of the top and largest universities in Iran – not only has weaknesses in terms of congruity and correspondence with university indicators in knowledge-based society but also in some cases its traditional academic patterns is faced with serious challenges.

How could patterns of leisure represent social identity? Whether they are sub-ordinate to the class identity or in the contemporary context of consumption and the post-modern cultural transformations, they could represent some other different social identities based on the patterns of consumption? Considering “leisure time” as a part of “style of life”, the present study attempts to explore social identity. There are two parts in methodology; first the qualitative one, carried through deep interview technique; and the other, surveying through questionnaire. Results distinguish the determining role “social class”, and the combination of “gender” and social class play in modeling distinctions in leisure patterns. In other words, leisure –as the arena for individual choice- is restricted to the social class and gender –as the structural and contextual variables. The strong correlation identity has with the social class and gender denies the post-modern interpretations which emphasis on consumption as the cause of social differentiations.