hamid bagheri

A flood is a widespread and dramatic natural disaster that affects the life, infrastructure, economy, and local ecosystems of the world. In this paper, a method for flood detection in urban (and suburban) environments using the intensity and coherence of SAR based on a convolutional neural network is introduced, and from the time series of SAR intensity and coherence to draw flood without obstruction (e.g. Flooded bare soils and short vegetation) are used. Non-cohesive areas blocked by floods (e.g., flooded vegetation) and cohesive areas with flood-blocked areas (e.g., frequently constructed flooded areas) are distinguished.This method is flexible according to the time period of the data sequences (at least one pair of pre-event and event intensities and one pair of pre-event and in-event coherence are required). The increasing number of SAR missions in orbit that have a fixed viewing scenario with a short retry time increases the chances of seeing a flood event, while also having a good pre-event scene achieved by the same sensor. This makes this method desirable for operational emergency responses.

CNN algorithm is a multilayer perceptron that is designed to identify two-dimensional information of images and includes: input layer, convolution layer, sample layer, and output layer. The CNN algorithm has two main processes: collection and sampling.The convolution process involves the use of a trainable Fx filter, deconvolution of the input image (the first step of image input, input after image convolution, is the feature of each layer called Feature Map), then by adding bx can be hand convolution of the CX layer Found. Sampling process: n pixels are collected from each neighborhood to form a pixel, then weighted with a scalar weight of Wx + 1 and a bx + 1 bias is added, then a map of The Narrow n times feature map properties are generated.Three images of Sentinel-1A VV polarization, wide width interference (IW), and mode (SLC) data were used in this study. Intensity images were pre-processed with radiometric calibration, noise reduced with a spell-filter (window size 5.5 pixels), and converted from linear units to decibels. Coherent images were obtained with a pair of consecutive images with a window of 7.28 (range _ azimuth). Validation data set due to the lack of other data in two separate sections of ground data in the urban area of GonbadKavous that have been collected to identify homes damaged by floods and terrestrial reality data from gamma image thresholds for output validation were extracted.

In this section, the results of the study are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Because the simultaneous display of SAR data over time in the form of RGB compounds is widely used in the qualitative interpretation of land cover and surface dynamics, RGB compounds are used to provide evidence of flood magnitude in terms of intensity and coherence. For both cases, the results of combining intensity and coherence and intensity alone and coherence alone are quantitatively analyzed. Overall accuracy (OA), kappa correlation coefficient, false-positive rate (FPR), precision (e.g., correctly predicted positive patterns out of the total predicted patterns in a positive class), recall (e.g., a fraction of properly classified positive patterns), and an F1 score (ie the harmonic mean between precision and recall). Flood reference and ground data are mentioned and reported based on the reference.

In this paper, a method for mapping floods in urban environments based on SAR intensity and interferometry coherence was introduced. A combination of intensity and coherence extracts flood information in different types of land cover and outlet. This method was tested on the KavousGonbad flood incident obtained by various SAR sensors and the flood maps were confirmed by the flood reference resulting from thresholding and ground harvesting and satisfactory results were shown in this case study. The findings of this experiment show that the shared use of SAR intensity and coherence provides more reliable information than the use of SAR intensity and coherence alone in urban areas with different landscapes. In particular, flood detection in less cohesive / non-cohesive areas (e.g., bare soils, vegetation, vegetated areas) relies heavily on multi-temporality, while multi-temporal coherence provides more comprehensive flood information in areas Create coherence (e.g., mostly built-up areas). However, some flood-specific situations, such as flooded parking lots and flooded dense building blocks, are still challenging in terms of intensity and coherence. Also, since the proposed method is sensor and scene independent, with very frequent and regular observations of SAR missions such as Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT (RCM), there are opportunities to map global floods on a global scale, especially in small countries. Provides income.

This study aims to examine the processes through which sports influencers on online media impact the behavior, attitudes, and social dynamics of youth.

Methods and Materials:

This qualitative research was conducted in Tabriz, involving semi-structured interviews with 14 academic experts in the fields of media, sports, and youth studies. The participants were purposively selected to provide in-depth perspectives on the influenceof sports influencers. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and themes related to the influence processes of sports influencers.

The study identified several key processes through which sports influencers impact youth. These include inspiring continuous activity, enhancing sports performance, modeling positive behavior and thinking, promoting social communication and networking, andcontributing to technological and cognitive developments. Influencers inspire youth by sharing motivational stories and practical techniques, improve performance through educational content, model ethical behaviors and resilience, facilitate social connections within sports communities, and advance youth understanding of technology and media.

Sports influencers play a significant role in shaping the behaviors, attitudes, and social interactions of youth. Their impact is multifaceted, promoting physical activity, skill development, ethical behavior, and social engagement. However, the influence of these influencers also poses risks that require careful management. Future research should explore strategies to leverage the positive aspects of influencer impact while mitigating potential harms. Practical initiatives should focus on educating influencers, supporting their roles, and guiding youth interactions with online media to maximize the benefits of sports influence in the digital age.

Wetland cover classification is of special importance in order to identify the type of plant species inside the wetland and also to distinguish it from the wetland margin vegetation and to study their ecosystem changes.  Due to the spectral similarity between different plant species of wetlands and plants along the wetlands and agricultural lands, this is faced with problems using multispectral data and hyperspectral data can be very useful in this regard. in this study power of hyperspectral and multispectral sensors in identifying the characteristics of the wetland and the ability of ETM + (2011), Hyperion (2011) and ALI (2011) sensors to study the characteristics of Shadegan wetland during 1390 and different spectral indices with a suitable combination of The satellite imagery bands of these sensors were compared as input to a variety of classification methods including maximum likelihood, minimum distance, neural network and support vector machine. The results showed that the support vector machine and neural network methods with closer classification accuracy of 85% in all three images show closer results to reality. The classification accuracy for all three images was at its highest for the backup vector machine method, with a total accuracy of 95.73 for the Hyperion image, 88.03 for the ALI and 89.34 for the ETM +. Therefore, the characteristics considered for the wetland, in the three images obtained from the SVM algorithm showed that showing the differentiation of wetland vegetation use from irrigated agricultural land use is more ambiguous than other wetland features. Studies have shown that this part is less recognizable in ALI and ETM + images than Hyperion images, or in some areas these parts are not separable from aquaculture land at all, while Hyperion due to having 220 bands and having a higher level of Spectral details have the ability to distinguish between the two classes.

Among the criteria of Muslim Hadith scholras in the evaluation of Hadiths has been the examining of its narrators and chain of the narrators. Despite the great fans of the science of the Rijal and the studies of the Hadith narrators, some Muslim scholars also opposed it for various reasons. One of these reasons is the skepticism about the reality of the Rijal scholars' assessments of the narrators. These doubts are exacerbated when there is a contradiction between the content of the Hadiths left by the narrator and the Rijal data. Ishaq ibn Muhammad al-Ahmar al-Nakha'i is one of the Shiite narrators who has been weakened by the early Rijal scholars mainly due to the corruption of his religion and his affiliation with the Shiite Ghulat movement. This article aims to evaluate the realism of the reports of the Rijal in a library way and by referring to the data in non-Rijal sources such as the works of sectarianism and the works of non-Shiite Muslims as well as analyzing the data of the Imami Shiite scholars of Rijal. The result of this study is the confirmation of Rijal data with the historical facts of the early centuries.

Hadiths of the innocents (pbuh) contain medical data and a wide variety of topics related to the health of the human body, and a significant amount of them are about the prevention of diseases. Benefiting from medical hadiths, like any collection of information, requires accurate recognition, organization and categorization by relying on the relationships between variables rather than by analytically comparing their similarities, differences, properties, etc. be identified and applied. According to this statement, the question is, which species are there in the medical hadiths of Imam Reza (a.s.)? This research with a descriptive-analytical method in the statistical community of the narrations of Imam Reza (a.s.) in the field of disease prevention, from the medical encyclopedia of Mohammadi Rohimari, which facilitated their study by collecting medical narrations, as well as Jame-al-Ahadith software. It is written to find first-hand sources in the citation The result is that these narrations are classified into three types: "names of diseases, medicines and instructions", "properties of substances and instructions" and "maintaining body health without the name of a specific disease"; Their ratio with the total narratives of the statistical population was measured under each species and presented in the results table.

The assessment of groundwater quality in agricultural industry management is of particular importance. The decline in groundwater levels in plains due to overexploitation and drought creates many environmental problems. One of the most important of these problems is the unsuitability of groundwater quality and its undesirable effects on consumption. The aim of this research is to evaluate the quality of groundwater in Sirjan plain for agricultural use. In this study, the groundwater of Sirjan plain was classified based on 9 parameters: sulfate, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity. Then, a fuzzy method was used to homogenize each of the prepared layers. In order to prepare zoning maps, the method of average distance image was used for weighting the layers and preparing the final water quality map, the hierarchical process analysis method was used. The results showed that recent droughts, reduced rainfall, and extraction from groundwater sources have led to an increase in EC values from the standard value with an average of 575.6820 microsiemens and an increase in TDS values from the standard value with an average of 57.3891 milligrams per liter. Also, the water quality of approximately 55% of the study area is suitable for agriculture, and based on the total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity water quality diagrams, their concentration has made about 45% of the plain areas in the eastern and central parts unsuitable. In general, the results confirm the relationship between the examined elements in such a way that some of these elements have had a significant impact on groundwater quality

ʽAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. ̓Abān al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, known as “ʽAllān al-Kulaynī,” is one of the Imāmī narrators living in the age of Minor Occultation. Among the early Rijāl scholars, Najāshī was the only one who mentioned Allān’s biography in his autobiographical book and authenticated him. Shaykh al-Kulaynī narrated dozens of narrations from him in al-Kāfī, who is introduced by Najāshī as Kulainī’s uncle. A significant part of these narratives is included in al-Kāfī’s “Book of al-Ḥujjah” (“Kitab al-Ḥujjah”). Since Kulaynī collected the narratives of his book from earlier written sources, the question arises as to which book was his written source in narrating them. Since one of the criteria emphasized by early Imāmī hadīth scholars is quoting from reliable books, this paper aims to evaluate this hypothesis by collecting these narratives and analyzing them. Their Isnād-cum-matn evidence confirm that Shaykh al-Kulaynī narrated them from the book of ʽAllān al-Kulaynī, i.e. the “Kitāb ̓Akhbār al-Qāim”.

The Messenger of God (pbuh) established the knowledge of Hadith in Medina by interpreting the verses of the Qur'an and statement the Hadith. Listening tand transmission of Hadiths by the companions and Successors in Medina, the appearance of jurists and traditionists such as the seven jurists of Medina and Mālik ibn Anas, and the religious policies of the Umayyads led to the centrality and authority of Medina in the transmission and publication of Hadiths. Until the second century, due to lack of familiarity, jurists and traditionists of Islamic lands did not accept Hadiths common in cities other than Medina (Trans-regional). The main issue of this article is to explain the authority and superiority of medina Traditionists in the first two centuries; and analyzing the contexts and effective factors in the formation of the discourse of trans-regional  in accepting of Hadith, recording and validating of the Hadiths that transmitted the non-medina traditionists. In this research, will be examined, firstly, the effective factors in the centrality of Medina in hadith and its jurists, and in the continue the factors of appearance the trans-regional hadith discourse and the social, cultural and political backgrounds in different Islamic lands among the Sunnis in the acceptance of this discourse.

This article explains the developments and changes of social, religious and political phenomena with descriptive-analytical method and using historical and hadith sources. The efforts of the authors of this research have been based on identifying the social and political phenomena of the earlier centuries and adapting them to the internal developments of knowledge and jurisprudence. In such a way that it is possible to explain a series of developments in jurisprudence and hadith and its impact on the social context.

Since the first Islamic century, there was a discourse under the title of centrality of Medina and its jurists in hadith. A discourse that emphasizes the authority of the jurists of Medina and tries not to accept the hadith of the jurists of other Islamic lands. Beyond that, the jurist must be from Medina; The importance of Medina was such that the actions of the Muslims of this city can be considered as one of the ways to discover the Prophetic tradition. At the same time, the hadiths that introduced the people of Medina as the most knowledgeable; It has indicated the importance of the concept of superiority of the Hadith scholars and medina jurists. Since the time of Mālik, a discussion led by Laith ibn Sa’īd (175 AH) was growing and developing in Egypt and other Islamic cities; who did not accept the dominance and centrality of Medina in hadith. The beginning of Malik's correspondence with Laith ibn Sa’īd shows Malik's sense of danger from ignoring the centrality of Medina in hadith. In Malik's reply, Leith argued the differences between Medina jurists and the dispersion of Medina traditionists in different lands; And he created doubt the authority and centrality of Medina jurists in hadith. From the era of the four caliphs, some Companions migrated to the conquered lands for Jihad, Emirate, religious teachings and judgment. The presence of important people in other lands such as ‘Abdullah ibn Masūd and ‘Ammār Yāsir in Kufa, ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abbās in Makkah, Abū Mūsā Ash'arī in Basra, ‘Amru ʽās and his son ‘Abdullah in Egypt, Abū Dardā Anṣārī, Ma'ādh ibn Jabal and AbūDhar Ghifārī in Syria; and the formation of hadith circles in these lands provided the backgrounds of breaking the authority of medina native hadith approach in Islamic lands. The formation of hadith circles in the lands of Kufa, Basra, Syria, and Egypt, centered on the Companions during the first century, was able to very slowly create the backgrounds for the appearance of the discourse of trans-region in hadith. Specializing in jurisprudence under the influence of the social needs of the newly established Abbasid government, development of Islamic lands and the entry of different ethnicities and nationalities into the Islamic society had an impact on the formation of the thought of trans-regional in hadith. Also, traveling for hadiths was one of the important factors in familiarizing traditionalists with hadiths of other lands and the formation of trans-regional thinking in hadith. By examining the leaders of the appearance of trans-regional thought in the second century, two points are noteworthy. First, persons like Awzā'i, Thawrī, Laith ibn Saʻīd, Ibn Mubārak, Shaibānī and Ibn ʻUyaynah all appeared from cities other than Medina. Second, unlike Mālik that he did not leave Medina to receive hadith; All of them had traveled to receive Hhadith.

Historical evidence shows that  with the spread of Islam in different lands, Migration of companions from medina for the conquests and propagation of Islam, the formation of Hadith circles in cities such as Kufa and Basra centered on the companions, the gathering of traditionists in Baghdad as the center of the Abbasid trans-ethnic government, the traveling of traditionists to different cities for receiving Hadiths; the main and effective factors  were provided  in the gradual formation and institutionalization of the trans-regional discourse in Hadith. The efforts of traditionists of Islamic lands to collect and write hadith; and the non-Arabic origin of a large number of jurists did not fit with the centrality of Medina approach in hadith. In the meantime, the traditionists who had a non-medina origin were influenced by the travels for receiving hadith, and the listening to hadith by traditionists of different Islamic lands proposed trans-regional thoughts. Shāfi'ī institutionalized the flow of trans-regional discourse in hadith by providing criteria for evaluating the hadiths of different lands and writing the first book "Al-Riasālah" in Baghdad, the trans-ethnic city of the Abbasid era. In order to solve the problem of conflicting hadiths, he wrote the book "Ikhtilāf al -Ḥadīth "; And for the first time, he put together the hadiths of the transmitters of different cities and presented ways to resolve the inconsistencies of these hadiths. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that he wrote the book "Ikhtilāf al-Ḥadīth" and officially accepted the discourse of trans-regional in Hadith.

Undoubtedly, the works of Islamic heresiography have not been unaffected by the theological disputes, especially about the groups attributed to Shiites. According to one opinion, Ishaqiyah is one of the the Shiite extremist (Ghulāt) sects whose theological orientations have been effective in reporting the thoughts of its founder, Ishāq b. Muhammad b. Abān Abu Ya‘qūb al-Nakha‘ī al-Ahmar al-Başrī, hence some efforts have been made to clear him of these accusations Today, due to Nasiryan's legacy, some texts and quotations attributed to him are available, and if their attribution is correct, we can obtain first-hand sources for understanding his thoughts. The importance of these quotes is that it provides direct information about the thoughts of Ishaq Ahmar and the teachings of Ishaqiyah. This article tries to present the first-hand texts of Ishaqiyah's legacy to know their thoughts and teachings while recovering these remaining pieces of Ishaq's numerous works and dating them.

Privacy and the need to protect it in the legal world today is recognized as an important principle. The protection of this right has provided the necessary conditions for the growth of thought and the excellence of the personality of individuals in society. Therefore, it is necessary to respect the privacy of individuals in all matters, especially in the courts of justice and in the study of reason. Our goal in this study is to identify the privacy of the evidence in the courts.

The present article is a descriptive-analytical method and research tool, taking notes from library resources.

The findings indicate that; Privacy is one of the fundamental issues of human rights and one of the concepts of developed legal systems that is very closely related to human dignity and respect for the privacy of individuals in the sense of respect for the home and workplace of individuals and keeping conversations and correspondence confidential.

 

From the beginning to the end of the article, the principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

With the development of technology and human progress, invasion of privacy has increased. The Islamic Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Constitution, laws and regulations related to postal communications, telephone, press law and the Charter of Civil Rights are among the laws and regulations that sometimes implicitly and sometimes explicitly protect privacy.

On one hand a two-level atom is utilized as a qubit in quantum information technology and on the other hand the light in quantum optics is usually in the squeezed state. These reasons motivated us to explore the dynamic of a two-level atom which is driven by a field in the squeezed state. To this goal, the atom operators and the Heisenberg-Langevin equation have been employed. The master equation which reveals the dynamic of the atom has been derived using some features of the squeezed state and doing some algebra. Finally, the dynamic of the two-level atom which is driven by squeezed state field has been simulated by the derived master equation. Also, the effect of atom parameters on the dynamic has been investigated.

Culture and communication are the foundation of civilization of any society and cultural functions and ways of communication as the main communication infrastructures of human societies play many and complex functions and in this regard cultural geopolitics (geoculture) as one of these influential cultural components. It has been on the networks of Gilan province and its role and position. This study aimed to identify the components affecting the geoculture capabilities on road safety of Rahvar police in Guilan province, to investigate the factors affecting the geoculture capabilities on road safety in Guilan province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. To collect the required data and documents, library studies, database and field studies have been used to examine the relationship between these two variables, opportunities. Identify the threats and challenges ahead and provide appropriate solutions . Findings indicate that factors such as self-sacrifice, commitment and expertise and finally tools and equipment can affect the cultural geopolitical capabilities (geoculture) of Rahvar police in Guilan province; Because the undeniable role of cultural components, especially cultural geopolitics in the network of roads and police missions is obvious and visible, in this regard, considering the existing capacities in Gilan province in the field of transportation, especially In the corridor of international roads, this issue should be considered by the country's officials, and in this regard, despite the important sea and ports and international borders with population density, Gilan rich culture in terms of natural geographical features and attention of neighboring countries , Little attention has been paid to the capabilities of this province, especially in the discussion of transportation, which can be a great culturaleconomic hub.

Socio-political aspect is one of the dimensions of human life. An important issue is the view of Islam towards the formation of government at the age of occultation. Concerning the certain traditions, any kind of uprising and revolution before the emergence of Hazrat Qaem (a.j.) will be unlawful and add, "Any flag which raised before the emergence of the Imam of the Age (a.j.), its leader will be Taqut." The present study aimed at criticizing the narrative bases of the revolution opponents and the formation of government from the viewpoints of documents and contexts. Based on the results, only one, and with tolerance, two traditions ban the uprising and describe the rebels as Taqut, legends from Malek Jahani, and Abi basir. Both narratives have some flaws from the viewpoint of documents and rejected contextually. They are not in agreement with the Quran, necessities of religion, the Shia idea of fighting against oppression, and the practical life of the religious leaders. These traditions, in the event of the correctness of their reference to infallible Imams (a.s.), provide for uprisings whose leaders instead of Sovereignty of Allah and Ahl al- Bayt [The household of the Prophet (P.B.U.H)] introduce themselves as the promised Mahdi (a.j.).

The condition of lacking oddness (Shuzūz) in definition of "Sound Hadith" (Ŝaĥīĥ) at Sunni Hadith scholars has caused the importance of "Shāzz" Hadith to them, because this kind of Hadith is counted among the "Weak Hadith" (Ďaīf). Studing available resources shown that there are three definitions of "Shāzz" Hadith. These definitions historically have provided by al-Shafi‘ī (d. 204), al-Hākim al-Nyshābūrī (d. 405) and his student al-Khalīlī al-Qazvīnī (d. 446). Review written works in later and contemporary eras proves that the definition provided by al-Shafi‘ī widely has adopted. A question that matters in this regard is that what is the reason of al-Shafi‘ī's definition superiority? From which time and by which scholar this preference has occurred? Given the available evidence, in this regard apparently the famous Hadith Scholar Ibn Ŝalāĥ al-Shahrazūrī (d. 643) has been effective. His judgment on the one hand is according to al-Bukhārī's Ŝaĥīĥ and the other hand is due to the undesirable results came from two other definitions. The factor of "soleness of trust narrator" in al-Hākim al-Nyshābūrī's definition and the element of "soleness of narrator" in al-Khalīlī al-Qazvīnī's definition have caused to "rare" Hadiths of trust narrator or any "rare" Hadith in al-Bukhārī's Ŝaĥīĥ be considered in the category of "Shāzz". This is not homogeneous with the special place of this book to the Sunni. Therefore, Ibn Ŝalāĥ, who himself points out this matter, has stated that as the reason for this preference.

One of the important issues of The Holy Qur'an is the unseen news and in particular its predictions.
Including The Quran on such unseen news and predictions among the scholars is the miraculous aspect of this book. The verse 54 of the Ma'idah Surah is one of the verses in which a kind of predictions is stated. Allah Almighty states in this verse that he will bring a group instead of the apostates who loves them and they love him too. The appointment of a new group of alternate apostates, which God has referred to as their beloved, has been a controversial issue between Shiite and Sunni commentators from the past to the present. According to the Shia commentators, Imam Ali (as) is an example of this verse, but in contrast to the Sunni commentators, it is considered by the first caliph, Abu Bakr, to fight against Those who have left the religion (companions of the Raddeh). The basic issue in this regard is to study the opinions of the old and new Islamic commentators and to analyze and judge them critically. The result of this critical study is that the qualities mentioned in the verse for believers, namely, humility and softness about those who are believers and severely disciplined by infidelity and jihad for God, are not having fear of blaming others the subjects that none of the scholars and commentators and Islamic historians from the Sunni or Shiite can't deny that they are about Ali (AS). Therefore, the true exemplified of this verse is Imam Ali (AS).

In his compilation of Al-Kāfī, Kulayn has employed various written hadith sources, whose study can be useful in more and more accurately identifying his method in compilation of his book. Interestingly enough, the authors of some of his sources are introduced as liars and even counterfeiters in rijālī books. Among them are Isḥāq b. Muhammad Aḥmar, about whom no independent research has yet been done as per the traditions narrated from him in Al-Kāfī and Kulaynī’s source. Najāshī has introduced the two volumes, Kitāb Akhbār al-Sayyid and Kitāb Majālis-i Hishām from among his works. From among Nuṣayrīs’ Heritage, five other books of his have been introduced: Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ, Kitāb al-Tanbīh, Kitāb Bāṭin al-Tanbīh, and Kitāb al-Shawāhid. Taking a look at Isḥāq’s personality and the scholars’ viewpoints about him, this paper addresses Kulaynī’s narration from Isḥāq and tries to clarify Kulaynī’s sources in this regard. According to some evidences, it seems that Kitāb Akhbār al-Sayyid from among these written works of Isḥāq – which has been completed before his deviation – has been Kulaynī’s source in writing Al-Kāfī.

Nowadays existing urban network problems and resolving them is nation wide problems so that one of the most important and most expensive units in urban services companies is events system. In urban networks infrastructure during events, access to spatial data and suitable descriptive and relevant to the current situation at the event site is essential. National Iranian Gas Company by having more than 17,000 km of gas pipelines, it has one of the largest collection spatial and attribute data. During incidence of events in many cases need to cut off gas in part that damaged, so identify the nearest valves to event site is of the most important factors. In this study, it was shown that Volunteered data can be many help to identify the nearest valves to event site and using Volunteered Geographic Information environments and native people information could be a faster and less costly way to update the maps and expedite the process of servicing in Gas urban network, while occurrence of problems such as Gas pipes leakage, pipes rupture and in general while events occurrence. People by observing such events, their information shared on this system and of course the relevant authorities after becoming aware, can do necessary action. After modeling and design of the proposed system, its implementation was done in the frameworks and softwares cited in article. Finally, according to the questioning results from people, about 83 percent of participants in the inquiry were satisfied with the designed system. Also, questioning results from seven water organization experts, five of them were satisfied with designing such a system.

Imāmī jurisprudence in its history has always faced with the fact that jurists have sometimes issued a fatwa relying on a weak hadith or acted based on such kind of hadiths. This discussion has been always followed by an argumentative challenge among them as to whether the reputation can compensate for the weak sanad (chain of transmission) of a hadith. All Imāmī jurists are not of the same opinion about it; according to some, "reputation" can compensate for a weak hadith and validate it. According to these jurists the companions’ (aṣḥāb) refusal to act as per a hadith, would be effective in its invalidity, even if it had a reliable sanad. In contrast, those jurists who have not accepted the authority of the reputation or some of its branches have opposed the principle of "compensation of weak hadith by reputation". Wahīd Behbahānī is one the great jurists who has resorted to some forms of compensation of weak hadith. He has accepted practical reputation – on the condition of conformity with the general and indisputable principles – and popularity of fatwa, although adopted from the fatwas of contemporary jurists, as compensation of weak sanad, but he does not regard mere reputation a factor for compensation of weak sanad. He also believes that as the practical approval of companions compensates the weakness of a hadith and validates it, so also refusal of a hadith by the companions would cause its weakness. Reviewing the various groups of jurists on the question of "reputation" and the possibility of compensation for the weak hadith according to the reputation, this paper attempts to present Behbahānī’s views on this issue in details.

Nuṣayrī-‘Alawī is a Shiite sect that the extremist-esoteric approach among them is highly visible. Due to the mysterious nature of such these esoteric movements, a little work of Nuṣayrī heritage is available to the public. A collection entitled Silsilat al-turāth al-‘alawī has published in recent years which includes an abundant works of Nuṣayrī heritage. Ḥaqāiq asrār al-dīn is one of them that among the followers of the sect have been attributed to Abu Muhammad Hassan b. Ali b. Shuba al-Harrani, who is known in Imami tradition by writing the Tuhaf al-Ughul. The importance of this book is that it contains many quotations from the works of extremists (Ghulat), especially the second and third centuries of Kufan (Iraq), such as Mufażżal b. ‘Umar al-Ju‘fī and Muĥammad b. Sinān that the content of some of these texts today is in hand only through this book. This paper attempts, by examining evidence at the first, to determine the time that Ḥaqāiq belongs to and in the next step to identify its author. According to textual criticism, the historical authenticity of the text, dating in part in the fourth century and assign it to Ibn Shuba could be suggested.

In recent decades, urban water resource constraints, exhaustion of transmission lines, short life span of water network elements, increase of pipes breakage and high networks failures, causes increase of economic and social costs in the use of distribution network infrastructures. Lack of information, oldness of available data and non-existence of incident spatial informing system is one of the major problems against water transmission network management. Although providing such data have been supervised by government agencies and these data are under certain standards, but shortage, failure and delay of data preparation is still evident. One of the solutions proposed to solve this problem is use of citizen participation in the preparation of spatial data. Using Volunteered Geographic Information environments and native people Information could be a faster and less costly way to update the maps. In the present paper, Volunteered Geographic Information environment is used to expedite the process of servicing in water utility network in situations such as water pipes leakage, pipes rupture, ilegal excavations, and etc. After modeling and design of the proposed system, its implementation was done in the Visual Studio2012 and ASP. NET framework using C# language.To save spatial and non-spatial data, SQL Server2012 database and GeoDataBase were used, respectively. To import the maps on the system, ArcGIS Server10.2 software was used. Finally, according to the questioning results from people, about 80 percent of participants in the inquiry were satisfied with the designed system. Also, questioning results from four water organization experts, three of them were satisfied with designing such a system.

One of the serious environmental problems that could cause irreversible ecological and economic damage to the environment is organic pollutants. Contamination with organic pollutants is a very serious issue that is of interest to the general public because in some cases, it causes serious damages to the environment, soil and water as well. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are abbreviated as PAHs are one of the major groups of organic substances soluble in water due to the geological conditions of the region. Various methods are used to clean up polluted aquatic environments among which the use of oil absorbent material to remove different kinds of contaminants, particularly petroleum compounds and its derivatives (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) is highly regarded. PAHs absorption by the bentonite and activated carbon is considered in this research. Then, PAHs distribution coefficient and the maximum absorption have been determined according to the results using Freundlich absorption isotherms, and Langmuir isotherm. Results show that the bentonite has a high potential for PAHs absorption. Distribution coefficient (kd) and the maximum absorption are 0.005 L/g and 0.157 mg/g.

In the present world, training andculture-building practices are considered as much important, fundamental and key subjects which can be relied as a one the main prerequisites for planning. Prevention of crime and social deviations,is not a task for which a specific organization to be responsible; but also, it is a multi-aspect issue which requires participation of all organizations and individuals. In this regard, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of culture-building practiceson decreasing trend of crime among the people of Ilam city. With regard to exploratory nature of this study, it was carried out as theoretical analysis using literature review by documentary method and then, by questionnaire production and distribution and finally, results analysis. After the results analysis, it was concluded that, there is a significant relationship between crime occurrence and lack of knowledge and culture-building practices among the people. The factors affecting crime occurrence in order of priority are: religious values, scientific courses and information of the offender’s futurity, identity giving, behavior control, individual and social values, fundamental values and motivational methods.

Drought stress is one of the most important and most common environmental stresses that limit plant growth in the face. In this path، photosynthesis is main determinant for plant growth and retention ability at environmental stresses is important for preservation of growth stability. for study of the role of stomatal and nonstomatal factors on photosynthesis in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius cv. Sina) in Miyaneh region. A factorial experiment with randomized complete block design (RCDB) and three replications were applied. That at it foliar application of atrazine as a antitranspirant were at 3 phenological stage (steming، flowering and seed filling stages). The antitranspirant application rates were 0 (control)، 80، 120 and 160 gr. ha-1. By the results of analysis of varians (ANOVA) showed that between rates foliar application at all times on physiologic charactristics as photosynthesis rate، transpiration severity، intercellular (Ci)، stomata conductivity، mesophyll conductivity and relative water content (RWC) was significant. This in study foliar application of Atrazine to content 120 gr. ha-1 in flowering time had highest effect on this characters except RWC. The highest RWC were obtained at 120 (gr. ha-1) in steming time. Between rates foliar application of Atrazine than photosynthesis water use efficiency (PWUE) were significant as highest PWUE were obtained at 120 gr. ha-1. Evaluation of characteristic''s correlation showed that there were a positive and significant correlation was found between photosynthesis with characteristics such as transpirant rate، mesophyll conductivity، Ci and stomata conductivity.

Writing of Shī‘ā traditions in the same Imams’ (P. b. u. h) era is one of the prominent characteristics of these traditions. In this era، a lot of works were produced titled “Book” (Kitāb)، “Original” (Aŝl)، “Component” (Joz’) and “Version” (Noskhah)، and etc. that played a significant role in the early Imāmī Ĥadīth scholars’ tradition studies. Relying on the systematic method called «evidential system»، the scholars used several evidences in the evaluation of traditions، of which some significant proportion can be titled “source cognition”. Sometimes، depending on different reasons، they considered some writings reliable thereupon the Ĥadīths included in these writings were regarded “reliable” too. Regardless of the specifications of their authors، the features of these sources، themselves، have played an important role in their validation. In addition to indicating the earlier scholars’ attention to the evidences of source reliability، this paper، through analytical study and historical analysis of earlier reports remained، attempts to provide an appropriate answer to this question with an emphasis on “source features”. It also attempts to address the major indications of authentic writings and to illustrate the evidences of each one with a few examples. Some of the features of Ĥadīth books that affected their validation were to submitting the book to the Imam and its verification by him، acceptability of the book by Ĥadīth scholars and schools، reputation of the book and its agreement with standard books.