hamid reza moradi

In recent years, our country has experienced an increase in the frequency and severity of natural hazards such as floods, droughts, and pests. These changes can be attributed to shifts in climate variables. Due to its influential role in other natural hazards such as drought, climate can significantly impact the economy and people's lives. This is particularly evident in the agricultural, animal husbandry, and industrial sectors, where it can cause damage and destruction in various regions. Drought is one of the biggest climatic challenges that our country has been facing in recent years. When a drought occurs, it initially manifests as a meteorological drought. If the drought persists, it can lead to other types of droughts, including hydrogeological, agricultural, and economic droughts. Each of these droughts, as well as their cumulative impact, affects various aspects of the ecosystem within a watershed. Climatic changes cause many problems due to their impact on the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation in various regions. Due to its gradual process and slow speed, this phenomenon has been operating for a relatively longer period. Its effects may be revealed after a few years and with a longer delay than other risks. This phenomenon has more tangible effects in rural areas because rural communities are more vulnerable. Therefore, understanding this phenomenon and analyzing and evaluating its impact on ecosystems within a watershed is crucial for effective planning and decision-making. This knowledge is necessary for the implementation of appropriate adaptation strategies.

To carry out this research, the required climatic data were first collected from the Meteorology and Regional Water Department of Mazandaran Province. The SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) index was also used to evaluate meteorological drought. Additionally, to examine the trend of changes in flow rate, the data from existing hydrometric stations in the region, which have more comprehensive data, were utilized. Lars-WG software was used to project future climate (2023-2050) conditions under two climate scenarios: an optimistic scenario (RCP2.6) and a pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5). After preparing the current and future data, the DrinC software was used to determine drought thresholds based on the standard table for the SPI. In this research, the IHACRES hydrological model was also utilized to forecast future discharge. To achieve this objective, the future precipitation and temperature data obtained from the previous stage were utilized, along with the observed discharge data (1990-2020), to project the trend of discharge in the future (2022-2040). Subsequently, the hydrological drought of the Tajan Watershed was calculated at the outlet station (Kordkhil) using the SDI (Streamflow Drought Index) in the DrinC software. After analyzing the stream flow data and using the standard table associated with the SDI, the thresholds for hydrological drought were determined.

The results of this study showed that, based on the SPI standard table, the degree of drought in the area under investigation has fluctuated between -3.3 (indicating very severe drought) and 2.4 (indicating extremely humid conditions) in recent years. Also, the future climate was projected for a period of approximately 27 years (2023-2050) under the influence of two optimistic scenarios (RCP2.6) and one pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5) at three selected stations (Kordkhil, Soleiman Tange, Rig Cheshme). The results of the climate drought conditions and the index values for the projected period (2023-2050) at Soleiman Tange station, in 12-month steps showed that there is a possibility of a severe climate drought occurring in this region during the water year 2049-2050. Also, the results show that there is no significant difference in the future drought index between the two scenarios. The results of the climate drought situation at Rig Cheshme station indicate a high likelihood of a severe climate drought in the region during the water year 2029-2030. Additionally, the results of the climate drought condition at Kordakhil station show that the condition at Kordakhil station differs somewhat from the other two stations, which are located at higher altitudes. This difference is likely due to the proximity of this station to the Caspian Sea, as the climate in that region is influenced by the coastal humidity. It can also be expected that there will be a severe drought in the water year 2032-2033 in this region. The results of the IHACRES model showed that the comparison chart of the simulated discharge and the observed discharge is in good agreement. Additionally, the error coefficient values obtained during the two stages of evaluation and recalibration were 0.48 and 0.53, respectively. These values indicate the model's acceptable ability to simulate future discharge. The results indicate that the discharge rate of the Watershed is unlikely to undergo significant changes in the future as a result of climate change. The probable cause for this is the occurrence of intense rainfall events, which lead to flooding and subsequent increases in river discharge. Considering that these results only show the effect of climate change on discharge, there is a possibility that other factors, such as land use changes, may also contribute to changes in the amount of discharge.

Conclusion :

The results of this analysis indicate that in both climate scenarios, there is a possibility of experiencing severe droughts in some years in the future. However, it is also possible for the climate to be very wet in certain years. These changes in the state of drought over approximately 30 years indicate climate fluctuations, which are one of the signs of climate change in a region. Therefore, based on the obtained results, it cannot be concluded that we will experience either a completely dry or completely wet state in the next 30 years. Thus, it is necessary to employ adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of drought during certain years. The hydrological drought situation of the Tajan River in the next 20 years (2020-2040) was evaluated using both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. The drought situation in this river has also exhibited fluctuations, with a decreasing trend of flow in some years and an increasing trend in others. These fluctuations also indicate another effect of climate change in a region, which causes heavy rains and floods, leading to increased river flow during certain times of the year. However, relying solely on the study of the flow rate of a region cannot accurately indicate the drought situation. This is because certain measures implemented in watersheds can significantly impact the flow rate of a river. Therefore, considering all the conditions and climatic factors that govern our country, it is not surprising to see such changes occurring in different periods.

Niosomes are biodegradable and biocompatible carriers that have a hydrophilic head and a lipophilic tail and can encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. By nanotechnology and curcumin-loaded nano-niosomes, it is possible to exploit the diverse anticancer properties of curcumin via targeted delivery to the desired tissue.

The present study aims to evaluate the effects of curcumin-loaded niosome nanoparticles (CM-NP) and free curcumin (CM) on apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and STAT3/NF-kB signaling pathway in A549 lung cancer cell line.

The A549 cells were first exposed to CM-NP and CM. Then, the apoptosis, intracellular ROS, and STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathways were evaluated using commercial kits.

Exposure to CM-NP significantly increased the early and late apoptotic A549 cells compared to CM (P<0.001). Based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values, the CM-NP caused a significant increase in ROS production compared to CM (P<0.001). In addition, exposure to CM and CM-NP led to a significant decrease in the expression levels of STAT3 and NF-κB compared to non-exposed cells (P<0.001). The expression levels of NF-κB and STAT3 in A549 cells exposed to CM-NP were significantly lower than those in the CM group (P<0.05).

The curcumin nano-niosomes induces apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells more than the free form of curcumin, in an oxidative stress-dependent manner and by increasing intracellular ROS and by STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathways. These results demonstrate the potential of the curcumin nano-niosomes as a promising method for lung cancer treatment.

Characteristics of Badlands are the lack of vegetation, steep slopes and dense drainage network which are known as important sources of erosion and sediment production in the world. Heavy rains, scattered vegetation, low soil permeability, erodible materials, and steep slopes and slopes provide the conditions for badland faces. Badland erosion is affected by several soil properties, including surface soil depth, soil organic carbon content, organic matter status, soil texture and structure, available water holding capacity, and water transfer characteristics that determine soil quality. Cited. The extent of the influence of different physical and chemical factors of soil in the formation and spread of pustular erosion varies from point to point.

This study aimed to identify the most important factors of physical and chemical properties of soil and environmental factors and soil depth in the spread of badland erosion in Zanuzchay watershed. In this research, factors such as percentage of sand, silt and clay, PH, EC, SAR, organic matter, gypsum and soil lime in different altitude classes and the east-west direction and in three depths of 0-5, 5-30 and -30 60 Badland erosion faces were investigated. To investigate the effect of soil properties in different directions, altitudes and depths on the formation and development of badland in the study area, a systematic-random plan in the form of a factorial plan with two land use factors and altitudes, through analysis of variance and mean comparison was done by Duncan method. The normality of the data was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. Gypsum and SAR variables that had an abnormal state were normalized using root and logarithm of numbers, respectively, and parametric statistical tests were performed on them. Analysis of variance and Duncan's method were used to determine the effect of soil factors on Badland face formation.

The results obtained from unpaired t-test and Leven to compare the mean differences of some physical and chemical properties of Badland soils in comparison with control soils showed that the variables pH, SAR, gypsum, clay percentage, silt percentage, and organic matter they are significant at the level of (0.01). According to the investigation of the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the formation of the erosion of badlands, it has been determined that the formation of badlands has a direct relationship with the percentage of clay, pH, EC, organic matter and SAR and has an inverse relationship with the amount of lime and gypsum. The results show that with the increase in salinity, the conditions for the establishment of plants decrease, which plays a significant role in reducing the speed of raindrops and their penetration into the ground. The results showed that the chemical factors of the soil largely determine the erosion and formation of badlands. In such a way that with the increase of pH and EC, the tunnel erosion increases and with the increase of lime and gypsum, the amount of sediment formation decreases. The increase of fine clay particles increases the stickiness of marl soil and with the increase of resistance against water action, surface erosion prevails. The increase in soil salinity and sodium absorption ratio causes the creation of fine granular structures in the soil, which disintegrate as soon as moisture reaches them. High amounts of sodium reduce the water conductivity of the soil through the phenomena of swelling and dispersion of clay minerals. The stability and resistance of grain soil decreases with the increase of sodium absorption ratio and as a result, soil erosion is intensified. Organic matter has a vital role on the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil, the change in the amount of organic matter due to its effect on biological activities, cation exchange, acidity and the amount of nutrients is one of the most important indicators of chemical and biological quality. It shows that organic matter plays an important role in the formation of soil grains and improves soil structure. The results obtained from Duncan's test show the difference between the means in different classes and directions and at depths of (0-5), (5-30), and less than 30 cm in both areas of Badland, and The control is at a significant level of 0.05. The results also showed that the average percentage of clay and sand at different heights have a significant difference at the level of 0.05.

Considering the relationship between physical and chemical properties of soil with the formation of Badland erosive faces, many studies show that the formation of Badland has a direct relationship with the percentage of clay, pH, EC, organic matter, and SAR and is inversely related with the amount of lime and gypsum.

Climate change has greatly challenged the management of water resources due to its impact on water requirements of crops. In this research, the effect of climate change on water requirement of Rice crop was simulated in the study area of ​​ the Tajan watershed and its changes until 2060 were studied. To investigate climate change, Lars-WG software and HadGEM2 model outputs under (RCP 2.6) and (RCP 8.5) climate scenarios have been used. To evaluate the impact of climate change in the next 40 years on water requirement, using CROPWAT 8.0 software, potential and actual evapotranspiration and effective rainfall were calculated for the future period and crop water requirement was determined and compared with the water requirement of the current period. The results showed that the mean water requirement of Rice crop in the RCP 2.6 scenario were predicted in 2040-2021 and 2041-2060 periods is equal to 658.27 and 658.46 mm, respectively, and in the RCP 8.5 scenario in 2040-2021 and 2041-2060 periods were predicted to be equal to 672.93 and 673 mm, respectively. Therefore, according to both climate scenarios, the water requirement has increased in all time periods compared to the current period, which is about 648 mm.Mazandaran is a province based on agricultural production and it has long been one of the centers of Rice cultivation as the second strategic product of the country. planting Rice is very vital and important for the economy of the whole region. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evaluation of changes in the water requirement of Products in response to climate change conditions.Various researchers investigated the effects of climate change on water requirement, some of which are mentioned below.Casolani et al. (2020) in a study investigated the effect of climate change on water requirement of crops. The results showed that the water requirement in the periods of 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100 will increase by 6, 19, and 24 percent, respectively, compared to the current period. Jia et al. (2021) investigated the changes in the water requirement of crops under climate change conditions. The results showed that the effective rainfall increases by 0.98 mm per year and the water requirement decreases by 2.27 mm per year.

Climate change directly impacts hydrological components, water resources, and watershed outflow. Calculating the amount of possible changes in rainfall and runoff will play an important role in the policy-making and planning of water resources under climate change conditions. In this research, runoff simulation in the eastern watersheds of Mazandaran province (Talar, Tajan, Nekarood, and Babolrood) was investigated under the impact of climate change in the future period (2021-2040).

In this research, one of the atmospheric-ocean general circulation models, named HadGEM2, was used under climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) to investigate climate change. The Lars-WG model was used for the downscaling of climate data during three stages of data calibration, data evaluation, and meteorological data generation for the future period. This purpose was achieved using the daily data of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, and sunshine hours of the selected stations of four watersheds in the current period (1997-2016), and the model was implemented for the base period. After ensuring the ability of the Lars-WG model to simulate meteorological data by comparing the data produced by the HadGEM2 model and the observational data of the base period, this model was implemented to generate future data using climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). The daily values of the climate data of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours were produced and simulated for the next 40 years (2021- 2060). Runoff simulation in the future period and the effect of climate change on runoff were investigated with the IHACRES hydrological model, which is a continuous conceptual-dynamic model for simulating rainfall-runoff at the watershed scale, using climate scenarios. For this purpose, the daily data of rainfall, mean temperature, and discharge of the current period (1997-2016) in four watersheds were introduced into the IHACRES software. Then, the 1997-2008 and 2009-2016 periods were selected for calibration and validation, respectively, to determine the ability of the IHACRES model to simulate future runoff. After calibration and validation, the climate data produced by the HadGEM2 model were introduced into IHACRES, and the daily series of discharge was predicted for the future period (2021-2040). Then, the annual average of the observed discharges in the current period and the simulated discharges in the future period under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, as well as the 20-year average runoff in the stations in the future period, were compared and evaluated with the observation period.

The results of the climate change investigation showed that mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures in all months of the future period would increase in all four watersheds in both scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 compared to the current period (1997-2016). Compared to the current period, the mean monthly rainfall in both scenarios does not have a constant trend and is different in various months. The results of the runoff simulation show that the changes in the discharge of the watersheds under the effect of climate change are not constant compared to the discharge of the current period. This could be attributed to the inconsistency of the trend of changes in the precipitation of the future period compared to the current period. Despite the increase in the average rainfall, the discharge will decrease in some years in the future period, which can probably be related to the increase in temperature in the future period due to climate change. Despite the decrease in the average rainfall of that year, the increase in discharge could be caused by, for example, the possibility of heavy rains or showers in that year, thereby increasing the amount of discharge. Compared to the current period, the 20-year mean of the predicted discharge has decreased in the selected stations (Talar, Tajan, and Nekarood watersheds) in the future period for both scenarios. In the station considered for the Babolrood watershed, however, this value has increased in the RCP 2.6 scenario compared to the current period. In the Polsefid station of the Talar watershed, the simulated discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 6.18 and 6.12 m3/s, respectively, which shows a decrease compared to the observed discharge of 7.41 m3/s. In the Soleimantange station of the Tajan watershed, the predicted discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 7.33 and 7.29 m3/s, respectively, which has decreased compared to the observed discharge of 9.82 m3/s. In the Sefidchah station of the Nekarood watershed, the simulated discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 3.85 and 3.72 m3/s, which reveals a decline compared to the observed discharge of 4.10 m3/s. In the Babol station of the Babolrood watershed, however, the discharge under the RCP 2.6 scenario was predicted to be equal to 11.40 m3/s, which has increased compared to the discharge (11.34 m3/s) during the observation period. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, it was simulated with a value of 11.22 m3/s, less than the observed discharge.

In general, the impact of climate change on water resources is one of the major challenges facing water resources planners and can have serious consequences for ecosystems and communities. Based on the findings of the research and the importance of climate change effects on the hydrological conditions of the watersheds in the study area, it is necessary to apply appropriate policies for the sustainable management of water resources.

The aim of this study was to simulate the runoff in the upstream of Chehlgezi hydrometery station in the Gheshlagh Dam watershed, Kurdistan province using SWAT hydrological model. In addition, the results have been evaluated using selected efficiency criteria in the calibration and validation stages, then the performance of the SWAT model is evaluated in simulating the monthly runoff in upland of Gheshlagh Dam. The input model parameters were optimized using the SWAT-CUP optimizer. The calibration and validation of the model was done using SUFI-2 algorithm during 1989-2016 and 2016-2018 periods, respectively. The sensitivity analysis shows that the SCS runoff curve number, Manning’s "n" value for overland flow, minimum and maximum yearly rate of snowmelt, minimum water depth in the shallow aquifer for "revap" were sensitive parameters in flow simulation. The Nash-Sutcliffe and R2 values were 0.62 and 0.65 in the calibration stage, and 0.61 and 0.68 in validation stage, respectively. The results proved the efficiency of the SWAT in monthly flow simulating. According to the results, 55% of the total rainfall entering the watershed has been converted to evapotranspiration, 30% infiltrated into soil and stored as soil moisture, and 15% converted into surface flow component. The results provide useful information on watershed water balance. Flow simulation in different climatic conditions and land-use scenarios in the future can help to sound water resources management.

 Demyelinating diseases are autoimmune disorders of the nervous system. The present study aims to effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of saffron on blood brain-barrier destruction, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, and Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 distribution in astrocyte and oligodendroglia cells and the number of mentioned cells. 

 Forty female Sprague Dawley adult rats in four groups, Sham, treatment control, saffron treatment, and infliximab treatment were used. Demyelination was induced by 3 µl of 0.01% ethidium bromide injection in the dentate gyrus. Immunohistochemistry was used, for the distribution of Glial fibrillary acidic protein and Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 determination. The Image Analyzer software have evaluated the distribution of Glial fibrillary acidic protein and Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2. Demyelination was determined by Luxol fast blue staining and image-j software. The ELISA method and Evans blue extravasation measurement have investigated the extent of blood brain-barrier disruption.

 Blood brain-barrier disruption was meaningfully (p < 0.05) more in the treatment control compared to the other groups. The distribution of Glial fibrillary acidic protein and Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 and the number of both cells were considerably (p < 0.001) lower in the treatment control relative to the other groups. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 remarkably (p < 0.05) were lesser in the treatment control compared to the other groups. 

 The hydro-alcoholic extract of saffron ameliorates blood brain-barrier destruction, improved Glial fibrillary acidic protein, and Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 distribution and number of astrocyte and oligodendroglia cells.

In recent decades, the change in most land uses, regardless of the capabilities and limitations of the environment, has led to many problems such as soil degradation and pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, this study has been conducted to investigate how to reduce the effects of possible future land use changes in the Gorganrood watershed by examining the potential of lands as a solution to protect natural resources. Land management and appropriate use of natural resources in the region and the country in accordance with environmental characteristics are the basic and important principles of sustainable development. One of the basic points in land use planning is to observe the suitability of existing land uses for future utilizations. The meaning of land suitability is to match the characteristics of the land according to the type of use and activities. If the characteristics of the land can meet the needs and requirements of its use, that land will be suitable for its use. Assessing and determining land suitability involves comparing the requirements of each land use type based on the specifications and quality of each land unit. The study of ecological potential determines the appropriate type of land use for a region that can be considered as a base for sound land management. Several studies have been conducted in the field of assessing the ecological potential of the lands using geographical information system and multi-criteria evaluation methods, While, no study has been done to evaluate the ecological potential of future uses, which is an innovation of the present study. Predicting and locating potential areas can provide useful managers and tools for sustainable land management. As a result, the ineffectiveness of the one-dimensional approach and the need for comprehensiveness in adopting the best decisions and management methods, the use of different expertise, and the presentation of different management options and scenarios are necessary to choose the best scenario for land use changes in the future.

The primary step in this study is to investigate how to reduce the effects of possible future land use changes in the Gorganrood watershed by examining the potential of lands as a solution to protect natural resources. Therefore, the Land Change Model (LCM) was used to investigate the possible changes in future land use, and then, using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation method (weighted linear composition), the most desirable areas for agricultural use, forests and pastures were determined. Land change modeling provides the possibility of analyzing changes to plan and experimentally model future land use changes and land cover. The main stages of land change modeling in order to model and land use changes are as follows: 1) preparation of land use maps; 2) Analysis and identification of changes in land use classes (analysis of changes);3) Modeling the transfer potential of land uses; 4) Predicting land cover changes; 5) Assessment of modeling accuracy (validation); 6) Modeling transmission potential and predicting future changes. Assessing the most suitable areas for future forestry, rangeland, and agricultural uses and preparing a map of the suitability of the area for these three uses using the multi-criteria evaluation method in several stages is described according to the following steps: 1) Goal setting and determining the effective criteria, 2) Standardization of criteria (factor and limitation); 3) Weighting of factors, 4) Integration using linear combination method.

The results showed that during the study period (1990 to 2020), deforestation (279.53 km2), reduction of rangelands (542.598 km2), and agricultural development (413 km2) occurred in the Gorganrood watershed. According to the projected land use plan for 2040, the area of forest, agriculture, and rangeland will reach 1364.98, 2396.09, and 3481.1881 km2 based on the current changes. Meanwhile, based on the ecological potential (Makhdoom model), the area of forest, agriculture, and rangeland will reach 1427.54, 2258.55, and 3567.549 km2. According to the projected land use plan for 2040 under two management scenarios, the area of forest, agriculture, and rangeland in the first scenario (based on the current trend of change) by a change of -5.37, 35.8, and 8.28 km2 to 1364.98, 2396.09, and 3481.18 km2 will be reached. In this regard, reducing the area of forest lands and increasing the area of agricultural lands, rangelands and residential areas indicate that the human factor will play an important role in changing the land use of the Gorganrood watershed. Forest conservation such as afforestation, conservation of irrigated lands as well as rangelands, or limiting agricultural development in sloping lands or creating gardens in upstream rangelands and as a result sustainable watershed management should be adopted. Meanwhile, in the second scenario (based on ecological potential), the area of forest, agriculture, and rangeland changed by 4.27, -100.86, and 96.58 km2 to 1427.54, 2258.55, and 3567.49 km2 will be reached.

According to the results obtained during the study period, there was deforestation, loss of pastures, development of agricultural lands, and development of residential areas in the Gorganrood watershed. The assessment of land cover changes in the Gergunrood watershed showed that during the study period, the most changes were in forest cover and pasture destruction, and the largest increase was related to agricultural use, which was concentrated in the northeastern part of the watershed. The restoration arias with high priority should be determined according to changes in land cover use and in areas where changes in land cover change scenarios are predicted, preventive and protective measures should be taken considering the conditions of land use in the second scenario. Reducing the area of forest lands and increasing the area of agricultural lands, rangelands and residential areas indicate that the human factor will play an important role in changing the use of Gorganrood watershed lands. Preservation of irrigated lands as well as rangelands or limiting agricultural development in sloping lands or creating gardens in upstream rangelands and as a result sustainable watershed management should be adopted.

In the past two decades, the importance of microfibers has increased dramatically in the global fiber market. Synthetic microfibers have many advantages for the future of the textile industry. They are known as fibers with a linear density in the range of 0.3 to 1 dtex or an average diameter of less than 10 µm. The diameter of micro fibers is half the diameter of silk fibers, one third of the diameter of cotton fibers, and a hundred times finer than human hair, so it can make amazing changes in the improvement of textile products. Various methods have been reported for the production of synthetic microfibers, including CO2 laser, melt spinning, melt blowing, flash spinning, spunbonding, and electrospinning. Textiles made from microfibers are lightweight, wrinkle-resistant, and retain their shape. These fibers are also resistant to pilling, they are also relatively stronger and more durable than textiles with similar conditions, and they are more comfortable. Due to the fact that microfibers have a high specific surface, they are suitable for various applications such as separation and filtration, construction, medicine, energy, smart textiles and sensors. In contrast, microplastic fibers are the most abundant pollutions found in the environment. Synthetic microplastic fibers are made up of non-biodegradable polymers having diameter less than 5 mm. Microfibers are released from textile garments during textile finishing and home laundering. In this paper, after introducing synthetic microfibers, its fabrication methods, properties and applications are reviewed.

Drought is one of the main and repeated features of different climates and also one of the environmental events and an integral part of climate fluctuations. Monitoring systems are very important in developing plans to deal with drought and its management, and for this reason, available quantitative indicators are used to express this phenomenon. Since these indices are calculated pointwise, it is necessary to process them spatially. In this regard, mediation methods including geostatistics are used. The analysis and how the meteorological drought changes over time, as well as the ability of kriging, cokriging, image distance weighted (IDW) and radial function (RBF) methods, were evaluated in the spatial analysis of meteorological drought in the entire Karun large watershed. Drought analysis was done using rainfall data from 58 rain gauge stations and 11 synoptic stations with a statistical period of 30 years in the period from 1987 to 2016 using the standardized precipitation index (SPI). Then drought maps were prepared and evaluated. The obtained results showed that the lowest value of the root mean square error (RMSE) related to the cokriging method with a value of (0.32), and the radial function method with a value of (0.34), and this method is considered the best method for the year 2013 is Also, in the year 2008 most stations were involved in very severe drought and year 2000, most stations were involved in severe drought. The results showed that the Cokriging method has higher accuracy than other methods in drought zoning.

Today, the treatment of environmental pollutants (textile dyes and wastewater from pharmaceutical wastes) has become one of the most challenging issues, and several methods have been used to treat wastewater, including chemical, physical, and biological methods, each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. In recent decades, titanium dioxide has created suitable conditions for environmental applications due to its unique chemical and physical properties. The basis of photocatalysis processes is based on the production of highly active species such as hydroxyl radicals, which quickly oxidize a wide range of organic pollutants. Titanium dioxide as a semiconductor is an efficient photocatalyst which has been used for oxidation of organic compounds, detoxification, regeneration of toxic metals, effective removal of heavy metals, destruction of bacteria and viruses. Since titanium dioxide and many other semiconductors have a large band gap, the use of photocatalytic water treatment using titanium dioxide is limited due to its relatively low efficiency. In order to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide for water purification, as well as other photocatalytic applications, a lot of research has been done to extend the photocatalytic response of titanium dioxide to the visible range. In this article, titanium dioxide is systematically introduced and its electronic and structural properties are investigated.

Main resources of acrylamide include tobacco smoking and fried foods with high temperatures as well as laboratory and occupational exposures. Acrylamide can cause carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity in animals and humans. Wheat sprout is an accessible herbal plant and contains a notable level of strong antioxidants and a high absorption rate. Therefore, the aim of the present study included investigating the protective effects of hydro alcoholic extract of wheat sprout against acrylamide toxicity in the hippocampal structure and spatial memory and learning of rats.

16 healthy adult rats were divided equally into 4 groups: control group (1 ml of distilled water), acrylamide group (50 mg/kg), wheat sprout group (200 mg/kg), and the treatment group receiving wheat sprout (200 mg/kg), and acrylamide (50 mg/kg). After 21 days, the Morris water maze test was done to study learning and spatial memory, and then blood and brain tissue samples were collected for serum biochemical and histological assessments, respectively.

After the second day, along with the training and learning process, the groups receiving acrylamide spent a longer duration finding the Morris platform compared to the control and wheat sprout groups. The histological structure showed a remarkable improvement in groups receiving wheat sprouts compared to the acrylamide group.

The results of the present study show that wheat sprouts can play a protective role against the negative effects of acrylamide in the histological structure as well as spatial memory and learning of the rats.

Determining the type of relationship between different components of soil erosion can provide more complete information about the performance of these components in different watersheds and land uses. In this study, in order to determine the type of relationship between different components of soil erosion in different land uses of Gachsaran Formation deposits, a part of Kuhe Gach watershed with an area of 1202 hectares was selected. In this study, using univariate regression, the type of relationships between sediment - runoff, sediment - infiltration, sediment - runoff and erosion threshold, runoff - infiltration, runoff - runoff and erosion threshold, infiltration - runoff and erosion threshold were determined and also, the relationship between them was also examined. Sampling of erosion different components at 6 points with 3 replicates and at different rainfall intensities of 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mm/min in three land uses of the range, residential area and agricultural lands using a rain simulator was performed. SPSS and EXCEL software were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that in general in the intensity of 0.75 mm/min in all three land uses, range, agricultural and residential and in the relationship between all the different components of soil erosion in seven cases, there is a positive relationship and in eleven cases, there is a negative relationship. And at an intensity of 1 mm/min in all three rang, agricultural and residential land uses and in the relationship between all the different components of soil erosion in seven cases, there is a positive relationship and in eleven cases, there is a negative relationship. And at an intensity of 1.25 mm/min in all three uses of the range, agricultural and residential land uses and in the relationship between all the different components of soil erosion in eight cases, there is a positive relationship and in ten cases, a negative relationship.

By determining the threshold of runoff and erosion by rain simulator, it can be determined rainfall amount that causes runoff in different conditions with more speed and accuracy and lower cost. After determining the threshold of runoff and erosion in each region, using biological methods and operations can prevent the conversion of runoff to flood. In this research, considering that the threshold of runoff and erosion occurs simultaneously and mistakenly only the term of runoff threshold is used in different researches and do care less about erosion threshold and in order to determine the most important factors affecting the simultaneous threshold of runoff and erosion of different land uses of Aghajari and Gachsaran formations, part of Margha and Kuhe Gach watersheds of Izeh city with an area of 1609 and 1202 Hectare selected. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between runoff and erosion threshold using a rain simulator with some soil physical and chemical properties such as very fine sand percentage, sand, clay, silt, pH, electrical conductance, moisture, calcium carbonate and organic matter in different land uses of Aghajari and Gachsaran formations. Then, sampling was done at 13 points and with three replicates in Aghajari and Gachsaran formations at different rainfall intensities of 0.75, 1, and 1.25 mm/min in 3 land uses of rangeland, residential area, and agricultural land using a rain simulator. SPSS and EXCEL soft wares were used for statistical analysis. The most important factors affecting runoff and erosion threshold were identified by multivariate regression. In general, in Gachsaran formation in all three land uses, clay and calcium carbonate showed the highest role in increasing the threshold of runoff and erosion. The most roles in reducing runoff and erosion threshold showed very fine sand and moisture content in Gachsaran Formation. However, in the Aghajari Formation, in all three land uses, the highest role in increasing the threshold of runoff and erosion, showed clay and organic matter. In addition, the most roles in reducing the threshold of runoff and erosion in the Aghajari formation showed very fine sand and soil sand and salinity.

Floods are one of the most important natural disasters that cause the most damage to infrastructure sectors and greatly affect people's economic and social activities. The occurrence of this phenomenon cannot be prevented, but by taking measures, its effects can be reduced to a great extent. One of the management methods to reduce damage caused by floods is to identify vulnerable areas. The purpose of this research is to determine the vulnerable areas of Tajen watershed using a new approach.

Therefore, in this study, with the aim of identifying flood vulnerable areas in four economic, socio-cultural, structural-physical and policy-institutional dimensions, the "Best of the Worst Method (BWM)" which is based on linear planning, for Index weighting was used. In order to rank the criteria, Friedman test was used. The statistical population of the study is the villages at risk of flooding in Tajan watershed in Mazandaran province. To do this, 208 questionnaires were randomly completed by residents of 40 villages. In this study, in order to analyze the questionnaires and implement the BWM method, SPSS16 software and Lingo18 optimization model were used, respectively.

The results of Friedman statistical test showed that there was a significant difference (Sig = 0.00) between the criteria studied in this study. The economic criterion with a rank of 2.85 has the highest importance compared to the other three criteria. Also, the results of weighting the indicators using the BWM method, which are based on the preference of the best and the worst, also showed that in the economic dimension of the agricultural income dependence index (0.284), in the structural-physical dimension of the index, there are appropriate communication channels (road and bright) (0.243), in the policy dimension, the index of destruction of natural resources (0.379) and in the socio-cultural dimension, the index of access to health centers (0.391) have the highest weight and have a great impact on vulnerability in terms of respondents. Residents are flooded. Also, in this study, the value of incompatibility index was less than 0.1, which indicates the good accuracy of the BWM model in weighting vulnerability indices.

In order to reduce costs and reduce the complexity caused by the large number of criteria and sub-criteria affecting the vulnerability of an area to floods, the use of new multi-criteria decision-making methods based on linear programming is emphasized.

Population growth, along with the development of industry and agriculture, has led to an increase in water consumption. Limited surface water resources have led to over-harvesting of groundwater aquifers and has had irreparable consequences for the country's water resources and environment, including the subsidence phenomenon, which has covered most of the country's plains. The present research aims to identify the effective factors and areas at risk of subsidence in Fadafan village of Kashmar. For risk zoning, during 2019, the lithology, land use, Petrology, aquifer Extraction rate, Distance from the stream, Fault, exploitation wells, springs and aqueducts factors as well as geomorphological factors including slope, direction and height studied and each factor turned into an information layer, then modeling and evaluation were performed using random forest algorithm in R software. Then, to determine the areas prone to subsidence, risk zoning maps in five classes were extracted using two methods of information value and area density in ArcGIS environment. The results showed that in the methods of area density and information value, 97.01 and 91.04% of subsidence were in the very- high and high-risk class, respectively. Therefore, both methods have been successful in risk zoning. Also, the aquifer extraction and land use factors are most important in subsidence. Also based on the ROC curve, random forest algorithm with very high accuracy (93%) has provided good results in prioritizing and the importance of effective factors in subsidence. The southern part of the region with rangeland use, has the highest and irrigated agriculture in the region has the lowest risk in the spatial development of land subsidence.As a result, aquifer recharge management by spreading floods and reducing water extraction in the southern part of the region can be effective and practical in reducing the risk of occurrence and development of subsidence.

Glioblastoma multiforme is known as an aggressive brain tumor that is characterized by a high rate of recurrence. Current treatment strategies are not effective for GBM; therefore, novel targeted therapeutic options are urgently required. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery has recently gained attention due to the characteristics of blood-brain barrier permeability, continued drug release, improved solubility, and enhanced drug bioactivity. To this point, we investigated the superior effect of a nano-form of curcumin vs. free-form on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines profile (i.e., IL6 and TNF-α) in the U87 cell line.

The U87 cell line was purchased from the Iranian Biological Resource Center and expanded in the DMEM/F12 media with 10% FBS and 1% Pen/Strep. To synthesize nanoniosome containing curcumin, the thin-film hybridization method was used. To evaluate the production of IL6 and TNF-α by ELISA method, U87 cells were treated with 84.87 µg/ml of Nano-curcumin and 47 µg/ml of free curcumin.

Our results indicated that the production of IL6 and TNF-α was significantly decreased when treated with nano-form and free curcumin. Interestingly, we observed that nano-curcumin could significantly inhibit the secretion of IL6 and TNF-α compared to the curcumin group.

The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that nano-curcumin exerts antiimflammatory effects on glioblastoma.

Investigating the spatial variability of runoff and its influencing factors to provide solutions to reduce it is very important. In recent years, many theoretical and field studies have evaluated the spatial production of runoff as heterogeneous.

In this study, to investigate the affecting factors in runoff production of the slope main aspects (northern, southern, eastern, and western) of the Gachsaran and Aghajari formations were selected a part of the Gach Kuhe and Margha watershed in Izeh city. For this purpose, a rain simulator was used in both formations at 16 points with 3 replications at rainfall intensities in 1 and 1.25 mm/min. Also, soil factors of Gachsaran and Aghajari formations such as percentages of gravel, sand, silt and clay, pH, soil salinity, moisture, calcium carbonate, organic matter, and sodium content were investigated. SPSS 17 and EXCEL 2007 software were used for statistical analysis.

The most important factors affecting runoff production were identified using multivariate regression. The results showed that runoff production in Aghajari Formation is more dependent on soil chemical properties, but runoff production in Gachsaran Formation is more dependent on soil physical properties.

Rain simulator is a device that can create raindrops on small plots with similar rain characteristics in nature. Gachsaran and Aghajari formations are one of the most erodible formations of Fars group. Gachsaran Formation has salt, anhydrite, colorful marls, lime and some shale. The Aghajari Formation consists of gray and brown limestone sandstone and gypsy red marl and siltstone.

In this study, in order to compare the role of Kamphorst rain simulator height in changing different erosion components, some parts of Margha and Gach Kuhe watersheds with an area of 1609 and 1202 hectares were selected. Kamphorst rain simulator was located in rangeland use at 40 and 200 cm height and in total, in both structures performed in 12 point and three times replicates and erosion different components such as runoff, sediment and infiltration were obtained at precipitation intensities of 1 and 1.25 mm/min.

The results showed that sediment yield in both structures did not change significantly compared to rain simulator height, while runoff and infiltration were more sensitive to rain simulator height and infiltration was the highest sensitivity to change in rain simulator height in both structures.

In general, the results showed that with increasing the rain simulator to 200 cm, the obtained data such as sediment and runoff and infiltration are more reliable and can be closer to normal conditions due to the somewhat close rain droplet speed. In addition, more accurate results are created in runoff and sediment estimation and soil infiltration, which can be more useful in designing watershed management structures.

Given Iran's location in the dry belt of the world and the lack of a comprehensive and accurate assessment of water security in the country, the study of variability in this category as one of the important dimensions of national security to develop appropriate management models seems important and inevitable. The present study aims to investigate and evaluate the water security in the large watershed of Central Plateau due to its large size and high population in terms of eight important sub-indicators including per capita renewable water resources, the intensity of water use, water productivity, investment in water infrastructure, water quality, access to drinking water and water pollution management, green cover changes and changes in large water bodies were established and implemented over a 20-years with 5-year intervals (1996 to 2016). The calculated values ​​for water security are 0.356, 0.330, 0.363, 0.291, and 0.291 respectively for 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 and the average during the twenty years of research was 0.326 units. The results also show that per capita renewable water resources and index of water use have the greatest impact on water security based on the prioritization of factors affecting water security. It is necessary to establish sustainable management of water resources while taking into account political, social, and economic requirements and paying attention to the issue of water security by the executive and legislative bodies in order to promote national security to establish a proper balance in the use of water resources and water security and Consequently, national security will be improved.

Rainwater harvesting is one of the available, low-cost, and complementary methods for groundwater use, which is highly important in arid and semi-arid regions. The purpose of this study is to estimate the amount of water that can be extracted from the annual rainfall of Aryan Shahr for non-drinking purposes. In this study, in the first stage, the rainfall data of the Aryan Shahr climatology station, located in the city, for the period 1975-2016 were studied and analyzed and the average rainfall of Aryan Shahr was calculated to be 183 mm. In the second stage, based on detailed studies of Aryan Shahr municipality, the amount of the city area, as well as different uses of the city, was determined, and based on the runoff coefficient of each user, the volume of extractable runoff was determined on a monthly, seasonal, and annual basis. The results of this study showed that due to the occurrence of precipitation in winter and spring, the maximum volume of water can be extracted from December to April, and seasonally in winter and spring can be extracted. Annually, the amount of 141636.2 cm3 of runoff can be extracted from the city, which can be used in various applications according to the needs of the city.

Land use is one of the most important methods to prevent soil erosion. Land use changes are inevitable due to development in watersheds. In this study, in order to determine the interaction effect of land use, rainfall intensity and erosion in deposits of Aghajari and Gachsaran formations, a part of Margha and Kuhe Gach watersheds of Izeh city with an area of 1609 and 1202 hectares were selected. A sampling of runoff, sediment, infiltration, and runoff and erosion threshold in both formations was carried out at 13 points with three replicates in range, agriculture and residential land uses of Aghajari and Gachsaran formations at rainfall intensities of 0.75, 1, and 1.25 mm/min using Kamphorst rainfall simulator. The results showed that in both formations, the interaction effect of different land use and rainfall intensity has significant effects on runoff, sediment, and infiltration and runoff and erosion threshold. In general, in Aghajari and Gachsaran formations, the interaction effect of land use and rainfall intensity in all erosion components in eight cases and land use in two cases and rainfall intensity in three cases have significant effect. Therefore, the interaction effect of land use and rainfall intensity has the most effective in erosion components and also land use has the least effect on erosion components.

The spatial quality of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has a great effect on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) semi-distributed model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of spatial accuracy of three DEMs with spatial resolutions of 10, 50 and 200 m on the results of daily discharge simulation in the Arazkuseh subwatershed located in Gorganroud watershed, Golestan province, Iran. To do this, after-mentioned DEMs was obtained.  First, the model was run using a DEM with a spatial resolution of 10 m and climate data from 1998 to 2013. So that 1998 to 2000 were used to warm-up the model, 2001 to 2009 to calibrate and 2010 to 2013 to validate the model. In the validation period, the results of coefficient of determination ranged from 0.40 to 0.60 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criteria ranged from 0.37 to 0.58. Both criteria had a decreasing value in the validation phase compared to the calibration phase. The PBIAS criteria was negative for DEMs with 10 and 50 m spatial resolution, respectively which indicates overestimation, and positive value ​​for DEM with 200 m spatial resolution, which represents the overestimation of the model. The results showed that the spatial resolution of 50m is the best spatial resolutions to simulate the discharge on a daily time scale for Arazkuseh watershed.

The study of changes in precipitation and temperature components provides the basic information needed to assess the frequency and severity of climatic and hydrological processes. Therefore, the present study investigates the temporal changes of precipitation and temperature at different time scales in Karkheh Watershed. The present results are applicable in regional planning and decision makings.

Karkheh Watershed with an area of 51337 Km2 located in the west and southwest of Iran includes Kermanshah, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Ilam, Lorestan and Khuzestan provinces. The average annual rainfall in Karkheh Watershed varies from 150 mm in the southern regions to more than 1000 mm in the eastern regions. To do this study, daily minimum and maximum precipitation, temperature and sunny hours of six synoptic stations of Ahvaz, Dezful, Hamedan, Khorramabad, Kermanshah and Sanandaj in Karkheh Watershed with the statistical period 1980-2010 were used. The trend of changes in time series of precipitation and temperature was evaluated using Mann-Kendall statistical test and age estimator.

The results show that in the case of precipitation, the changes in most stations are decreasing and without a significant trend, and in a limited number of stations it has a significant decreasing trend, which is generally related to the cold months of the year (-0.09 and -0.07 at the station). Khorramabad and Sanandaj in February). The most changes in precipitation trend were observed in annual time series (-0.02 in Sanandaj Station). Thus, in most stations, a significant decrease in precipitation is observed. In all time series, the minimum and maximum temperatures in most stations have an increasing trend. The rate of this increasing trend is higher at minimum temperature (slope of changes 2.77 and 2.75 in Sanandaj and Ahvaz stations, respectively).

Analysis of daily, monthly, seasonal and annual trends of precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures in the period 1980-2010 are very important due to their high impact on the hydrological response of watersheds as well as environmental issues. Also, the role of climate change and its effects on the trend of marginal phenomena in different regions can have many consequences. The present study was conducted to investigate the trend of precipitation and temperature in different time series. The results of the analysis of the monthly rainfall trend in the study period showed a decreasing and insignificant trend in most stations and in most months. Also, in most of the study stations, the monthly minimum temperature, with the exception of January, November and December, has an increasing trend and indicates that the monthly minimum temperature in the Karkheh Watershed has been increasing in recent years.

Sediment Production in catchment area subject to very much factors, the one of these factors are not correct use of the lands. Environmental characteristics such as amount and intensity of precipitation, the degree of slope and accumulation of aqueducts in production of runoff and sediment is effective. Sediment production in a watershed depends on several factors, one of the most important of which is inappropriate and unprincipled use of lands. Different environmental issues also have different effects on sediment production. Aghajari formation consists of gray and brown calcareous sandstone, gypsum red marl, and siltstone. Its main section spreads from Omidiyeh to the Aghajari oil field and it has a thickness of 2965 meters. Gahsaran formation has a thickness of about 1600 meters. A viewpoint of lithology is consisting. Statistical studies in the mentioned regions show that the absolute maximum air temperature is 46 °C, the absolute minimum temperature is -6.7 °C and the annual temperature average is 20.8 °C. The annual rainfall average is 636 mm.

In order to investigate sensitivity to the erosion and sediment yield the various land uses of Aghajari and Gachsaran deposits, part of Margha and Kuhe Gach watersheds areas in Izeh Township was elected. This investigation to determine productivity runoff and sediment in 6 points and three times replicates in Gachsaran formation and in 7 points and with three times replicates in Aghajari in the various intensities of precipitation 0.75, 1, and 1.25 mm in minute in three land uses range, the residential and agricultural lands to help kamphorst rain simulator do. These experiments were carried out in Aghajari and Gachsaran formations at the end of spring and after harvesting in agricultural lands, and in order to create homogeneous conditions for rainfall simulation, there was no vegetation at plot level in Aghajari and Gachsaran formations. In this study, samples were randomly identified and harvested. Also, all information related to different studies in the studied watershed including climate and geology were used in this study. Spss and Excel software were used to perform all statistical analysis.

Comparing runoff and sediment in two formations showed that in the low intensities of precipitation formation type in runoff and sediment has more interference. Whatever precipitation increases, the difference to at least it seems. It is also recommended that due to the high erosion and sedimentation of these two formations, reservoir of large dams is not located in these two formations because at a very short distance or the reservoirs of these dams are filled with sediment. Or they become so salty that they cause huge damage to downstream areas or cause dangerous landslides in the dam reservoir, which will eventually lead to dam breakage and ultimately devastating floods by pushing large volumes of water into the dam body.

In addition, research results showed that erosion and sediment rates in land uses of Gachsaran formation is more than Aghajari formation land uses due to Ec and more distance gypsum hardpan than soil surface. However, two formation of viewpoint run off rates proximately had similar trend. The results also showed that due to high erosion and sedimentation of these two formations, reservoir of small and large dams is not located in these two formations.