hamid rokhsari

Urban spaces are the arena of discourse of social classes, and the function of these spaces becomes clear to the various residents of the city in three basic moments: perceived, conceived and lived; The second-conceptual space of the city is the imagined or representation of the city space; this space is in the study of mental maps called the "conceived space" as the second dimension in the study of mental maps that has been considered.

In this study, this space is explored in the mental map of the residents of the formal settlements in the District 1 and residents of the informal settlements in the District 4 of Rasht

According to the nature of the subject; the method of data collection included "oral interview and field observation"; The types of information collected included: sketch maps, face-to-face conversations, note-taking and photography. To analyze the qualitative data of the research, the qualitative GIS (QGIS) mapping methods under the analysis of oral history to visual narration with the technique of spatial Kernel Density have analyzed the second-conceptual space in the mental maps of two urban classes.

The results of the research indicate that in the second-conceptual space of Rasht; a conceptual space reconstruction by the public sector with the role of mediator of urban capitalists in favor of the urban middle class is taking place in the conceptual context of the city. The mechanism of production conceptual space of Rasht city in order to attract the capitalists especially in the central part and development of the service sector in the center and north, and the decline of the manufacturing sector on the suburbs of the city.

The urban space is based on a kind of social relations of urban classes that are built and used by the ruling powers. Relationships that are defined in terms of the prevailing ideology and are produced and reproduced through spatial planning policies.

In recent decades; Researchers have focused on explaining the spatial behavior of tourist movement in urban destinations. So that; Achieving optimal strategies for the development of urban tourism requires understanding the usual rule between user behavior and the space of tourist destinations. The purpose of this study is to identify the pattern of spatial behavior of visitors in order to develop tourism in the historical context of Yazd. This applied research has been evaluated by descriptive-analytical method. and; From the total annual statistical population of tourists in Yazd city, 360 tourists were randomly selected using the Cochran method in the historical context and information was collected from interview questionnaires and GIS system. In the analysis stage, two independent sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used in SPSS software. Finally, the analysis of the spatial pattern of visitors' movement in their cognitive maps has been done with the AGRAPH spatial arrangement method. The results show that in terms of individual characteristics of tourists; Income rate index, tourist travel characteristics; Movement pattern index and physical characteristics of the destination; The intensity of the distribution of attractions / activities had the most impact on the spatial movement of visitors to the historical context of Yazd. Finally, according to the cognitive maps of the visitors, seven patterns of space movement behavior in the destination have been identified. According to the final pattern, Amir Chakhmaq complex node has the best conditions in the historical context of Yazd.

Third city space is the same living, social or substitute city space.This space is in the mental maps as the socio-cultural space of the city.In this research, according to this approach, a recent methodology in the study of mental maps has been devoted to the study of the third living space of the city of Rasht in the residents of the formal settlements of District 1 and residents of the informal settlements of the 4 district of Rasht.In this research, the sample size of 60 people from two groups of inhabitants of the settlements was surveyed using theoretical sampling. The information harvesting method has been "interview and observation"; the type of information included: maps, censuses, and photographs.To analyze the qualitative data of the research, the methods of the democratic mapping analysis including qualitative GIS (QGIS) under the analysis of the Space-Time Paths and activities to the analysis of the third-lived space in the mental maps of residents of formal settlements District 1 and residents of informal settlements in the 4 district of Rasht. and the results of the research indicate that, given the mental maps of these two groups of residents, the expansion of the role and place of the class in the "social production of space" has been problematic.

Today, big cities growth and population increasing has caused disconnecting in sympathy links and altruism in metropolises . In this survey, with regard to notice to necessity to social issues such as stranger-anonymity in today's metropolis's spaces, we inspect stranger-familiarity phenomenon components in social spaces in connected and disconnected rustics in Rasht metropolis. Researching-description survey approach was for practical goal. Data is gathered by questionnaire. Chochran formula has been used for determining sample volume, with regard to 120 thousand individual statistical populations of connected and disconnected rural region of Rasht metropolis district and questionnaire has been provided from 384 peasants. Smart-pls was used for analyzing data and with structural equation help we inspected relations between social components such as: social coherence, social participation, social trust, social support, sense of community, social universalism in relation with stranger-familiarity phenomenon. Results of survey show that these relations in connected and disconnected rural regions to Rasht metropolis all have direct and positive relation. Among these, social coherence with social participation have the most effect on each other and these correlations and common points among connected rural region citizens to Rasht metropolis itself prevents many social contradicts and oppositions.

Coastal urban areas are one of the richest and most dynamic spots in the world's vast tourist attractions. The valuable and diverse resources of these areas have become one of the most sensitive and valuable areas for tourism investors. In such areas, investments in the construction of human environments, especially in the field of tourism services, have grown rapidly. In the last three decades, the growth of accommodation services for tourists, especially hotels, has led to a widespread spatial-competitive spatial location of coastal cities. In recent decades, this has increased in the northern regions of Iran. And the competition of hotel capitalists in choosing their location has brought about spatial-location challenges in which personal, economic, social, cultural, political factors ... have been effective. For this purpose, in this paper, factors affecting the location of the beach hotels of Bandar Anzali their reflections are investigated using the new multivariate graphical model CO-PLOT and GIS. This paper uses a descriptive-analytic method to collect the information needed for this research through questionnaires and interviews from the statistical community of hotel owners including investors, partners, managers and supervisors of Anzali Beach Hotels. After collecting the data of the experts questionnaire, the results of the study were studied. At the first stage, the factors influencing the location of hotels and ranking these factors to identify the various experimental and effective factors in selecting the location of the hotels by presenting the graph with the help of CO-PLOT software has been investigated. In the next step, the spatial pattern of distribution of different types of hotels in Anzali city has been investigated by analyzing the priorities of these factors in GIS software. The results of the research show that there is a special relationship between the empirical models and theoretical Mono-centric models of hotel accommodation. As influenced by the effective empirical models -such as economic factors, access, laws and regulations, physical characteristics of the site, social and cultural characteristics, neighborhood, independent factors- and theoretical Mono-centric model of this relationship.

Cities with different tourists have abundant attractive Historical, cultural, recreational. In cities, some attractive sites often attract a lot of number of tourists. Identify these places and prioritize them and categorize them based on the preferential behavior of tourists It is essential for manage tourism development. So, studies on the behavioral preferences of tourists from absorbing places are part of the spatial planning process of cities, which has recently been considered by researchers of behavior-space geographers, because of the Nature of behavioral-spatial them .for this reason. in this article. Relying on the various indicators of the behavior of tourists Prioritizing and categorizing tourist attractions in Yazd do Based on the preferences of the tourists did. Statistical data was collected by field method and questionnaire according to the annual statistical community of tourists in Yazd especially in the last three years of the 360 samples studied with a Likert Score. In the findings section of the research: first, the social and demographic characteristics of tourists in Yazd city have been studied. In the next step, by accepting three research indicators: the amount of tourists visiting the attraction, the number of tourists visiting the attraction and the length of time tourists stayed to enjoy the attraction. due to the influence of different behavioral indicators of tourists in identifying their preferences,to obtain the final weights prioritizing and categorizing tourist attractions; has been used Multi-variable co-plot analysis method. and ultimately by combining the final weights obtained from the co-plot model with GIS. the spatial pattern of the distribution of Preferred item attractions shown in the map of Yazd. The results of this study showed that tourists from Yazd include people of different ages and high income who have chosen Yazd to visit their destination in order to explore the cultural heritage of the region, and the attractions of this area are preferable. The tourists mostly include Historic-cultural attractions such as Amir-Chakhmaq complex, Alexander's prison complex, Dolat Abad Gardens, etc. In terms of spatial distribution, these attractions are concentrated in the center of Yazd.

The first urban space is the material or physical space of the city, or, in the mental mapping studies, the perceptual space of the city. This space is the first dimension in the mental mapping studies which was brought to the attention of urban researchers from 60s. The perceptual space analysis of the urban residents is an important approach in the spatiality studies of the mental maps, which was performed in the present study among the formal inhabitants of the District 1 and informal residents of the District 4 of the City of Rasht. In this research, the sample size was 60 inhabitants of the formal settlements of District 1 and 60 residents of informal settlements of District 4 in the City of Rasht. The theoretical sampling method was used. Data collection was carried out by “interview and observation” methods and included sketch mapping, note taking and photographing. Finally, for the data analysis, the geo-visualization of 3D Density Surfaces in the Qualitative GIS (QGIS) was used. The results of this study indicated that: in the analysis of the first-material space of the city of Rasht in the mental map of the two social classes studied, the space could meet the needs of the urban middle class and the formation of new physical, commercial, recreational, cultural spaces etc, were the requirements of the modern living conditions of this class. However, low-income residents do not have any role in the formation, persistence or degradation of these spaces.

The city of Tabriz has historically been one of the most attractive places for tourists in terms of economic, social, cultural, leisure, etc., both in the internal and external spheres. For this purpose, Attention to residential infrastructure is one of the necessities of tourism development in this city. Despite the central role of hotels in urban prospects and the construction of modern urban tourism, this important part in urban studies and tourism studies is less researched by researchers. In this paper, with using descriptive-analytical method in the form of AHP and GIS compilation model have been investigated spatial analysis and location of hotels in Tabriz city. The results of this paper have shown, The zoning spatial pattern of the suitable places for hotels in Tabriz near tourist destinations in the city core. and In this pattern, the spatial distribution and location of hotels are reduced whit distance from the city center.

Informal settlements are a major problem in today's cities, especially in developing countries.In this paper, considering the psychological concept of empowerment, the status of the psychological capital in order to empower in three different types (band and assault, rural background, agricultural land division) from unofficial settlements of Rasht city has been discussed. The variables of the present research are: self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience of residents in empowerment-related issues such as the quality of housing, employment opportunities, educational opportunities, ... in the form of appropriate operating procedures. In analyzing the data collected using SPPS software, Fisk test (F test) and Tukey post hoc test were used for the purpose of the study .Findings of the research show that in informal settlements of the second species (informal settlements with rural background), human resources of these settlements in terms of psychological capital in a more desirable condition to two species Are located