فهرست مطالب hamidreza aryanfar

The strategic and commercial importance of the Persian Gulf from the beginning of the 19th century AD provided the grounds for the attention and presence of European countries in this region. Since the end of this century, with the change in Germany's approach to the international system, this country paid attention to the Persian Gulf in its political map and tried to increase its influence in the West Asian region, including the Persian Gulf, against England. Therefore, this country sought to find new ways for economic influence through the establishment of German companies on the shores of the Persian Gulf. With the occurrence of the constitutional movement and the period after it, the Germans opened numerous shipping lines to transfer the commercial goods of the two countries between the port of Hamburg and the islands and ports of the Persian Gulf, and their commercial activity reached a peak compared to other powers. The main problem of this study is Germany's commercial strategy in the Persian Gulf with the aim of influencing and gaining points and how to face other European powers during the first Pahlavi period. Accordingly, the main question is how to adopt this strategy, its mechanism, and its results. The purpose of this study is to examine Germany's approach to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing commercial activities. This study has been done with the method of historical research and descriptive-analytical type and benefits from historical sources and documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings show that the Germans used the strategy of establishing commercial companies in Iran during the first Pahlavi period for political influence by taking over a share of trade against other world powersl.The strategic and commercial importance of the Persian Gulf from the beginning of the 19th century AD provided the grounds for the attention and presence of European countries in this region. Since the end of this century, with the change in Germany's approach to the international system, this country paid attention to the Persian Gulf in its political map and tried to increase its influence in the West Asian region, including the Persian Gulf, against England. Therefore, this country sought to find new ways for economic influence through the establishment of German companies on the shores of the Persian Gulf. With the occurrence of the constitutional movement and the period after it, the Germans opened numerous shipping lines to transfer the commercial goods of the two countries between the port of Hamburg and the islands and ports of the Persian Gulf, and their commercial activity reached a peak compared to other powers. The main problem of this study is Germany's commercial strategy in the Persian Gulf with the aim of influencing and gaining points and how to face other European powers during the first Pahlavi period. Accordingly, the main question is how to adopt this strategy, its mechanism, and its results. The purpose of this study is to examine Germany's approach to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing commercial activities. This study has been done with the method of historical research and descriptive-analytical type and benefits from historical sources and documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings show that the Germans used the strategy of establishing commercial companies in Iran during the first Pahlavi period for political influence by taking over a share of trade against other world powersl.

Mehr worship is one of the ancient Iranian rituals, whose history, based on the available documents and information, dates to at least the 4th millennium BC. M. Researchers believe that groups of Aryan tribes introduced this ritual was to Iran and then spread it.  However, there are signs of its very ancient and indigenous history. The influence of Mehrism or in other word, Mehrism was such that some beliefs and customs of Mehrism gradually entered Zoroastrianism with the advent of Zoroastrianism; As in several inscriptions from the Achaemenid era, "Ahuramazda, Mehr and Nahid" have been sworn. Due to the spread of this ritual in different parts of the Iranian plateau and even in Europe, many of its manifestations are still available and can be studied. Therefore, the main question of this article is that how many types of architecture the spatial structure of Mehri (Mithraism) shrines has? The purpose of this research is to investigate and document 14 Mehri shrines in the geographical boundaries of ancient Iran. The current research is based on the historical research method, based on library and field (archaeological) study. The results of the research show that Mehri shrines were built with rocky and underground spatial structure, next to rivers, springs, with cradle arches and, were decorated with star motifs, small openings in the roof and with simple decorations.

IN THE FIRST SURVIVING PORTRAIT OF FATH ALI SHAH (R. 1797-1834) AS THE Qajar sovereign, painted in 1213/1797-98, just after his accession, the young shah appears with a turban-like cap decorated with a plumed jiqqa (aigrette, fig. 1). The so-called Kayanid crown, a creation of his uncle and predecessor, Aqa Muhammad Shah Qajar (1785-97), is missing. In contrast to most other royal portraits of the later years, here in this majestic work by the master painter, Mirza Baba Shirazi, the shah poses on what appears to be a platform throne covered with a carpet, though at the time there was no Qajar royal throne in existence. The absence of the crown and the throne, the most conspicuous symbols of kingly authority, made the young Fath Ali Shah a crown-and- throne-less king (bī tāj va takht), a synonym for utter powerlessness in the Persian political culture.The reason for the absence of the so-called "badges of sovereignty" (vaṣla-hă-i saltanat) in the symbol-conscious Qajar era (1785-1925)—an absence more telling than any official chronicle would care to reveal-must be sought not in the artist's taste or his royal patron's choice, but in the prevailing chaos and the struggle for political supremacy.

Clergymen were an influential class during the Qajar period, and played a decisive role in the Iranian social and political life at that time. The surviving documents from this period show that clerics played an active role in public benefit, and religious and charitable affairs among other social groups through endowments (Waqf). Endowments, as one of the economic capitals during the Qajar period, increased the influence and prestige of clerics among different classes and played an active social role among them. Nevertheless, the endowment documents related to this group in the Qajar period have been less investigated. Examining the contents of clerics’ endowments will help in obtaining information about the types, uses, and characteristics of the endowments of this social group, as well as acquiring first-handed information about jobs, markets, caravanserais, houses, takyehs and mosquesin the neighborhoods of Barforosh city during the Qajar era.

Barforoush city was a significant place for the settlement and activities of merchants in Qajar period due to the growth of domestic and foreign trade. The merchants usually were active both in trading and doing public-benefiting affairs. Among the merchants’ public-benefiting affairs was endowing properties and assets. It is assumed that examining the contents of their endowment deeds help understand about the types, uses, and features of the endowments of this group of society. It also helps understand more about the jobs, markets, caravanserais, houses, tekyehs, mosques, and neighborhoods of Barforoush in Qajar era. Using content analysis and focusing on the content of merchants’ endowment deeds of Barforoush, this study tried to see such issues as the amount, the use, the diversity, and the function of their endowments. The results showed that from among the merchants’ endowed properties, lands, shops, houses, and caravanserais were the most endowed ones. Regarding the use of the endowments, mourning ceremonies for the martyrdom of Imam Hussain were the most frequent usages followed by charitable and public-benefiting affairs, the daily affairs of students of religion schools. Endowing was more frequent in Naser al-Din Shah Kingdom and the following years.

During the Safavid era, some of the structural and functional aspects of government positions underwent transformations, and in the course of it, some institutions were developed and evolved in order to implement Sharia laws, and some were separated by the Safavid kings and assigned to different institutions due to the multiplicity of duties. Among them, Hasba institution, which was one of the institutions related to the judicial system and based on the religious and customary rulings of the society, had continued with ups and downs during the Islamic era. Many of its functions were assigned to other newly established institutions. In this article, based on historical sources and descriptive-analytical method, the developments of one of the most important governmental institutions have been investigated at the same time as the establishment of the Shiite government of the Safavid religion and the impact of the religious orientation of the kings of this dynasty on the duties and functions of this institution. The most important findings of the current research show that the Safavid kings performed some of the functions of the Hasba institution and delegated its extensive functions(unlike in the past periods) to other institutions. The result of these developments at the end of the period was the limitation of the powers of this institution along with fundamental changes in its functions

With the establishment of the Safavid government (907 A.H.), the historians of the era, in the new intellectual atmosphere and discourse, took on a task that historians had rarely addressed before. It was the task of applying the virtues of the king's ideal in Siyāsatnāmeh to legitimize the kings of their time. One of the main features of Siyāsatnāmeh or Siral-Muluks, one of the original areas of thought in the political thought of Iran during the Islamic era, especially in the Middle Ages, was political justification and legitimization and approval of the governments and kings of the era. According to the historical-political conditions of their appearance, these works had special characteristics and were written for the purpose of practical guidance of a certain emir or sultan. The present study seeks to find out which of the virtues of Shah Armani (Fazaeil Shahi) of Nizam al-Mulk's Siyāsatnāmeh, from the original sources of the design and transmission of Shah Armani's thought in the Middle Ages, have been used by the historians of the Safavid era to describe the king of their time. And what have been the goals of historians in paying attention to political works? The findings of the research show that the historians of this era, under the influence of Iranian intellectual traditions and historical contexts, in order to legitimize the Safavid sultans from virtues such as being chosen, creating security, creating happiness and good fortune, justice and justice, religiousness and supporting religion, politics and administration of affairs, they have used military knowledge and possessing good external qualities in a non-mandatory and attributive manner. The main goal of this research, which was written with a descriptive-analytical method and using the historical sources of the Safavid era, is to recreate the virtues of Shah Armani (Fazaeil Shahi), one of the most important policies of the Islamic era in the works of historians of the Safavid era.

The industrial revolution, by changing the way of production, left a tremendous impact on the traditional industries of nations. Affected by industrial developments, Iran's textile industry faced a challenge with machine production; These developments gradually changed the taste of Qajar Iranian society, especially the court, nobility and other classes of the society to use machine textiles. In this period, variables such as diversity in design, pattern and color, price reduction compared to handmade products, changing tastes of different classes of society and the development of trade due to the political and economic power of Europe, led to the spread and expansion of the use of machine-made textiles and the reduction of the consumption of domestic products. and as a result stagnation in many domestic textile branches. In this article, with the historical and analytical method and the use of library resources and by adopting the theoretical framework of dependence, the question is answered that what factors have been effective in creating the domestic textile challenge? And what has been the result of domestic textile stagnation? Relying on the dependency theory, the industrial components affected by the political and economic power of Europe, the traditional view governing relations and the inability to change the production method and the dependency of the Qajar government in creating challenges in textile and as a result the gradual decline of many textile branches and the unemployment of artisans. had. These findings indicate that getting rid of this situation depends on changing the production method, breaking dependence on the structure of the capitalist system, and paying attention to the introverted development model.

The Industrial Revolution in Europe, which was accompanied by a change in human attitudes towards various material and cultural affairs, had a tremendous effect on increasing machine production in Europe and reducing or declining the production of other countries' industries. In the serious challenge between machine production and job-shop product in Iran, many branches of job-shop product in the Qajar era gradually evolved, as the carpet weaving industry was influenced by modernity and the intellectual and cultural atmosphere affected by the Industrial Revolution and became doubly important. The attitude of Western society and the general attention of the European classes, especially the growing middle class, to Iranian carpets had an impact on the design, color and even dimensions of Iranian carpets. During this period, variables such as the change in the attitude of the middle class of European society affected by industrial developments, the introduction of Iranian carpets in international exhibitions and the investment of multinational companies in the carpet industry, provided the basis for increasing domestic carpet production and exports. Art-industry became popular among the general classes of Europe and in the development of its international trade. The purpose of this article is to investigate the challenge of carpet job-shop product in the Qajar period with the developments affected by the Industrial Revolution and Iran's growing dependence on the global economy and to analyze the results of this challenge. The data collection of this article is in the form of libraries and documents and the data have been studied by descriptive-analytical method.