Germany's commercial strategy in the Persian Gulf during the first Pahlavi period (1925-1941)

The strategic and commercial importance of the Persian Gulf from the beginning of the 19th century AD provided the grounds for the attention and presence of European countries in this region. Since the end of this century, with the change in Germany's approach to the international system, this country paid attention to the Persian Gulf in its political map and tried to increase its influence in the West Asian region, including the Persian Gulf, against England. Therefore, this country sought to find new ways for economic influence through the establishment of German companies on the shores of the Persian Gulf. With the occurrence of the constitutional movement and the period after it, the Germans opened numerous shipping lines to transfer the commercial goods of the two countries between the port of Hamburg and the islands and ports of the Persian Gulf, and their commercial activity reached a peak compared to other powers. The main problem of this study is Germany's commercial strategy in the Persian Gulf with the aim of influencing and gaining points and how to face other European powers during the first Pahlavi period. Accordingly, the main question is how to adopt this strategy, its mechanism, and its results. The purpose of this study is to examine Germany's approach to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing commercial activities. This study has been done with the method of historical research and descriptive-analytical type and benefits from historical sources and documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings show that the Germans used the strategy of establishing commercial companies in Iran during the first Pahlavi period for political influence by taking over a share of trade against other world powersl.The strategic and commercial importance of the Persian Gulf from the beginning of the 19th century AD provided the grounds for the attention and presence of European countries in this region. Since the end of this century, with the change in Germany's approach to the international system, this country paid attention to the Persian Gulf in its political map and tried to increase its influence in the West Asian region, including the Persian Gulf, against England. Therefore, this country sought to find new ways for economic influence through the establishment of German companies on the shores of the Persian Gulf. With the occurrence of the constitutional movement and the period after it, the Germans opened numerous shipping lines to transfer the commercial goods of the two countries between the port of Hamburg and the islands and ports of the Persian Gulf, and their commercial activity reached a peak compared to other powers. The main problem of this study is Germany's commercial strategy in the Persian Gulf with the aim of influencing and gaining points and how to face other European powers during the first Pahlavi period. Accordingly, the main question is how to adopt this strategy, its mechanism, and its results. The purpose of this study is to examine Germany's approach to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing commercial activities. This study has been done with the method of historical research and descriptive-analytical type and benefits from historical sources and documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings show that the Germans used the strategy of establishing commercial companies in Iran during the first Pahlavi period for political influence by taking over a share of trade against other world powersl.