فهرست مطالب hamidreza daneshnari

Rape, as one of the most important examples of violence against women, has many unfortunate consequences for victims in this area. However, the etiological explanation of rape in the form of mainstream criminological theories and the presentation of preventive approaches in the light of these theories indicate the failure of theoretical and practical approaches to the mainstream in the realm of rape. Accordingly, in new approaches using sociological theories, an attempt is made to analyze the phenomenon of rape as a social action in the context of social relations. One of the most important theories in this field that has been neglected in feminist criminology studies so far is the theory of social structure and its role in committing the crime of rape. Social structure as a critical and constructivist theory, with emphasis on cultural and normative models, on the one hand, defines social relations as fundamental patterns of society and, on the other hand, reproduces the expected actions and behaviors in the structure of society. Based on the findings of this study, gender patterns in society and gender relations are derived from social structures in this area. Therefore, gender discrimination in different societies is derived from the power in the social structure, which is institutionalized in the mental stereotypes of individuals and has led to the domination of men over women. In addition, the configuration of the social structure of gender relations with emphasis on characteristics such as patriarchal social hegemony, a gendered view of women, and patriarchal social institutions promotes the crime of rape.

According to critical approaches, social inequality as one of the main causes of crime is a product of injustice and social discrimination. Convergence between inequality, classism and crime in critical criminology shows that committing crime in the lower class is the result of criminal structures rather than being caused by a dangerous situation. Based on this, this research aims to investigate the commission of crime in the light of social inequality in the Snowpiercer film by using Fisk's semiotic method in three forms of technical, social and ideological codes. Based on the findings of the research, the technical codes in formats such as lighting, costume design, stage design, soundtrack, editing and the way of filming represent the class gap between the lower and upper classes of the train in different carriages. Based on the social codes, it is clear that the movie Snowpiercer , on the one hand, represents the social stratification in the capitalist system in different carriages of the same train, and on the other hand, it shows that social inequality and public pressure not only cause crime, but may also lead to Rebellion against the ruling system.

The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of deterrence in the light of three indicators of severity, swiftness and certainty of punishment in Herat city. The methodology of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. At first, a quantitative method was considered, in which the statistical population is law students in Herat University, who were classified based on random sampling and using Cochran's formula, 270 people were selected as the final volume. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The findings showed that all three variables of severity, swiftness and certainty cause deterrence. The variable that has the most important role in deterrence is the swiftness of the punishment, after that, the severity and finally the certainty causes deterrence. After conducting a quantitative study, the statistical findings were evaluated by the qualitative method. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with a number of judges, police forces and university professors in order to carry out a survey and analyze. According to experts, considering that the Afghan society is a punitive society, it seems that all three variables cause deterrence. However, in analyzing the impact of three variables, the elite community believes that certainty plays the most important role in deterrence. Perhaps the conflict between the opinion of the elites and the statistical community can be justified in the light of the political developments in Afghanistan.

Since committing a crime as a violation of the law has been condemned by public opinion throughout the history, the recourse of criminal systems to the repressive tool of punishment is a reflection of the public reaction to committing a crime. However, the dynamics of criminal processes has made the hero-anti-hero duality in the realms of delinquent phenomena to distance itself from its traditional patterns.

Considering the role of public opinion in criminal policies and the necessity of a pathological study of the causes of public opinion’s tendency towards criminals, this research tries to use quantitative and qualitative content analysis to examine the comments on the pages of Ten Instagram villains.

The trend of public opinion towards criminals as a new approach in criminal sociology approaches confirms that part of the society’s structure not only does not condemn the commission of crime, but approves their behavior along with the criminals. The content in the comments proved that mythmaking, social support, role modeling, and making identical are the most important manifestations of public opinion’s tendency towards Instagram criminals. The findings of the quantitative content analysis showed that out of the total of two thousand eight hundred and eighty comments, 32.9% related to mythmaking, 25.3% supported social support, 22.3% corresponded to the approach of imitation and modeling, and 19.5% It is related to making identical.

The process of the tendency of public opinion towards gangsters contains a process-oriented model in which, first, myth-making takes place, followed by social support for gangsters, then, criminal simulation takes place, and finally, the person enters the stage of identification with gangsters.

Considering that the findings of supportive victimology have proven that victimized children need special support due to reasons such as vulnerability and special physical and mental characteristics, Mashhad District 5 General and Revolutionary Prosecutor's Office, under the name of Shogh Zendeh Complex, in conjunction with supportive victimology studies, has taken special measures for has adopted the protection of victimized children. In order to explain the procedures of Shogh Zeghend complex in supporting the victimized children, three cases have been purposefully selected and analyzed by thematic analysis method. The findings of the research show that the Shogh Zendi complex supports children in four areas: security, treatment, economic and justice. In the studied cases, security protection is done in the form of separating the place of life of the victim from the accused and protecting him from the threats of the criminal through transfer to welfare, transfer to boarding school and transfer to a safe house. Treatment interventions are carried out in two sections: medical and emotional support, with transfer to the hospital and drug therapy, holding numerous counseling, psychological and psychiatric sessions, as well as referrals to non-governmental institutions based in the complex. Financial aid to pay the necessary expenses, donating money to buy goods and providing a job for the child's guardian are the most important effects of economic intervention. Judicial protection is also done as the fourth form of protective intervention, in the form of temporarily prohibiting the child from visiting the accused

Aesthetics as an artistic knowledge that is related to beauty and artistic taste, on the one hand, emphasizes the intrinsic importance of beauty and on the other hand, examines the pleasure caused by it as an aesthetic reaction. Despite the fact that aesthetic discussions are often combined with romanticism, the interaction between aesthetics and crime leads to the formation of a concept that can be called the aesthetics of crime. Aesthetics of crime refers to the process by which the criminal produces a work of art regardless of the manner in which the criminal behavior was committed. Considering the theoretical gap in the realm of the concept of aesthetics of crime and to explain this concept, the present research tries to examine the issue from the perspective of the philosophy of art and the philosophy of order and security while examining the novel “Postcard Killers”.

This research was applied in terms of type and was done with the qualitative content analysis method.

The most important findings of the research include crime and the production of artwork, criminal personality and committing serial murders with an aesthetic approach, specialization of the artistic perception of crime, neutralization of murder and the relativism of the feeling of beauty and the pleasure of beauty in committing serial murders.

  As a conclusion aesthetics of crime in the philosophy of art is in conflict with the philosophy of order and security.

Religion is a collection of practical and moral beliefs and orders that are set for the guidance and advancement of humans. Due to the fact that adherence to religious teachings leads to the prevention of sin, experts believe that religion has a preventive function in social fields and in forms such as crime and deviance. Although the relationship between religion and crime is one of the most challenging issues in criminology, criminological findings have often emphasized the preventive role of religion. However, religious-historical cuts show that in some cases, eclectic interpretations of religion lead to crime. Thus, this research aims to describe, interpret and explain the thoughts of criminals with religious eclecticism by using Fairclough's discourse analysis method. The findings of this research show that eclectic criminals, emphasizing divine duty, ideological traditionalism, holy jihad, and ideological pressure, on the one hand, seek to create Sharia discourse, and on the other hand, reproduce Sharia-based domination relations. However, as a final assessment, it should be said that eclectic criminals commit crimes by misunderstanding religion and misunderstanding religious teachings. Therefore, in these cases, the crime-causing religious ideology is the result of religious epistemological eclecticism, and this cannot negate the positive function of religion in crime prevention.

Considering the increasing growth of environmental crimes, it is significant to identify the effective factors in preventing crimes in this area. Based on this, the aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the prevention of environmental crimes in Herat city, Afghanistan. The statistical population of this research comprises the students of the Faculty of Agriculture of the State University of Herat city, from which 277 people were selected as the final volume based on random sampling using Cochran's formula. The tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire with emphasis on five political, economic, cultural, social, and legal variables, whose formal, content, and structural validity and reliability were confirmed. To investigate the relationship between the variables and their effect on preservation of the environment of Herat city, the one sample t-test was used, and Friedman's test was carried out to rank the variables. The findings of the one sample t- test showed that among the political, economic, cultural, social, and legal variables, only political, legal, and cultural factors have a direct and meaningful relationship with the prevention of environmental crimes. However, the findings of Friedman's test proved that among the five variables, the cultural factor ranks first and the economic variable ranks last.

Class, as one of the most important terms in critical criminology, focuses on the political economy of crime in the context of the production process. Class-oriented inequality, as one of the realities of social life, refers to a situation in which the upper class marginalizes, rejects, or ignores the lower class in various spheres. Since critical criminology considers crime as the product of unbalanced economic and social contexts, on the one hand, it examines the relationship between social class, crime and social control, and on the other hand, it seeks to explain the role of class systems in creating criminal environments. For this reason, the present study intends to analyze and critique the crime in the light of the concept of class in the film "Platform" by using the method of qualitative content analysis. The findings of the analysis of the platform film are based on the four axes of the repression of the disadvantaged class by the upper class, the class distance of the cause of crime in the capitalist system, the lack of unity and solidarity between classes and the secret union of victory in the capitalist system. The overall evaluation of the film shows that on the one hand, the director intends to represent social concepts such as class differences, unfair distribution of resources, social justice and human behavior in the context of power relations, and on the other hand, seeks to establish a meaningful relationship between classes and criminal behaviors.

Crime prediction, by emphasizing the spatial, individual and social criminogenic variables, seeks to adopt preventive approaches and eliminate criminogenic factors. The present study was conducted to evaluate the crime prediction in the light of the Myers-Briggs personality test among all undergraduate law students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The data collection tools in this study are the researcher-made questionnaire and the Myers-Briggs questionnaire or MBTI, in which four dual dimensions of personality are considered, including introversion-extroversion, sensing-intuitive, thinking-feeling and judging- Perceiving.The correlation matrix showed that the probability of committing a crime is inversely related to the variables of extroversion, introversion, sensory, intuitive, intellectual and judgmental and is directly related to the perceptual and emotional variables. Examining the effects of personality types in the MBTI questionnaire showed that feeling, intuitive and judging variables can predict crime. The positive coefficient of feeling personality variable in stepwise regression shows that this variable can predict crime. However, the negative coefficient of intuitive and judging personality types indicates that these two personality types can predict not committing a crime. As a result, people with feeling type commit crimes due to emotions and low self-control. On the contrary, rational decision-making, realism and focusing on the truth in people with intuitive and ethical personality type, high self-control and logical decisions in people with judging personality prevent committing crimes.

Crime prediction as a statistical/mathematical concept estimates the probability of committing a crime through the collection and analysis of individual information and demographic variables (Eck et al, 2005: 33). Thus, crime prediction predicts human behavior and estimates the probability of crime by considering various conditions that are effective in committing a crime. Based on this, it should be said that "crime prediction is a branch of futurology that studies hypothetical futures in order to prepare for dealing with criminal behavior" (Gholami and Barzegar, 2017: 10). Since identifying important methods for crime estimation is one of the basic concerns and issues in dealing with crime, today crime prediction is considered as one of the most important tools for identifying dangerous variables and adopting preventive and restorative measures.
The findings of many studies in criminology and criminal psychology have proven the role of personality traits in committing crimes (Barjali and Abdulmaleki, 2013: 58). The psychological findings of criminal behavior also show that many people who have personality disorders and show maladaptive behaviors commit crimes in different situations (Sotoudeh et al., 2014: 81). According to Ising's theory, criminal personality depends on the existence of at least two ability variables, extroversion, psychopathy and psychopathy (Eysenck, 1952: 349). According to some other opinions, on the one hand, psychopathic extroverts, in terms of personality, are the people who have the most criminal talent, and on the other hand, psychopaths are always prone to commit crimes in terms of personality; Because as a result of unknown physiological factors, they become callous, vengeful, callous and unfeeling (Kampen, 2009: 16).
Therefore, considering the important role of crime prediction in identifying risk variables, risk management and adopting preventive mechanisms, and the important effect of personality types on lawfulness or law-breaking of people, this research, while emphasizing on crime risk management and using interdisciplinary approaches, tries to use from the Myers-Briggs personality test and in the form of an experimental study, to examine the relationship between personality types and the likelihood of crime among undergraduate law students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of applied purpose and method. Correlation research is one of the descriptive research methods that examines the relationship between variables based on the research objective. Therefore, the correlation method is used for the two main purposes of discovering the relationship between variables and for predicting the subject's score in one variable from its scores in other variables. The statistical population of this research is undergraduate law students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. To investigate the relationship between the Myers-Briggs model theory and its application in predicting crime, the 60-question MBTI questionnaire was used. This questionnaire, which is actually the same questionnaire derived from Myers-Briggs model theory, was presented by these two researchers. Each question contains two propositions to which the respondent chooses the desired answer. In fact, there are no right or wrong answers in the MBTI questionnaire. This questionnaire has been used as a standard and valid global questionnaire in many studies and its validity and reliability have been confirmed. (Harrington and Loffredo, 2001; Steel and Young, 2008; Kim and Hon, 2014; Oh et al, 2007; Rushton et al, 2007) At the same time, to analyze the relationship between personality theory and predicting crime, it is necessary to measure the dangerous state/propensity for crime. be considered; Because the relationship between personality theory and crime prediction cannot be obtained without the criterion of criminal capacity. For this reason, in the questionnaire created by the researcher in ten separate questions, petty crimes such as minor destructions, cheating in the exam, littering, driving without having a valid license, etc. were considered as a measure of criminal aptitude. At this stage, to measure the validity of the researcher-made questionnaire, the opinions of experts and experts were obtained.

The results show that the dependent variable - committing a crime - with extroversion (-0.038), introversion (-0.104), sensory (-0.050), intuition (-0.152), intellectual (-0.263) variables and judgmental (-0.283) has an inverse relationship and a direct and significant relationship with perceptual (0.152) and emotional (0.141) variables. The significance level for emotional, intuitive and judgment independent variables is less than 0.05 (P-Value<0.05) and as a result, these three variables have the ability to predict crime. The positivity of the coefficient of the emotional variable indicates its positive effect on crime, and the negativity of the intuition and judgment coefficients indicates their negative effect on crime.

Based on statistical findings, in the first step, emotional personality type has a significant positive relationship with crime. The emotional personality approach, which represents the actions of the peripheral nervous system and a reflection of the biological readiness for physical reaction to stressful events (Dosant, 1390: 111), includes features such as temper tantrums, anger, and dissatisfaction. Thus, emotional personality shows the intensity of emotional reactions in forms such as aggression and dissatisfaction. Therefore, emotional personality can be considered aligned with some variables proposed in Pinatel's criminal personality theory. To examine the transition from thought to action, Pinatel believes that each person's personality has five variables, which consists of a central core and four variables. The four variables around the central core are egoism, temper tantrums, aggression and indifference. According to him, when the two or three mentioned variables are formed around the central core, the probability of committing a crime will increase (Najafi Abrandabadi and Hashembeigi, 2017: 105). Therefore, neuroticism, which consists of emotions such as anger, temper tantrums, and selfishness, can be analyzed in the form of Pinatel's criminal personality theory. The correlation matrix of the research variables showed that in the statistical population of the research, the factor of emotional personality has a direct relationship with committing a crime; This means that as people's emotionality increases, the probability of committing a crime increases. However, the important and fundamental point is that in step-by-step regression, the emotional personality approach has the highest power to predict crime. Therefore, in line with many researches in criminal psychology, regarding the statistical population of this research, emotional personality, while being related to crime, can also be effective in predicting crime.

Plagiarism as a clear example of academic corruption violates research ethics and slows down the production of science. Despite the criminalization of plagiarism in the Law on the Protection of the Rights of Authors, Writers and Artists, the quantitative nature of research in Iran has led to the growth of this behavior. Due to the importance of the discussion, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the control source and research ethics in the prevention of plagiarism. The statistical population of the study is all members of the group and the Telegram channel of the School of Criminal Sciences as experts in Iranian criminal law, of which 212 people were selected as the final volume using the Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is the Ratter Control Source Questionnaire in which internal and external controls are checked. Also regarding research ethics and plagiarism, a researcher-made questionnaire design and their face and content validity using the opinions of three experts confirmed and their reliability for research ethics and plagiarism questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 and 0.87 was calculated .According to the findings, there is no relationship between internal and external control and prevention of plagiarism. Given that external control is used to justify unsuccessful behaviors and that not committing a crime is a successful behavior, the lack of a link between external control and plagiarism prevention is justified, but the lack of a link between internal control and plagiarism prevention suggests that self-control and morality have no role in preventing plagiarism. Thus, it can be said that the criminalization of plagiarism and the development of intelligent plagiarism detection software such as the software of Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology by increasing the costs of crime has led to deterrence. The findings also show that the variables of research ethics, age, academic status and employment status have a significant positive relationship with the prevention of plagiarism. This means that crime prevention is better guaranteed by increasing the age, improve academic standing and promote research ethics. However, studies show that gender has a significant negative relationship with the prevention of plagiarism. This means that women are more talented and willing to commit crimes. Findings from stepwise regression analysis also proved that among the five main variables, three factors of research ethics, academic status and gender are able to estimate crime prevention

The divergence of criminology studies and organizational behavior in the analysis of corporate crimes has caused the findings of studies in the field of criminology of corporate crimes to be unbalanced and scattered. Therefore, the detailed analysis of corporate crimes requires simultaneous attention to criminological and organizational theories and their evaluation and adaptation to each other. Based on this, the current research tries to investigate the dangerousness of companies in the light of Schein’s organizational culture model. The dangerousness theory consists of two variables, social adaptability and criminal capacity, and Schein’s organizational culture model includes three levels of artifacts, values, and underlying presumptions. The findings of this research, in the position of matching two theories, show that companies with a dangerous state, by recognizing the criminal organizational culture, seek to show their lawful face at the level of artifacts. This, which is done through image organization, confirms the high social compliance of criminal companies. However, recognized behaviors at the level of values and underlying presumptions, which include the institutionalization of deviance and the normality of crime, confirm the high criminal capacity of companies. Thus, the assessment of the dangerousness based on the Schein model proves that the artifacts are consistent with social adaptability and the basic values and assumptions are consistent with criminal capacity. According to the mentioned pattern, it can be said that widespread financial corruption in Saman al-Hajj financial institution in different areas shows that at the level of fundamental values and assumptions, committing a crime is considered as a normal value and behavior, and therefore, the financial institution Saman al-Hajj has a high criminal capacity. However, the focus on religious and social activities at the level of artifacts shows that the company also has high social compliance. In this way, it can be said that Saman al-Hajj financial institution is among the white collar criminals with high criminal capacity and high social compliance.

The outbreak of Covid 19 pandemic since 2019 has changed the world dramatically. Given the fundamental changes in people's lifestyles and changes in individual and social patterns of behavior around the world that originate from medical prescriptions, it is important to study the effects of this phenomenon in different social domains. One of these important areas is to assess the impact of pandemics on crime rates. Among the various types of crime, transnational organized crime as an important part of white-collar crime has many implications for the international community. Given the transnational nature of crimes in this area, collective victimization, covert violence, high black numbers, invisibility, and links to power and wealth groups, analyzing the circumstances of these crimes during the Covend Pandemic period 19 are fundamental and important issues.

This descriptive-analytical and qualitative research method seeks to investigate the effect of the Povemovid 19 pandemic on organized crime in EU countries using Europol documents.

Although Covid 19 has addressed serious issues and challenges in crime and criminal justice responses, the analysis of organized crime rates, the dynamics of criminal techniques, and the processes of updating crime in the light of changes in social life are important issues in this area. The findings show that not only did cross-border organized crime such as terrorism, cybercrime, drug trafficking and economic crime decrease during the Covid 19 pandemic, but so did the rate of some crimes such as cybercrime and drug distribution. The reason for this is the use of new criminal structures, flexibility in the specific conditions of social life in this period and the updating of crime techniques by organized crime offenders.

The outbreak of Covid 19 since 2019 has posed many challenges to the world. During this period, people, on the one hand, seek to prevent disease by following guidelines such as social distancing and quarantine, and on the other hand, by adopting methods such as wearing masks, washing hands regularly, and using disinfectants such as alcohol. .. are looking to adopt a health-oriented lifestyle. Due to the rapid changes in social life during the coronavirus period, in practice, people experience a new life in this period. Although social distancing as a social theater is the main tool for regulating interpersonal relationships that determines how people relate to each other, in the pandemic period, the emphasis on the medical model of social distancing has confused people. During this period, rapid changes in social life not only destroyed the social balance in interpersonal relationships, but also affected criminal patterns. According to the findings of this study, the corona virus conflict with conventional forms of social life and repetitive patterns of human activities, has caused the collapse of normal patterns of social life and has created unbalanced structures in this area. In this context, citizens experience feelings of loneliness, fear, dissatisfaction, frustration, and anger from new situations due to the confusion caused by emerging patterns of behavior, and are influenced by new patterns of interaction to commit behaviors such as suicide, domestic violence, and economic crime.

Although international conventions and codes of conduct in the workplace have recognized respect for women in the occupational spaces, harassment of women in the workplace is an important issue for public and private organizations, especially human rights activists. Given that harassment of women in the workplace, on the one hand, endangers their job security and, on the other hand, has detrimental consequences, the criminological study of the causes of harassment of women in the workplace is an important issue in gender-based approaches. However, because the situation of women in the workplace varies from country to country, the aim of this study was to investigate the causes of harassment of women in the workplace at Loghman Hakim Hospital in Herat, Afghanistan.

The statistical population of this study is the staff of Loghman Hakim Hospital, of which using Cochran's formula, 151 people were selected as the final volume based on stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with emphasis on six administrative, political, economic, cultural, social and legal variables. One- sample t-test was used to examine the relationship between variables and harassment of women in Loghman Hakim Hospital and Friedman test was used to rank the variables.

The results of one- sample t-test showed that all six variables have a direct and significant relationship with harassment of women in Loghman Hakim Hospital. However, the findings of Friedman test proved that among the six variables, the legal factor is in the first rank and the economic variable is in the last rank.

Considering the existing structures in Afghan society, it seems that a variety of different factors are effective in harassing women in the workplace. This, which originates from the cultural structures in this country, on the one hand, confirms the patriarchal culture in this society, and on the other hand, shows the legal gaps in the field of protection of women. More precisely, the existence of masculine attitudes in the workplace recognizes the harassment of women. At the same time, the lack of independent criminalization of harassment of women in the workplace in the Afghan penal system is a legal challenge that can help perpetuate male hegemony.

With the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the emphasis on the legalization of laws, retaliation was recognized for the first time in the bill of limits, retaliation and its regulations as one of the legal punishments in the sphere of criminal law in Iran. The emergence of retaliation in Iranian law led to the formation of many religious, political, social and cultural conflicts and created two conflicting discourses about its implementation or non-implementation. Given the importance of retaliation and the formation of its issues in various social spheres, Iranian cinematic literature in the form of criminal genres has also paid attention to this issue. Given the role of the media in shaping public opinion in the field of legal issues, this study seeks to use the method of Wodak historical discourse approach and with emphasis on the historical, religious and political sections of Iran, the films "Beautiful City", "Delkhon(heartbroken)", "Wednesday”, "Lanturi", "Jamshidia" and "Parvane's Swimming" analyzes in terms of representing retaliation. Based on the findings of this study, the authors of the studied films, by adopting an evidence-based approach and reasoning logic, seek to express the views of those who oppose and those in favor of retaliation. Nevertheless, the overall evaluation of the studied films shows that the authors, understanding the hegemony of religious discourse, instead of emphasizing the elimination of retaliation, focus on some alternative strategies such as spreading the culture of forgiveness, developing peace and reconciliation.

The emergence of Covid-19 since 2019 has brought the world with various challenges. The important effect of Covid-19 in the field of criminology studies is the change in the algorithm of patterns of delinquency, victimization and fluctuation in the rates of various crimes. According to the health guidelines and the formation of campaigns such as "stay at home", explaining the crime of domestic violence is of great importance during the pandemic period. Based on this, the current research seeks to investigate the role of Covid-19 on domestic violence. The present research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. At first, using the descriptive phenomenological method of Clause, the lived experience of ten women victims of domestic violence during the pandemic period was obtained. Following the stages of the Clause method, the researcher-made questionnaire was designed in the light of lived experiences and with an emphasis on physical violence, mental violence, verbal violence, sexual violence and economic violence, and its validity, form and structure and reliability were confirmed. The statistical population of this research in the quantitative study section is all female teachers of the second secondary level in the 7th education district of Mashhad, from which, using the simple random sampling method and in the light of Cochran's formula, 190 people were selected as the final sample size. . The results of the one-variable test showed that physical violence, mental violence, verbal violence, sexual violence and economic violence have increased as a direct result of the spread of Covid-19 compared to the pre-pandemic period. However, the findings of Friedman's test proved that among the types of violence, physical violence ranks first and psychological violence ranks last.

Increasing the rate of corporate crime and the failure of the criminal prevention for control the rate of crimes, has made it necessary to resort to preventive non-refoulement strategies in this area. Traditional criminology focuses on providing preventive approaches to the two areas of social and situational crime prevention. However, these two approaches face challenges in the area of corporate crime prevention, because, on the one hand, corporate crime prevention should be active in preventative measures, while the situational approach is passive and, on the other hand, the corporate crime of the organization And a legal person who acts as a living and dynamic creature, while social prevention is a theoretical proposition for natural persons. For this reason, passing through the traditional theories of criminology and paying attention to organizational theories will provide more comprehensive preventive models in this area. One of the theories proposed in the study of organizational behavior studies is the organizational culture management model that can be described as a nonprofit pre-emptive model. According to the findings of this research, the model of organizational culture management is a process-oriented model that identifies the culture of mass in the elementary stage. Then, desirable organizational image, which is the same culture of law, is based on organizational ethical approaches and the gap between the desired culture and the existing culture is examined.

Female victimization as one of the most important issues in the field of forensic science studies has been considered in Iranian films. Given the role of the media in shaping public opinion, this study using qualitative semiology and emphasizing the Saussure's model seeks to capture the image of victimized women in "Mastaneh", "Lantouri", "Mali va rah haye narafteh ash" and the "maghzhaye kochak zang zade". Based on the semantic findings, the strong male / weak female stereotype is not fully represented in the representation of victimized women. In other words, the portrayal of victimized women in some films identifies them as effective social actors. However, the representation of crimes against women in the form of three crimes including acid spraying, rape and domestic violence shows it is a crime to commit acts of masculinity against women, and there is a direct relationship between the strengths / weaknesses of women and the severity of crime. There is a significant meaning that passive and weak women are victims of domestic violence and active and robust women are victims of crimes such as rape and acid spraying

Cultural policy-making is an important part of the public policy-making process and seeks to recognize and promote culture at the community level. Accordingly, cultural policymakers seek to develop cultural fundamentals through conductive guidance and mandatory legal policies. Although the legal effects of cultural policymaking interact with different legal domains, employing criminal law and the criminalization system to help adopt cultural policies is the most important method in which to make law-based cultural policies. This is because, via the suppressive means of punishment, criminal law can affect life, property, liberty and reputation. For this reason, this study seeks to explain the process of cultural policy-making in the Iranian criminal system.According to the findings of this study, the ideal premise is to adhere to cultural rights so that in the realm of cultural norms, the principle of minimum criminal intervention and, in the case of attacks on minority groups, the principle of maximum criminal intervention is taken into account. In the Iranian penal system, the criminalization of some subcultures belonging to minority groups conflicts with various cultural rights and the principles of cultural pluralism. On the other hand, the fact that some offensive behaviors towards minority groups are not criminalized within the framework of backward policies shows yet another aspect of the failure of the Iranian penal system in this area. In conclusion, it seems that the centralized political system, the existence of epistemic attitudes, paternalism attitudes and the hegemony of conservative attitudes, are the most important causes for the lack of attention to culture in Iranian criminal policies.

Although there has been a deep consensus among criminal science scholars about the necessity of applying punishment per se in response to the most severe criminal behaviors, human beings still tend to instinctively respond to criminal behavior with repressive measures. While there is no denial of the necessity of applying penalties in the fight against criminal phenomena, it should be noted that some societies have overused the criminal penal mechanisms and abused in this area. This is what is called “Punitiveness”. In general, although epistemic and empirical developments in the Iranian criminal justice system have reduced the severity of criminal activity on some crimes and groups of criminals, Iran’s criminal policy against narcotics and psychotropic offenses has always been on the rise. In fact, strict criminal penalties have been predicted and implemented in the Iranian penal system based on the belief that adopting a strict criminal policy on drug crimes is supposed to be helpful. It is obviously assumed that crime rate can only be controlled by increasing the severity of the punishment. However, after years of rejecting tolerant ideas in the field of drug-related crimes, this approach has gradually emerged alongside the punitiveness approach. Given that tolerant-punitive discourses in Iran have been the site of political-social conflict and, consequently, sensitive to the public, cinema has always attracted the attention of filmmakers. For this reason, one of the subjects that Iranian cinema has always been keen to reflect on is drug-related crimes. Selection of the “Metri Shish-o Nim” as a sample of this article is due to the fact that, on the one hand, it is the only Iranian film to evaluate tough control policies on “drug and psychiatric crime” and to critically analyze punitiveness-tolerant discourses in this area. On the other hand, the movie focuses on the death penalty. According to the findings, in post-revolutionary films – in this genre – the focus has been on representing that the fight against drug trafficking and addiction is only possible through strict policies and because of this default, no Iranian films have focused on assessing anticipated criminal responses in the Iranian penal system, specifically execution. In addition, due to the year of production of the movie, this work is a product of the discursive arena around the death-penalty movement in recent years.

As one of the most important theorists of critical discourse analysis, Wodak considers discourse a complex mix of discursive actions that are simultaneously and sequentially interrelated and within and across social domains of actions, genres, signs, and spoken texts. Thus, Wodak’s discourse analysis in the historical approach as a method of contextual analysis, unlike the linguistic analysis of Foucault, does not merely deal with the syntactic elements of the sentence, but it goes  beyond and pays attention to the external factors, namely situational, cultural, and social contexts. Considering language as a form of social behavior, Wodak establishes a dialectical relationship between discourse-linguistic practices and specific domains. Thus, unlike Foucault who defines language in the light of power relations and introduces it as a repressive tool, Wodak uses a historical approach to constructive and restorative approaches. To form a peaceful coexistence between different discourses using ethical approaches. In other words, Wodak’s historical approach seeks to eliminate discourses and bring them closer. In general, Wodak’s critical discourse analysis approach becomes more applicable when there are conflicting discourses around a problem. In this context, the historical approach provides a framework for bringing the conflicting discourses closer and  reaching a shared worldview on common issues.

According to the findings of the study, in this movie, the police are portrayed as an institution that endorses punitiveness policies. However, the lack of an independent body that rejects the tough policies in the movie has led the author to criticize punishment in this area through various images, sequences, and dialogues. The director rejects tough penal policy in this sphere based on four discourse components of deterrent execution and ineffectiveness of tough policies, the impact of economic inequality on crime, the failure of the police-judicial system to identify key leaders (descriptive-empirical aspects), and legislative shortcomings (normative punishment)

One of the prominent features of the movie “Metri Shisho Nim” is the extensive recruitment of criminal science concepts in both normative and descriptive contexts. The most important ones are police-judicial corruption, repressive organizational culture of the police, violations of the defendants’ rights, and the prosecution of felony charges; However, the impact of the study on the underlying layers focuses primarily on the author’s approach to criminal reactions, and in particular on drug-related crimes and executions. In fact, all normative concepts have also been used to illustrate Iran’s criminal policy in fighiting against drug traffickers (the current status) and then the director’s agreement or disagreement with the application of the policies (the ideal status). It has been well demonstrated in the work that believers in rigorous policies seek to protect society from the dangers of drug distribution and the eradication of addiction, given the concepts of deterrence and criminal efficiency. On the other hand, the second approach focuses on punitive damages in general and the death penalty in particular by rejecting punitive policies and resorting to empirical-scientific assessments. The lack of functioning of penal policies indicates the ineffectiveness of penal law in this area. The author of movie “Metri Shisho Nim” introduces himself as a “critical criminologist” in support of the death penalty movement, with a deep understanding of this discourse and in line with Iran’s historical-political perspective. However, his efforts to reject rigorous policies have drowned him in the atmosphere of the abolitionist movement. Also, the author forgets one of the most central challenges in the execution of drug-related crimes, namely the damage done to the families of the executed. However, one of the important and effective points about execution in this area relates to the families and relatives of the executed. The families of the executed persons are involved in psychological, social, and cultural issues from the moment of their arrest until the execution sentence is conducted, and consequently they experience various issues that have not been addressed in the movie. Finally, using Wodak’s historical approach and approaching two conflicting worldviews – as opposed to Foucault’s –  it may be argued that the existence of both punitiveness-tolerant ideas in the movie is to adopt a functional perspective on penalties in general and “deterrence” in particular.

Today, in the light of new attitudes in cultural crime, the discussion of the media representation of the status of women has been considered. The cinema as the seventh art has always been associated with gender-based approaches, and the representation of gender and women has been reflected. Accordingly, this study, using the qualitative content analysis method, aims to analyze and evaluate the cinematic film in the light of gender-based approaches. Based on the findings of the content analysis, Monsanto's film, focusing on the crime of rape and drawing the problems of the victims of this territory, seeks to recognize the rights of women and support victims of rape. The focus on translating the obvious and hidden meanings of the film shows that the hegemony of patriarchal thinking in the epistemology of rape is confirmed in the form of a victimized blaming theory of the role of a victim of crime, and sometimes in the light of the dualism of the noble-minded women, the victim's delinquency. However, the overall assessment shows that the film recognizes extremist feminist attitudes such as existentialist and psychoanalytic feminism.

The research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of corporate culture in committing environmental crime through a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this study is all workers of six factories with the highest environmental crime rate in Mashhad. Among them, 252 persons were selected as the final sample size using proportional stratified random sampling. The data gathering tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content and formal validity were confirmed using three expert opinions and its reliability was 0.83 with Cronbach's alpha coefficient The findings of this study indicate that the effectiveness of the organization's goals on the activities of workers and consequently the commission of environmental crime is more than average, between the scores of the role of organizational culture on the activities of workers in terms of sex, education, work experience and age, marital status There is no significant difference between insurance and criminal. The results of Friedman's test on the impact of the three dimensions of the role of organizational culture on environmental crime showed that the organizational culture transfer level was highest and organizational learning was the lowest.

The criminogenic corporate culture as a new concept in the domain of empirical criminology studies is rooted in organizational behavior studies. This term refers to a form of organizational culture in which crime is committed as a normal thing. Hence, the cause of crime, in some companies and industrial spheres, is the existence of a crime culture that leads to the normative validation of illegal behavior and the incentive structure for doing these behaviors. By providing the normative guideline, companies offer permission to commit illegal and immoral behaviors under certain conditions to their practitioners and take incentives and safeguards to comply with or violate these norms. Therefore, the culture of crime is defined as an organizational and social truth, which is defined in terms of the ethical values existing in an organization that originates from underlying assumptions. This research seeks to examine the corporate culture by using the Schein organizational culture model, which consists of three layers of Artifacts, values and assumptions. The findings of this study indicate that organizational imagination and distortion of reality in the organization's visible areas are among the reasons that led to the ineffectiveness of the artifact layer in the analysis of the corporate culture of crime. Nevertheless, the underlying values and assumptions of an organization as inseparable parts of Schein's organizational culture can perfectly analyze the organizational culture of crime. Accordingly, in organizations with a mass culture, the expected behavior of the workers will be a crime, because in the core of organizational culture, committing a crime is considered as a value. Nonetheless, fundamental assumptions as unwritten value systems in an organization that identify corporate paradigms create the values ​​of an organization.

Adducibility To cultural Norms is created, when criminalization system and cultural norms are in opposite. According to this approach, when an act is criminalized and it is advised according to some special cultural norms, adducing of defendant to cultural norms in different steps of criminal process, creates a concept which is called Adducibility To cultural Norms. This research by using qualitative models and case study method, tries to evaluate the role of Adducibility To cultural Norms in sentencing In judicial systems of Iran, USA And Germany. Findings of this research shows that in Iran penal system, Adducibility To cultural Norms is not used in hadd and qesas punishments. While it is usable for taziri offences. The cuurent approach of Germany legal system with accepting of Adducibility To cultural Norms, has limited it. In the US criminal justice system, Extreme attention to cultural norms has caused to accepting of it in criminal process stages. While the studied legal systems are Representative of three legal system ( Islam, Common law and Roman -German ), Adducibility To cultural Norms usually cause to minimum punishment. It should be noted that in Iran legal system, it is adduced to tazirat offences