hasan mohammad zadeh

Identifying the practice conditions that optimize the learning of motor skills is one of the main objectives in the area of human motor learning research.
The present study aims to explore the effect of success criteria in high-error practice conditions on motor learning, self-efficacy, and mood states among female students.
This practical quasi-experimental study was conducted in a field setting. The participants were 30 female students from Yazd University, selected through convenience sampling. Completing the consent form, the selected participants were randomly divided into three groups: high-error practice with a large target (n= 10), high-error practice with a small target (n= 10), and a high-error control group (n= 10). Then, mixed ANOVA was applied in order to test the hypotheses.
The results revealed that both of the large and small target groups significantly outperformed the control group regarding the difference in performance accuracy. Moreover, considering mood states, in the small target group, significant differences were observed in the calmness, happiness, and total mood state subscales, while in the large target group, significant differences were found in the vigor, happiness, depression, and total mood state subscales. In terms of self-efficacy, significant differences were observed in the level and power dimensions in small target group; however, the power dimension was the mere aspect revealing significant difference in the large target group.
The use of success criteria in high-error practice methods is beneficial, and it is recommended to adopt this approach to improve accuracy and stability in the practice sessions.

The "Theory of Grace" is one of the innovations of Plotinus and serves as a response to the issue of the emergence of multiplicities from the One. Throughout history, various explanations of grace have been provided by philosophers, but Ibn Arabi's interpretation is notably different. This research aims to examine the issue of the semantic coordinates of the system of grace by balancing the views of Plotinus and Ibn Arabi, utilizing the method of Aristotelian description and analysis, and evaluating it at two levels: components and foundations. The goal of this research is to discover and infer the components of the system of grace within the two epistemological frameworks of Plotinus and Ibn Arabi, in such a way that the relationship between the foundations and views of these two thinkers is demonstrated. The findings of the study indicate that the system of grace in Plotinus and Ibn Arabi has fundamental and structural differences in terms of both foundation and structure. Specifically, Ibn Arabi has been able to present a more precise and comprehensive analysis of grace by situating the theory within the context of the personal unity of existence. The most significant achievement and characteristic of Ibn Arabi's grace can be seen in his transition from the multiplicities of being and his profound explanation of the relationship between the Divine and creation, as well as the degree of presence and activity of the Divine.

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the evolution of physical education teaching from a traditional teacher-centered approach to a student-centered approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Constraint-led and game sense approaches on visual search in girls aged 10-11 years old using native-local games.

This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test that was performed in the field. Fifty-five girl students (aged 10-11 years) were randomly divided into two groups: hybrid Constraint-led/game sense and traditional. Subjects practiced for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 1 hour per session according to the educational approach of their group. Caglab software was used to evaluate visual search.

The results of Mixed ANOVA showed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of the hybrid group. It can be said that 90% of the changes in children's visual search were influenced by their education based on the hybrid approach. While in traditional education, no significant effect was observed in the relevant variable.

It is important for schools' teachers to support students in effectively implementing hybrid approaches in the school environment. Opportunities should be provided to enable students to develop their conceptual understanding of constraint-led and game sense teaching based on a nonlinear approach.

This paper is about the logical analysis of Allameh Tabataba'i’s itibari perceptions and epistemic pluralism, which examines their relationship. Allameh Tabataba'i invented the theory of itibari perceptions in the analysis of human epistemic plurals. This theory faces two different views. Some believe that there is a necessary relationship between itibari perceptions and epistemic pluralism with a relativistic interpretation of the theory, and through this theory, epistemic pluralism can be concluded. The question that arises is what is the relationship between these two theories? The author's assumes that, firstly, epistemic relativity is not accepted in the theory itself, secondly, epistemic pluralism cannot be deduced from the assumption of relativity. To prove his claim, the author of the article first explained the evidence of the lack of relativity in the theory, and after stating the differences between the two theories, he checked their necessary relationship by using logical analysis and library method. This article, which sought to evaluate the relation of these two theories, did not find any process that could result in epistemic pluralism. Dressing Allameh Tabataba'i’s intellectual field from epistemic pluralism and rejecting the attribution of itibari perceptions to epistemological relativity is the most important result of the findings of the present research.

The aim of this study was to examine the separate and combined effects of the external focus of attention and autonomy support on learning a targeting task, according to OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. 60 female students were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 15 participants in each group including external focus - autonomy support (provided a choice about the place of throwing along with a focus on target); external focus (focus on target); autonomy support (provided a choice about the location of throwing); and a control (without attentional instruction). The research motor task was a controlling throw of a coin with a dominant hand on targets placed on the ground consisting of ten concentric circles. Participants in a 2 * 2 design, (focus externally: Yes/No) (autonomy-support: Yes/No) completed the acquisition phase consisting of 60 trials. Retention test using with 2 hours and 24 hours' delay, were performed. The analysis of variance revealed that the main effect of external focus (p=0.38) and the interaction effects of external focus and autonomy support (p=0.69) are not significant. The main effect of autonomy support is significant (p=0.002). Participants in autonomy support groups performed better than those without autonomy support in retention phase. Overall, these findings suggest that the autonomy support separately and without the combination of external focus affects the learning of a targeting motor skill.

Despite the growing body of research showing the effectiveness of motor interventions for children both physically and cognitively, there is still a lack of sufficient information regarding the effects of different motor programs and finding suitable interventions to improve motor and cognitive skills in early childhood. This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effects of cognitive and metacognitive factors in motor interventions on the motor and cognitive skills of preschool children.
Sixty-six 6-year-old children (32 girls, 34 boys) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (motor group (7 girls, 10 boys), motor-cognitive group (8 girls, 8 boys), and motor-metacognitive group (7 girls, 9 boys)) along with a control group (10 girls, 7 boys). The participants in all three experimental groups received a motor program specific to their group for 18 sessions. The Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), the Toulouse-Pieron cancellation test (TP), and the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task (HTKS) were used to collect data. Multivariate repeated measures and multivariate analysis of covariance were used for data analysis.
The findings showed that, compared to the control group, the improvement of cognitive skills in the motor-cognitive group was more than that in the motor and motor-metacognitive groups (p < 0.05). Also, the improvement of motor skills in the motor-metacognitive group was more than that in the motor and motor-cognitive groups (p < 0.05).
According to the results obtained, it seems that if motor interventions are combined with cognitive and metacognitive activities, they can have more cognitive and motor benefits for preschool children.

Researches in the field of physical education have shown that sports as a physical activity, both at the general level and at the championship level, has an important and impressive role in the perceived physical fitness of people. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived physical fitness and motor competence of students.

For this purpose, 196 female undergraduate students from Yazd University in the age group of 19-22 years participated in this research and completed the perceived physical fitness questionnaire. Then physical fitness tests were performed on the participants. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression with spss software version 23 and at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that there is no significant correlation between the perceived physical fitness and motor competence of students, and the perceived physical fitness cann,t predict any of the components of motor competence.

Due to the low coefficient of determination, perceived physical fitness does not explain students' motor competence and does not have the ability to predict it. Therefore, perceived physical fitness is not an effective factor for improving physical condition and motor skills.

Hearing impairment is a type of children's sensory disorder that cause problems in the daily life of children and parents. This research aimed to determine the effect of sensory-motor training on fine motor skills and the psychological well-being of children with hearing impairment.

This applied research was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included children with a hearing impairment from the elementary exceptional student education center in Ardabil City. To participate in this research, the hearing threshold of each student was measured using an audiometer. By using the convenience sampling method, 20 samples were selected and assigned to two control (N=10) and experimental (N=10) groups. The measurement tools included Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS) for fine motor skills and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for psychological well-being assessment. No training was given to the groups before the intervention. The experimental group performed 45-minute sessions of sensory-motor integration training for eight weeks and six days a week, by imitating the coach's movements and trying to coordinate with the group at the same time. The control group participated in daily activities. The analysis of the covariance (ANCOVA) test was used for statistical analysis.

sensory-motor integration training had a significant effect on improving children's fine motor skills and well-being and cause improvement in the levels of both factors.

Participating in sensory-motor training can be of great help in reducing motor and psychological problems of children with hearing impairment.

One of the most important goals of any athlete is optimum performance during competitions, and biofeedback is one of the new and growing ways to improve athletes’ performance. This study investigated the effect of biofeedback exercises on some physiological factors and the performance of skilled archers.

The present study was a semi-experimental type with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. Twenty four young men with an average age of 22.5 years were purposefully recruited among the participants who attended national ranking archery competitions and randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group, each consisting of 12 participants. After the pre-test (archery performance test), the experimental group first attended 10 sessions of biofeedback training related to heart rate control and breathing control based on the training protocol and then attended 10 sessions of the same biofeedback exercises with skin conduction guidance. Both groups continued their routine archery exercises under the supervision of the researchers during this period. After completing 20 training sessions, the archery performance was taken again as the post-test with the same pre-test condition from both groups.

The results showed that the heart rate of the participants was higher in tension and stress conditions compared to the resting state (p < 0.05). Also, at the post-test, the experimental group showed a lower heart rate under stress conditions compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the analysis of covariance showed that the performance of both groups improved compared to the pre-test, but the experimental group performed better than the control group (p < 0.05). 

According to the findings of this study, more attention should be given to biofeedback exercises, and it is suggested to emphasize its use along with other training protocols.

Growth is an uninterrupted, permanent, and continuous process and includes different dimensions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rhythmic rebounding exercises on children's motor proficiency and motivation with a 6-month follow-up period.

The current research was quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design. The statistical population was 9-10 years old children of Tabriz city, from which 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The pre-test included the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency and the Children's Movement Motivation questionnaire. The experimental group performed the exercises on the rebounder for eight weeks, and the control group did not receive any intervention.Then, the post-test was conducted similarly to the pre-test. After six months period,a retention test was taken from participants of both groups. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed model Analysis of Variance at a significance level of 0.05 via SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the rhythmic rebounding exercises had a significant effect on the motor proficiency and motivation of 9-10 years old children so 95% of changes in gross motor skill and 98% of changes in children's movement motivation were probably influenced by the rebounding exercises.

Jumping is a fundamental activity in children's motor development and motivation provides inner force for movement. According to the findings of this research, since rhythmic activities can create motivation for movement and sports activities develop motor skills, it is crucial to provide the necessary equipment and measures for children to use these exercises.

Considering the importance of the multidimensional character of the home environment in developmental research, especially the motor development of children, the current study examines the effect of parents' socioeconomic status, sports experience rate, and the level of physical activity on the level of motor affordances.

The research method with a cross-sectional approach was descriptive, and data collection was a survey that was conducted in 2022. Participants included 236 parents (father and mother) with children aged 18-42 months and were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Parents scored their physical and athletic activities based on level and background/experience. Their socioeconomic standing was determined based on their income and education. The home environment was assessed using the Persian version of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self-Report (AHEMD-SR).

The results showed no significant relationship between the rate of sports experience and the level of physical activity of fathers with home motor affordances scores. However, this relationship was significant with the rate of mothers' sports experience (P<0.001, r=0.24), and motor affordances were significantly different from mothers' sports experience (P<0.001, effect size = 11%). The results showed a significant relationship between motor affordances and the mothers' level of physical activity (P<0.05, Eta = 0.21). In addition, there is a significant difference between motor affordances and the mothers' level of physical activity (P<0.05, effect size = 6%). In addition, socioeconomic status indicators had a significant effect of 44% on the level of home motor affordances (P<0.001).

Only the higher the mothers' rate of sports experience and the level of physical activity (more than two years) along with the criteria of socioeconomic status in providing and strengthening home motor affordances for children is more influential and effective. Among the different dimensions of motor affordances, the two dimensions of fine-and-gross motor toys are strongly influenced by the economic conditions of families as well as the sport's history of the mothers.

Background and Aims:

 Balance disorder has been recognized as a leading cause of falls in the elderly. One way to strengthen the balance of the elderly is to use new technologies such as virtual reality. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality exercises on the dynamic and functional balance of the elderly.

Methods :

The present study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design. Subjects included 24 male aged 60-75 years that were selected by a convenience sampling method from Shabestar city and divided randomly into two virtual and control groups. Participants in the experimental group practiced for 9 weeks, but the control group continued their usual treatment programs. XBox device was used for virtual reality interventions. Also, in order to evaluate the functional and dynamic balance, Berg Balance Scale, and Up and go timed Test were used, respectively. MANCOVA and ANCOVA Tests were used at P<0.05 level to analyze the data.

Results :

MACNOVA test results showed a significant difference (P=0.001) between two groups at least in one balance variable (dynamic and functional). Also, based on the results of ANCOVA test, due to better balance scores in the experimental group, virtual reality practice using Xbox improved their dynamic and functional balance compared to the control group.

Conclusion:

 This study provides evidence that dynamic and functional balance is modifiable in elderly people and that they respond to short-time VR training. It is suggested to use virtual reality as well as balance exercises as a suitable method of improving dynamic and functional balance abilities in the elderly.

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the evolution of physical education teaching from a linear to a non-linear approach. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of traditional games with a hybrid of games for understanding and game sense teaching approaches on students' motor proficiency.

This research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design conducted in a field-based study. Fifty-five girl students (10-11years) were randomly divided into four groups: teaching game for understanding, game sense, hybrid of teaching game for understanding and game sense, and traditional group. Subjects practiced one-hour session three days a week according to their group's educational approach for 12 weeks. The Bruininks-Oseretsky test was used to assess children's motor proficiency.

The results of Mixed ANOVA showed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of the first three groups. So, it can be stated that for gross motor skills, the Hybrid group got the highest score with 79% of variance explained, and for fine motor skills and total motor proficiency, the teaching game for understanding got the highest scores with 84% and 85% of the variance explained, respectively. Traditional education did not have a significant effect on the investigated variables.

It can be concluded that using the hybrid approach improves children's motor proficiency. The present study shows that teaching games for understanding and game sense models in the form of traditional games are a proper training method to improve motor proficiency in students. It seems that these approaches can be transferred to other educational levels

Motivation drives humans to attain desired goals or objects by enhancing our attention, facilitating faster physical movement, and reinforcing behaviors that lead to goal acquisition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of motivational changes and vision training on visual skills, alpha wave and golf skills learning. 60 female students with a mean age (22.2±2/3) years participated in a semi-experimental research project containing pre and post-experimental. Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups after pre-test. To intervene in the experimental groups, Behavioral interventions of the need-supportive environment and visual training of Revien and Gabor were used. Before and after the training program, Vision tests (Saccade movements, eye-hand coordination and peripheral vision) were performed on the subjects. The alpha wave was recorded using a two-channel neurofeedback device. Participants' performance was also recorded as a radial error in golf putting task Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the four groups in the post-test scores of visual skills, alpha and performance (p

The aim of this study was to determine path analysis the relationship between parental social support and tendency, enjoyment and level of physical activity in adolescent girls. The mediating role of perceived motor competence was also evaluated. The research method is correlational research. The statistical population was adolescent girls aged 14 to 17 years in Tabriz that 380 people were selected as a sample through multi-stage cluster random sampling. Social Support for Exercise Survey, Adolescent Motor Competence Questionnaire, Physical Activity Questionnaire, Intation to Exercise Questionnaire, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test and path analysis at a significant level (P<0.05). The results showed that the variable of parents' social support of physical activity affects all four endogenous variables (physical activity, tendency to exercise, enjoyment of physical activity and the level of physical activity) and perceived motor competence, physical activity enjoyment and tendency to exercise variables, can also predict the level of physical activity as mediating variable. Also, the variable of enjoyment of physical activity indirectly through the mediating variable of tendency to exercise, was able to predict the level of physical activity. The results of this study highlight the importance of the role of parental social support in increasing adolescent physical activity.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of traditional training and situational game models on tactical knowledge and situational interest in boys aged 10-12 in football. The study subjects were 24 football school students with a mean age 110±./73. The study consisted of four stages of pre-test, two SGTSP and traditional positional play models, post-test and delayed retention. Subjects in two groups paticipated in 12 sessions trainings in accordance with their training approach. Situational game practice included training based on a 5-step game-based model. . Traditional training also included: training with an emphasis on skill and technique. Tactical knowledge scales and situational interest were completed by learners at all stages of the Descriptive statistics, ANOVA with repeated measures, covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis. The results show that the tactical knowledge of the SGTSP group is greater than the traditional group. In addition, the scores of situational interest for the SGTSP group showed an increasing in the post-test compared to the pre-test that in challenge, need for attention, innovation, was a significant difference between the two groups. Given that Situational Learning Model with Game Scenarios is a creative educational model presented for sports education in physical education classrooms,The use of this new game-based approach may be able to increase interest, quality of motivation and level of physical activity of students, in addition to enhancing the level of play and learning.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of game sense pedagogy on decision making, supporting and implementing basketball skills in female students. The statistical population of the study was Urmia secondary school girl students.

Subjects were 40 students (each group= 20 people) who did not already have a history of basketball playing and were physically health with an average age of 13.06±3. AAHPERD basketball skills test and game performance assessment instrument were used to collect data.

The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that students were better at learning of basic skills in the traditional method, but in terms of decision-making and supporting components, the game sense group was significantly better than the traditional group.

In general, the game sense approach has shown better performance in game performance development, and the findings suggest that using a questioning process based on a modified game framework is an appropriate training method for improving game performance in students.

Acetone or propanone is a volatile liquid that can be absorbed by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes, and is distributed throughout the body. 

This study presented a case of an employee of the Emergency Medical Center of North Khorasan Province, Iran, who died due to acetone poisoning. He was last seen alive approximately 4 hours before his body was found. Thus, the deceased was found 4 hours after death. He was a 25-year-old unmarried male nurse. He had a history of smoking for the last 4 years and reported diarrhea and nausea on the day before death. There was no history of diabetes or alcoholism as well as no other definite causes. According to interviews with his colleagues and family, he had no history of depression. A postmortem examination was performed to define the cause of death. Postmortem quantitative toxicological analysis with Gas Chromatography with Flame-Ionization Detection (GC-FID) presented acetone in the vitreous (35 mg/dL), blood (28 mg/dL), and urine (77 mg/dL) samples. Furthermore, in postmortem pathological analysis, highly microvascular changes and the diffuse necrosis of hepatocytes were reported. Other pathological changes in the brain and lungs were observed. No other definite medical cause of death was found. The cause of death was determined to be acute acetone intoxication. 

Contrary to public opinion, acetone is a toxic and dangerous substance; thus, it is necessary to improve and implement public safeguards concerning acetone usage, as well as its handling, and disposal. Organ toxicity due to acetone can be a major cause of death. Other alcohol-related poisoning deaths, such as acetone and other metabolites, should be considered.

This experiment assessed the effectiveness of two interventions; mental imagery and physical training as compared to a control group, on their ability to improve visuomotor accuracy, measured by scores achieved on a visuomotor task. For mental imagery participants had to imagine throwing a dart and for physical training participants physically practised dart throwing. Measurements were recorded pre-intervention, after two weeks of training (Mid-intervention), after five weeks of training (Outcome Measure 1) and two weeks after training (Outcome Measure 2). Comparison of Mid-intervention, Outcome Measure 1 and Outcome Measure 2 with baseline showed both interventions to significantly increase performance on dart throwing compared to the Control group. Our findings show that, as well as traditional physical practise, mental imagery can effectively improve performance on a fine visuomotor task. This is an important finding highlighting possible applications of mental imagery in those with limited motor abilities to maintain or enhance motor movement.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two instructional approaches (game based and traditional) on physical activity, self-determined motivation and physical activity enjoyment in university students who participated in physical education classes. This study was semi-experimental. The participants included 30 male university students (mean age 20.67±1.72 years) who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups: game based instruction and traditional instruction. They participated in 18 sessions (for 6 weeks and 3 sessions a week) of basketball. The data were collected by the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time, Beurer pedometer, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, and Self-Determination Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, ANCOVA, and RANCOVA were used for analysis of data. The results showed significant differences between game based and traditional groups in the duration of moderate to high intensity physical activity and the number of steps (P≤0.001). There were no significant differences in physical activity enjoyment and a sense of competence between game based and traditional groups; But there were significant differences between two groups in autonomy (P≤0.001) and belonging (P≤0.013).The results showed that game based instructional approach can enhance physical activity level and quality of motivation of university students in physical education classes.

Elderly is a process that changes all aspects of human existence on the basis of slow and progressive changes. A decline in physical function, especially balance, walking, and memory disorders are other problems in the elderly together with physical, psychological, and social consequences.The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cognitive, motor, and motor-cognitive exercises on explicit motor memory, balance, and walking of elderly women.

The statistical population of the study consisted of 48 elderly women (age: 67.83 ± 2.54 years) who were randomly divided into four groups of 12. Motor training consisted of eight weeks of rhythmic aerobic exercise. For cognitive exercises, Captain’s Log software was used. Hybrid exercise included performing aerobic and cognitive exercises in succession. Measuring instruments included Six-Minute Walk, Timed Up and Go as well as explicit motor memory test to evaluate the cognitive function. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.

The results showed that eight weeks of cognitive exercise had significant effect on explicit motor memory among participants (p < 0.05) and improved their balance (p < 0.05) and walking (p < 0.05). In addition, hybrid exercises (motor-cognitive) improved both motor function (p < 0.05) and explicit motor memory (p < 0.05) in the participants. Comparison between groups showed that both cognitive and hybrid excersices relative to each other had similar effects on explicit motor memory (p < 0.05) and had rather the same effect on the participants’ balance (p < 0.05) and walking (p < 0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that most changes   regarding improvement time of getting up and going test was in the six minutes test time for motor training group and most changes in the improvement of explicit motor memory was related to cognitive-motor group.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of need-supportive environment on anxiety, visual attention and non-athlete students performance. Subjects were 30 female students with (Mage=22.24±2/3) years who according to the research qualification and after the pre-test were randomly divided into two groups of need-supportive and control. Learners' anxiety was measured using the Mental Readiness Questionnaire, alpha wave was measured using a two-channel neurofeedback device, and performance was measured as radial error golf putting in the pre-test and post-test. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the need-supportive approach had a significant effect on anxiety, alpha wave and golf performance. Cognitive and physical anxiety levels, as well as alpha wave and functional error in the need - supportive groupdecreased compared to the control group. Recent findings suggest that need-supportive educational style is an appropriate approach in terms of reducing anxiety, efficient visual processing and performance enhancement

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of aerobic on preschool children’s cognitive function. The subjects were 40 preschool children who were selected through cluster random sampling method and assigned to experimental (20 subjects) and control groups (20 subjects). The experimental group participated in 12 sessions (3 sessions per weekly) aerobic trainings. Research data was collected by Goodenough IQ test (DAP) and Analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the effect of kids aerobic training in cognitive function was significant (p<0/05). According to the results, it’s likely that kids aerobic is one of the ways that help to increase cognitive function in preschool children.

Diabetes mellitus has harmful effects on body functions, such as learning and memory. According to the role of exercise and medicinal plants on body health, the purpose of this study was to survey the effect of combined aerobic training and the use of Ripe Pistachio Hulls (RPH) hydro-alcoholic extract on learning and memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.

In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were used in 6 groups with an equal number of 7 rats in each one. Streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg / kg)was used to induce diabetes , and the test protocol was applied for 8 weeks. Passive avoidance memory was assessed using a step-through passive avoidance apparatus (shuttle box). SPSS software was used to analyze the data and P<0.05 was significant.

The results showed that step-through latency in the acquisition trial (STLa) was not significantly different among groups. Step-through latency in retrieval (STLr 24) test significantly reduced and time spent in The Dark Compartment (TDC) decreased in treated groups compared with the diabetic control groups (P<0.001). Also, there was no significant difference between the STZ and saline diabetic groups.

The findings of this study revealed that the RPH hydro-alcoholic extract and aerobic exercise could improve passive avoidance memory in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Meanwhile, they might be an adjuvant therapy combined with other traditional medicine.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hippotherapy on quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis.

This study is a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test and a control group. Among patients with multiple sclerosis, 24 patients from a clinical center in Isfahan were recruited through convenient sampling and randomly and put in the experimental and control groups. In the pre-test step, participants filled out Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 Questionnaire. Then, the experimental group practiced hippotherapy training for 8 weeks (3 days in a week for 30 minutes). After completing the intervention, subjects in both groups participated in the post-test.

A significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in physical and mental health dimensions of quality of life was observed.

Our data indicate that hippotherapy training has a positive effect on the quality of life of women with multiple sclerosis.