hassan moghim

Reduced rainfall and inappropriate temporal distribution are one of the problems and issues in the natural resources of our country. The aforementioned factors limit the conditions for the establishment and growth of various rangeland and forest species, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to deal with this problem, in addition to implementing improvement and restoration operations in rangeland ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions, along with cultivating plant species compatible with the climatic conditions of the region, management and collection of runoff from atmospheric precipitation is necessary (12). Management and collection of surface runoff is possible through various biomechanical and structural methods. Crescent catchment, as one of the types of biomechanical methods for managing and collecting atmospheric precipitation with the aim of improving and restoring rangelands in arid and semi-arid regions, has become common in Iran in recent years (3). Water catchment crescents are considered structural operations due to their construction, but because they are usually accompanied by planting, they can be considered a biomechanical method (15). Water catchment crescents are actually short horizontal banks that are built in an arc or arc shape to create micro-watersheds (16). The most important and prominent goals of constructing water catchment crescents include controlling and storing surface water runoff, increasing water infiltration in the soil, controlling erosion and preventing soil loss, creating a suitable microclimate for plant growth, and finally creating a suitable ground for implementing rangeland improvement and restoration projects (15). The effective factors and appropriate levels for constructing and implementing water catchment crescents include rainfall, slope, canopy cover, cover condition, soil depth, soil texture, and the amount of rock and gravel (Table 1). Some of the research conducted on the performance and effectiveness of crescent catchment systems are as follows. In the Kumiran rangelands of Qain County, South Khorasan Province, the effect of holes and their location in the rangelands, as well as the best place to plant shrubs inside the crescent-shaped hole, has been investigated (10). A study in Sarbisheh County, South Khorasan Province, examined the impact of the crescent-shaped water intake system on changes in rangeland plant production, soil moisture, and texture in dry and steppe rangelands. Based on this study, it was determined that rangeland plant production has more than doubled in the project implementation area (12). In a study conducted in the rangelands of Narun region of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, a comparison of diversity and species richness indices using parametric and nonparametric methods was conducted in the improved area under the influence of crescentic water intake operations and the control area. According to the results of this study, the implementation of crescentic water intake has resulted in a uniform vegetation cover in the area, which has resulted in better plant diversity and greater ecosystem stability (6). In the Zirkuh region of South Khorasan province, the effect of the crescent catchment system on vegetation cover and soil moisture levels under wet and drought conditions has been investigated and compared. The results showed that the implementation of the crescent catchment plan in the region has increased vegetation cover compared to the control region (19). In addition, in some studies, the effectiveness of crescent catchment systems on increasing agricultural production has been reported (2, 7, and 11). According to previous studies, the role of crescent catchment systems in managing and collecting runoff in the region and comparing the performance of these systems with mortar rock dams has been less studied. The present study investigates the role of crescent catchment systems in managing and collecting runoff in the region and comparing the performance of these systems with mortar rock dams in the Chadaroyeh watershed of Jahrom County, Fars province. The present study investigated the role of crescent catchment systems in managing and collecting runoff in the region and compared the performance of these systems with mortar rock dams. The Chadaroyeh watershed in Jahrom County, Fars Province is the study area of ​​this study. With this study, the performance of crescent catchment systems with mortar rock dams has been compared.

Accordingly, an area of 1796.76 hectares, equivalent to 23.93% of the total area of ​​the Chadarviyeh watershed, has been designated for the construction of crescent-shaped water intake systems with seeding (Table 2 and Fig. 2, 3 and 4). In addition, three mortar rock weirs and five dry-fill weirs have been designed at the outlet of the basin, considering the annual inflow and morphology of the main waterway, and two mortar rock weirs have been designed at the outlet of sub-basins CH1 and CH2 to control sediment and protect soil in the upstream of the basin. In addition, five dry-fill weirs were designed around the aforementioned structures and in second- and third-grade waterways. The SCS method has been used to determine the flood volume in different return periods (Tables 3 and 4).

The results of estimating the water intake volume in the intake crescents showed that by implementing this method on 1796.76 hectares of the Chedarviyeh watershed, 2454515.79 m3 of surface runoff will be stored annually (Tables 5,6 and 7). Considering the flood volume in different return periods for the Chedarviyeh watershed, the total storage volume of the three rock-mortar dam structures was estimated to be 88,000 m3 with a 25-year return period, which only extracts and manages 11.9% of the total 25-year flood volume (Table 8). In total, these structures manage and store 75.3% and 25.8% of the total flood volume generated in the Chedarviyeh watershed for 2- and 5 year return periods, respectively (Table 8).

Considering the performance of crescent catchment systems in extracting and managing surface runoff up to the level of extracting 100% of the runoff generated in the Chedarviyeh watershed during different return periods, the high effectiveness of this method in extracting and managing runoff and floods is determined (Table 9). This advantage, along with other advantages of this method, including low implementation cost, maximum compatibility with natural resources and the environment, simplicity of implementation, speed of implementation, the possibility of planting seedlings and seeds in the system environment, moistening the topsoil in a wide area of the watershed, creating a place to provide water for livestock and wildlife in the watershed, with the occurrence of strengthening and revitalizing pastures, preventing soil erosion, transferring watershed management activities from the waterways to the slopes, and the health and stability of the watershed and its relative superiority over mortar stone structures in extracting a larger volume of surface runoff, the importance and efficiency of this method for extracting runoff and floods are increasingly proven.

Mining activities are among the human activities that play an important role in the process of sustainable development. Of course, mining activities are always associated with the destruction of the environment and natural resources. In other words, it is almost impossible to carry out mining operations without destroying the areas of natural resources and destroying vegetation and damaging the environment. Destruction of natural resources areas and damage to the environment due to mining activity can be investigated and studied from different perspectives. Mining activities affect natural resources and environment from different aspects. Morphological change of waterways network, soil erosion and sediment production, destruction of pasture and forest vegetation, impact on underground water, pollution of surface water, creation of mass movements, production of dust, damage Among the negative effects of mining activities on the fields of natural resources are the beauty of the landscape and the creation of problems for structures and facilities and agricultural lands.

In general, mining is associated with the destruction of natural resources and the environment, intentionally or unintentionally. This has gone so far that the supporters and advocates of natural resources and the environment consider mining and mining activities as one of the most important factors in the destruction of natural resources and the environment. On the other hand, the importance and role of mining and mining in the progress of the country and achieving sustainable development is not hidden from anyone. In other words, mining activities cannot be stopped, nor can the importance of natural resources and environment be ignored as one of the pillars of sustainable development. What is certain is the point of interaction and balance of these two categories of restoration and revitalization of mines. This means that after benefiting from small and large mines, it is necessary to restore and restore these mines with the aim of sustaining natural resources and the environment, and as far as possible, the destructive conditions and disturbances created should be returned to the previous state. Mining or close to the original state.

Introduction and Goal:

Due to the current droughts and the sharp drop in ground water reserves in most of the country's plains, aquifer projects have received more and more attention as a suitable solution. The issue of assessing the sustainability of water catchment projects in various environmental, economic, social and particularly institutional dimensions is crucial. In this research, the evaluation of the sustainability of the institutional dimension in the south of Fars province (Iran) has been investigated on a local scale using the social network analysis method.

The evaluation of the sustainability of the institutional dimension in the three aquifer projects of the Katuyeh (Larestan), Kal (Lamard) and Baherstan (Mohr), which were implemented between 2017-2019, was examined through a five-step process. First, the two metrics of trust and cooperation were selected through the consensus of experts and using the classical Delphi method. Second, social relations networks including six topics were established in all three target villages. Third, the relevant questionnaire was designed. The number of completed questionnaires for the villages of Katuyeh, Kal and Behrestan is 25, 60 and 20 respectively (105 in total). In the fourth step, the information obtained from the questionnaires for each village was entered into the UCINET software. Then density and centrality measures (degree and betweenness) were calculated to evaluate two measures of trust and cooperation. Fifth, the two topics of "cooperation of administrations" and "willingness to cooperate with administrations" were determined for the two selection metrics and the stability of these two metrics of cooperation and trust in three villages, respectively.

The results of this research showed that in Katwieh village, the degree of stability for both measures of cooperation and trust was 3.3 (moderate stability). Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension was estimated to be 3.3 or average stability for Katwieh village. In Kal village, the degree of stability for the two measures of cooperation and trust was 2.7 and 2.3 respectively. Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension for Kal village was estimated as 2.5 or almost unstable to moderate stability. In Bahristan village, the degree of stability for the two measures of cooperation and trust was 3 and 1.7, respectively. Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension for Bahristan village was estimated as 2.4 or almost unstable.

Conclusion and Suggestions :

In the three villages of Katoyeh, Kal and Behrestan, the government body of the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Department of the respective city and accordingly the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of the province on the one hand and the Islamic Council of the said villages as the representatives of the residents on the other hand, were able to establish two-way relations, trust and create mutual cooperation between the parties. Therefore, this issue strengthened the institutional dimension in the sustainability of watershed project development. In order to gain more trust and cooperation of the watershed residents and its continuity in the field of watershed activities, it is suggested that the maintenance of the watershed project plan be entrusted to the local trustees or the Islamic councils of the villages in order to provide a suitable platform for strengthening and continuing participation, cooperation and Provide mutual trust of watershed residents and government institutions in the field of water and soil conservation.

In the comprehensive and integrated watershed management approach, watershed management has progressed from a mechanical and biological program to a comprehensive and integrated management system, through which we can guarantee human needs for the present and future generations in a reasonable way. Despite the fact that there is no doubt about the effectiveness of most watershed projects, the alignment of these projects with the goals of sustainable development needs to be evaluated.

We used IUCN method to assess sustainability of the watershed management plans in Sistan and Tol Heidari watershed of Jahrom County from 2005 to 2021. The most important strength of this method is simultaneous consideration of human and ecosystem factors. For this purpose, using opinion of experts, we determined criteria and indices in two main categories including ecosystem and human welfare. Finally, we selected three criteria and 15 indices for ecosystem section and four criteria and 13 indices for human section to assess watershed sustainability condition. The sustainability assessment of the watershed was performed with and without weighting the indicators and criteria.

The final score, according to the stability barometer respectively in the first method, was 66.30 before implementation and 71.33 after implementation. In the second method, the final score of 60.64 and 66.66 which indicates an upward trend in the level of stability and increase in the state of stability.

The results of the present study show that the watershed projects carried out in the region have been able to bring about a relative improvement in the ecological and economic-social conditions of the region.

Water storage dams are considered as strategic constructions of every country. The issue of soil erosion in the watershed of the mentioned dams and the transfer of produced sediment to the reservoir of the dams is one of the issues that is always raised regarding these types of dams. Cheshme Ashegh dam in Fars province is one of the mentioned dams. In the present study, erosion and sediment studies and estimation has been carried out for the first time in this watershed by RUSLE and MPSIAC models as well as the regional analysis method for the aim of design and implementation of suitable conservation measures as well as making policy and plan for soil conservation in the watershed of the dam and preventing the production and transfer of sediment to its reservoir. The results of this research showed that, based on the MPSIAC and RUSLE models, the amount of special sediment is estimated by 1.58 and 3.17 ton/ha/y, respectively. Considering that the result obtained from the regional analysis method based on Gozoon station, the amount of special sediment is estimated by 3.5 ton/ha/y, it can be said that the result of the estimation obtained from the RUSLE model is closer to the amount calculated from the regional analysis method. Therefore, it can be said that the results obtained from the RUSLE model are more efficient than the MPSIAC model for estimating the amount of sediment and future soil conservation measures in the Cheshme Ashagh Dam watershed.

In general, conceptual models are used to express and depict the concept of sustainability, and in recent years, various models have been presented by researchers and analysts in this field to express and show the concept of sustainable development. In this research, which is a type of review and library research, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze the evolutionary process of sustainable development models and the contents expressed around sustainable development models. For this purpose, a number of more than 50 articles in the theoretical field of sustainable development and its models were examined and explored, among which 39 best articles based on content and content were used as sources and references. By expressing the evolution of sustainable development models over time, this research has presented a single collection in the form of a review article with a critical approach including capabilities, capacities, strengths and weaknesses of sustainable development models that have been proposed at the global level. The results of this research show that the lack of independence of the three dimensions, ignoring the time dimension, and paying less attention to the environmental dimension are among the main problems of the existing models.

Candida albicans is the most important opportunistic fungal that can establish infection in susceptible individuals. Iranian Propolis and Royal jelly are bee products that are traditionally used against fungal infections. This study was aimed to evaluate the antifungal effects of Iranian Propolis extract and Royal jelly against C. albicans in vitro.

Antifungal activities of the extracts were performed according to microbroth dilution method in 96‑well microdilution plates. The amount of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) based on counting the number of fungal colonies (CFU) were evaluated for each of Royal jelly and Iranian Propolis extracts against C. albicans compared with the control group.

In this study, the MIC, MIC50, and MFC of Royal jelly on C. albicans were, respectively, 80, 103 ± 25, and 160 ± 34 mg/mL and for the Iranian Propolis alcoholic extract were, respectively, 0.030 ± 0.015, 0.0618 ± 0.027, and 0.0833 ± 0.0599 mg/mL.

The results indicate that both Royal jelly and Iranian Propolis alcoholic extract are effective against C. albicans, but the former species has higher antifungal activity. If the clinical trials confirm the results of this study, Iranian propolis, as a new antifungal agent by replacing chemical drugs, can be used to develop antifungal medicinal herbs.

The role of artificial recharge projects has always been considered in the sustainability of the region development. In this study, this role has been indicated as sustainability evaluation of Kal project by IUCN method, Classic Delphi method (in classification Verdenburg, with 3 phases and questionnaire) and Snowball method in the pre and post implementation of the artificial recharge project (2009-2016). This method could compare the current and ideal situations of a region. In this research, 6 criteria and 14 indicators have been indicated for the ecosystem and human dimensions (3 indicators for both water and vegetation criteria, and 2 indicators for each of soil, population, poverty and land use criteria). In research, use 16 exports. The results showed that the ecosystem sustainability is in the moderate situation with a slight upward trend (50.07 – 51.03). And, the sustainability of human dimension has improved to relatively stable (50.47 – 61.13). Also, the trend of EC (26 to 21.8), national lands (92 to 83.6) grabbing and changing the land use of rangelands ( 80 to 65) have been decreased. In general, the study area has been in a moderate sustainability situation in both periods.

In recent years, due to frequent droughts and water scarcity, artificial recharge projects are recognized as an operational solution to overcome the water scarcity. Despite the effectiveness of such projects to develop region, there is no information about their impact on the environmental sustainability. In this research, the artificial recharge project of Katuyeh (Larestan- Fars) has been ecologically evaluated by the forest, rangeland and watershed management method over two different periods (i.e. before and after implementation of the project, 2009-2016). For this purpose, 4 criteria and 18 indicators (six water indicators, five vegetation cover indicators, three land use indicators and, four soil indicators) were selected based on experts’ opinions, data availability and consistency of the indicators with the ecological condition of the region. In order to weighing the criteria, expert's opinions were used in Delphi method and Snowball framework. The results showed that the sustainability of the development of the region from environmental view after the implementation of the project has changed significantly before its implementation, the region with a moderate degree of sustainability before implementation of the project has achieved a good degree of sustainability at the time after the implementation of the project. The sustainability upgrade has been made with a slight slope.Therefore,it can be concluded that the construction of the artificial recharge project has been able to improve the environmental sustainability of the area.

From the viewpoint of landslide occurrence, Parsian dam Watershed is one of the high risk regions for landslide hazard based on its geological and climatological conditions. Landslide occurrence usually make huge damages and also high amount of sediments. Landslide control and management is planned according to Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) that is obtainable through empirical models. The aim of this research was to assess the efficiency of two empirical models, Modified Nilsson and Relative Effect in LZH. First, prepared maps such as landslide distribution, slope, geology, land use, land cover, roads, drainages, faults, isohyet and hypsometric were imported into GIS environment and then the landslide hazard zonation was carried out by applying Modified Nilsson and Relative Effect models. Capability assessment of two models and determination of the more efficient one were evaluated using two statistical analysis methods namely quality summation (Qs) and correlation coefficient (R). Comparison of results from above two models with real map of happened landslides at Parsian dam Watershed showed that the relative effect model with quality summation of 1.00 and correlation coefficient of 0.941, is more efficient for landslide hazard zonation in Parsian dam Watershed.

Flood spreading is an effective way to increase the groundwater level, rectify the critical conditions of groundwater, and prevent flooding at Naeim-Abad, Fars Province. The most important step in the successful implementation of artificial recharge is the selection of recharge areas in the studied region. In this research, the GIS technique and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method have been used. We considered nine factors–land, slope, and distance from the road, altitude, thickness of the alluvium, distance from the stream, surface permeability, land use, and fault for analysis in this research. Each layer was prioritized using the AHP method and the different layers were integrated. Expert Choice software was used to prioritize nine considered factors. The results showed that 3.6% of the Naeim-Abad area was suitable for flood spreading based on the AHP method and GIS technique. In this research, hydrologic factors with a weight of 0.687 had the most impact among the main criteria for locating areas prone to flood spreading. Among the sub-criteria of this criterion, surface permeability with a weight of 0.558 had the greatest influence. In addition, the sub criterion of land use was weighted equal to 0.701, which had the highest weight among the sub criteria. The lowest weight among the sub criteria was attributed to the distance from the road with a weight of 0.106, which indicated the least influence on locating suitable areas for flood spreading.

Hearing loss (HL) happens due to the genetic or environmental causes or both. Risk factors include congenital infections and congenital deformities of auricle and ear duct. The present study was performed to briefly explain the genetics, molecular biology and epidemiology of HL in Middle East especially in Iran.
An intense an comprehensive literature search was prformed through heading journals in the field. All data was organized using Mendeley software and incorporated to the text as required.
While the etiology of 25% of HL cases remains indistinct, it is estimated that at least 50% of pre lingual HL cases have a genetic cause. About 70% of genetic HL cases are non Syndromic (NSHL) without anomaly, whereas the remaining 30% are Syndromic. Autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss forms (ARNSHL) are the severest forms of congenital HL with defect in cochlea. In addition to X-linked (DFNX), autosomal dominant (DFNA), autosomal recessive (DFNB) and Y-linked (DFNY) inheritance patterns, HL can be inherited through mitochondrial genes including
MT-RNR1 and MT-TS. At least 120 genes have been reported to be associated with HL. Among them, mutations in connexin 26 (GJB2) have been shown to play a very important role in developing ARSNSHL in many populations depending on geographical location and ethnicity. In Caucasians and Spainish/Italian populations, 50% and 79% of HL cases have respectively been reported to be occurred due to mutations in GJB2 gene.
In the Middle East, the prevalence seems different as an average of 14-20% of the HL in several region of Iran is due to mutation in GJB2 gene. Alternatively similar studies showed the prevalence of GJB2 mutations around 25% and 6.1% in Turkey and Pakistani populations respectively.

As a temporary emotional situation and a relatively stable state of being happy (subjective happiness level), happiness can be considered. In fact, people with high subjective happiness level think more positively than others.
There are many factors with potential positive or negative effects on happiness such as: the (dark and milky) chocolate, Yoga, outdoor group walks in the natural environments, personality, social exclusion, negative emotional feelings, normative and subjective oral health status, socioeconomic factors, leisure time program, training like skills for coping with stress, increasing marriage satisfaction, improving economic status, and religion.
Due to different related factors affecting on each person, it is not an easy task to clarify the methods of raising happiness in the communities . Each part of the world has its own culture and traditions, resulting in the fact that there is no identical way to make happier people. It is recommended to have several studies on happiness worldwide to investigate the specific policy for each region.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Recentstudies suggest that the side effects of herbal drugs with significant therapeutic effectsare far less than chemical drugs. This study was therefore, conducted to examineantifungal activities of Zataria multif lora and Nigella sativa extracts on C. albicans. Powders of Z. multif lora and N. sativa were macerated with ethanol 70% and evaporatedat 38˚C by rotary evaporator. The suspension of C. albicans was prepared according to McFarlandat a concentration of approximately 0.5-2.5 × 10CFU/ml. Testing was performed according tomicrobroth dilution in 96-well micro-dilution plates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC),MIC50%, MIC90% and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were separately evaluated bycounting the fungal colonies for Z. multif lora and N. sativa. The measured values of MIC, MIC50%, MIC90% and MFC of Z. multiflora on the C.albicans were 0.13, 0.38, 0.74 and 1.03 mg/ml, and those of N. sativa were 10, 27.7, 52.3 and 72.3 mg/ml, respectively. The results indicate that both Zataria multiflora and Nigella sativa extracts are effectiveagainst Candida albicans, but the former species has the highest antifungal activity. If the clinicaltrials confirm the results of this study, Z. multiflora, as a new antifungal agent by replacing chemicaldrugs can be used to develop antifungal medicinal herbs.

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection. Rhizopus oryzae is major cause of mucormycosis in humans. This disease is the most common form of the acute fungal infection with rapid progress. Iranian Propolis extract and Royal jelly are honey bee products which have been used by human over the past centuries in traditional medicine. In this study the effects of Iranian Propolis and Royal jelly were investigated against Rhizopus oryzae and Candida albicans. The used method in this study was microdilution. To perform it, the prepared dilutions of Royal jelly and alcoholic extract of Iranian Propolis were added to tubes containing Sabouraud dextrose broth culture media except to control group and then Rhizopus oryzae suspension was added to all microtubes. In the next stage, microtubes were maintained in incubator at 25oC for 48 hours and then 10 ml of the content of each microtube was transferred to Sabouraud dextrose agar media. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the agents were calculated. In this study, the MIC and MFC of Iranian Propolis alcoholic extract on Rhizopus oryzae were respectively 0.1 and 0.25 mg/ml and the MFC of Royal jelly on Rhizopus oryzae were respectively 100 ± 34 and 133 ± 46 mg/ml. The results indicate that Propolis might be used as an ideal combination for the treatment of fungal infections like Rhizopus oryzae. However, clinical studies are needed to confirm the effects of these drugs.

Due to increased risk for opportunistic fungal infections and increasing prevalence of hospital infections caused by pathogenic yeasts and fungus resistance to antifungal drugs, discovery of antifungal compounds with high efficiency is necessary. This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the antifungal activities of Allium ascalonicum, Marticaria chamomilla and Stachys lavandulifolia on Candida albians. In this study the plants extracts were prepared with macerated method using ethanol 70%. Antifungal activities of the extracts were performed according to microbroth dilution method in 96 well microdilution plates. The amount of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) based on counting the number of fungal colonies (CFU) were evaluated for each of Allium ascalonicum, Chamomile and Stachys lavandulifolia extracts compared with the control group. MIC of Allium ascalonicum, Marticaria chamomilla and Stachys lavandulifolia were respectively 0.31, 3.75 and 15.13 mg/ml and also MIC50% of Allium ascalonicum, Marticaria chamomilla and Stachys lavandulifolia were respectively 0.93, 10.59 and 41.32 mg/ml and MIC 90% of them were respectively 8.65, 16.88 and 60.55 mg/ml and their MFC were respectively 20, 20 and 65 mg/ml. The results indicate that all three extracts are effective, but Allium ascalonicum possesses the highest antifungal activity on Candida albicans. If clinical trials approve these findings, this plant may represent a new source of antifungal agent for control of Candida albicans.