hassan rezaeipandari

Given the increasing elderly population and the decreasing role of families in elderly care, the use of up-to-date technologies by older adults will become increasingly important in helping them live healthier and better lives. This study aimed to determine the acceptance of information and communication technology (ICT) by older adults and related factors in Yazd city, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 with the participation of 360 older adults aged over 60 years from comprehensive health care centers in Yazd city, Iran. Participants were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire and an Information and Communication Technology Acceptance Questionnaire completed by interview. Data were analyzed using descriptive indices, independent two-sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and regression by SPSS.

The ICT acceptance rate among older adults was 22.5%. The highest mean score was related to the dimension of perceived usefulness (15.37). The most significant barriers to ICT acceptance were lack of interest (48.6%), lack of sufficient skills (46.4%), and lack of perceived need (45.3%). The regression results showed that age, level of education, smartphone use, and time spent on technology tools were predictors of ICT acceptance by older adults, accounting for 82% of the variance in ICT acceptance.

Given the low level of technology acceptance among older adults in Yazd city and the need to learn and use ICT to meet their individual, social, health, and medical needs, as well as to live a more independent life and save time and costs, providing older adults with the opportunity to become familiar with technology is essential.

Physical activity (PA) improves balance, walking, and muscle strength and reduces the prevalence of falls among the elderly. Fear of falling (FOF) is the most common fear among older adults and a major health problem among them. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between FOF and PA among older adults in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 687 elderly people aged ≥ 60 years in Yazd province, Iran using cluster sampling method. The data collection tools were The Falls Efficacy Scale International and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. The data were analyzed by describing frequency distribution, Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation tests and Hierarchical regression under SPSS software.

The mean score of FOF and PA were 27.08 ± 12.30 (range 16-64) and 86.87 ± 79.15 (range 0-494), respectively. There was an inverse significant correlation between PA and FOF(r = -0.304) and with increasing age, PA of the elderly decreases, and the FOF increases. Demographic variables (age, gender, living status, and retirement status) which were entered into the model in the first stage, predicted 10.9 % of the variance of PA (p < 0.001). In step 2, chronic diseases predicted 3.5 % which was statistically significant and in step 3, FOF also significantly predicted 2.8% of the variance of PA (p < 0.001).

The level of PA among older adults is very low, so it is very important to know the factors influencing that, to take action to prevent the occurrence of these factors, and also to eliminate them. Considering that demographic variables and FOF can predict changes in PA, therefore, it is possible to improve the PA of older adults by performing appropriate interventions on these issues.

An important issue associated with old age is how to spend the leisure, which can help preserve independence, bring happiness and vitality and reduce mental disorders and indifference. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate how older adults spend their leisure time.

The cross-sectional study was conducted with 270 elderly participants (> 60 years) in Yazd city, Iran from July to September 2019. The two stage sampling method was applied. A researcher-made leisure activity questionnaire was used for data gathering. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficient.

The mean leisure time of participants was 5.09 ± 3.54 hours. Most of the participants (74.4 %) spent their leisure time at home. Physical activity (25.2 %) and travel (33.8 %) were at a low level while religious activity (61.6 %) was the most frequent. Of the participants, 50.7 % were moderately satisfied with their leisure.

Considering the low level of physical activity and travel in older adults' leisure time, both the government and families are suggested to make the required plans to increase older adults' physical activity and time for travel.

Elder abuse is a phenomenon that has become more apparent with the increase in aging population, but there are insufficient evidences about the prevalence of elder abuse and gender differences in this area. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of elder abuse and its gender differences among community-dwelling older adults in Tabriz, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 414 older adults aged ≥60 years were recruited from health complexes and centers in Tabriz, Iran in 2018 by using random sampling method. Data collection tools were a demographic form and the Domestic Elder Abuse Questionnaire which were completed through interview. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 22 software.

 It was reported that 52.6% had experienced abuse by family members. Emotional neglect was the most common type of elder abuse (26.6%) followed by financial abuse (17.6%). Physical abuse was the least common type of elder abuse. Except for financial abuse, older women had experienced more abuse than older men. Of those who were abused, only 31.7% recognized it as elder abuse.

 Most of older adults experience emotional neglect and financial abuse from family members and perceive them as their normal behaviors. Older women experience more abuse than older men. It is necessary to prevent elder abuse and familiarize older adults with different types of elder abuse.

With regard to the importance of the environment in sustainable development along with environmental literacy among citizens, the present study aimed to assess the levels of environmental literacy among citizens residing in the city of Yazd, Iran.
 

In this descriptive--analytical study, the sample size was determined based on the Cochran formula of 410 individuals. The data selection tool was also a researcher-made questionnaire comprised of items on demographic characteristics information as well as levels of awareness, attitudes, and practices concerning the environment such as air pollution, waste management, etc. Face validity verified by 10 qualified individuals as the faculty members and Reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.93. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS 22. In this study, significance level was considered as 0.05.

awareness score was statistically significant in terms of age, level of education, and employment status (p<0.05). However, attitudes were only in a significant relationship with employment status (p=0.004). The relationship between practice score was also statistically significant with regard to age, marital status, and area of residence (p<0.05). A significant relationship was further observed between age and level of income and level of awareness, but there was no significant relationship considering attitudes (p>0.05). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between awareness, attitude, and practice scores (0.323≥ r ≥0.28, p<0.001).

Although awareness among Yazd citizens on some environmental issues was at low levels, in general, their awareness specifically regarding health issues stemming from air pollution was proper. In view of the importance of environmental factors, it is necessary to conduct various research studies to identify and control these factors and find proper solutions.

Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome. Studies of frailty and old age have been able to help reduce its underlying causes and complication. Understanding the frailty and its associated factors in developing countries such as Iran, can help gather information on conditions of the elderly and better plan for this age population. Therefore, the present study was implemented to investigate the prevalence and determinants of frailty in the rural elderly population of Shabestar, East Azarbayjan, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 565 rural older people in Shabestar, Iran during 2018-2019. The data collection tool was the Tilburg Frailty Indicator. The participants were selected by using stratified and simple random approach. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used to perform data analysis.

Of the participants, 46.7% were detected as being frail. The associations between the prevalence of frailty and sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, types of lifestyle, educational level, and income status were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that age (β = -0.84, p < 0.05), the number of medications used (β = -2.72, p < 0.001), hypertension (β = -0.633, p < 0.006), diabetes (β = -535, p < 0.045) and the history of fall during the last year (β = -4.21, p < 0.001) were the most important predictors of frailty among non-institutionalized rural older people.

The study confirms the importance of common chronic medical conditions and sociodemographic characteristics in the development of frailty syndrome among older adults. The descriptive nature of the study implies observational trials to clarify more deeply relationship between frailty and the determinants found.

Delirium has been considered as the most common cognitive disorder after major surgery. Melatonin therapy is effective in reducing the incidence of delirium after open heart surgery with pain relief mechanism and adjustment of the sleep cycle and the absence of specific side effects. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of melatonin on prevention of delirium after coronary artery bypass surgery.
 
The double blind randomized controlled clinical trial  recruited 140 patients, equally decided, who underwent  coronary artery bypass surgery in Afshar Hospital, Yazd city, 2016. All participants of the two groups were evaluated for the presence of delirium  on the day of surgery and three days after by the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU (CUM-ICU). Respectively, The intervention and control group received 3 mg melatonin and 3 mg placebo orally before and after the operation. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, T-test, paired t-test and Cochran tests.
 
The incidence of delirium in the melatonin and the control group was 35.7% and 5.7% on the day of operation, 68.6% and 31.4% three days after the operation, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the frequency of cognitive test of CAM-ICU on day of surgery and three days after surgery between the two groups (p <0.001).
 
Despite the efficacy of melatonin therapy in reducing delirium, further studies on the effects of other effective drugs on the treatment of delirium, such as antipsychotics and receptor blockers, should be considered.

Ebola is a viral infection with a high mortality risk and health workers are considered as an at-risk group. The main aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of health workers about Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Yazd city, Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 110 health workers in health centres of Yazd city, Iran in 2015, who were selected by cluster random sampling method. The tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information as well as knowledge and attitude questions about EVD with confirmed validity and reliability. Data were analysed by statistical tests of Student’s T-test, Chi-square, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The mean score of the participants' knowledge and attitude were 25.16± 3.58 (range 0-46) and 46.59±4.05 (range 13-65), respectively. More than half of the health workers did not know transmission routes of EVD. However, 59.6% of them were aware that the one way to prevent the disease was to avoid contact with an infected person. A significant correlation was also found between knowledge and attitude scores (P< 0.001, r= 0.384). Since knowledge of the health workers was at the moderate level, training courses and interventional programs are recommended for health care workers especially about transmission routes and signs of EVD to increase the Knowledge and attitude of the participants.

  Chlorofluorocarbons are one of the most important ozone-depleting substances used as coolant gases in refrigerators and freezers in developing countries such as Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the protection of cooling systems and control of ozone-depleting gases emission into the environment among health volunteers in Yazd city, Iran. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 health volunteers in Yazd in 2014. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing four parts of demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and practice of health volunteers. The data were analyzed by descriptive tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health volunteers were 8.12 ± 4.02 (range 0-23), 66.82 ± 7.55 (range 19-95), and 8.21 ± 1.47 (range 0-12). A positive and significant correlation was also observed between the three variables of knowledge, attitude, and practice of volunteers regarding the protection of cooling systems and controlling the emission of ozone-depleting gases into the environment (p <0.05). The knowledge of health volunteers, as an effective stratum in the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community, about depletion of the ozone layer, as one of the most important environmental issues, was not at an appropriate level. Therefore, educating and promoting the knowledge level of health volunteers is of great importance as the most basic part of making health behaviors.

Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome resulting from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of ventricles to fill with or eject blood.Our aim in this study was to examine the possible direct/indirect effects of health belief model(HBM) constructs on self-care behaviors among HF patients. A secondary analysis was conducted on an HBM-based data set collected from 180 patients with HF who were recruited from a heart hospital in Tehran, Iran, during a prospective experimental study in 2008. A regression-based path analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between HBM constructs (as independent variables) and self-care behaviors (as dependent variable). A conceptual path model was identified for the cognitive determinants of self-care behaviors among HF patients. Knowledge (β = 0.399), perceived barriers (β = 0.315) and susceptibility (β = 0.165) had direct effects on self-care (R2 = 0.512, P < 0.001). Perceived benefits, self-efficacy, severity and threat, locus of control and cues to action had indirect effects on self-care through the first three variables. HBM was found to be helpful in understanding direct and indirect associations between the cognitive determinants and self-care behaviors among HF patients. Based on this challenging path analysis, HF patients’ knowledge and perceived barriers and susceptibility are suggested as the most core categories while designing HF educational programs. Better understanding on such associations may lead nurses and health practitioners in designing properly informed stage-specific educational interventions aiming to foster self-care behaviors among HF patients

Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases that its several pandemics cause a huge mortality and damages, often in developing countries. So this study aimed to determine the predictors of preventive behaviors of H1N1 influenza based on Health Belief Model among Jiroft people.
In this cross-sectional study, 400 people from Jiroft district in Kerman province entered with cluster random sampling. The study carried out in 2016. Data were collected with a research-made questionnaire which its validity and reliability were examined and approved. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression.
Among the preventive behaviors, regularly washing hands with water and soap (%58 always, 24.2% often) and covering the mouth and noise when coughing and sneezing (%51 always, 27.5 often) were the mostly common behaviors. There was a positive significant correlation between behaviors and knowledge(r=0.206, p=0.001), perceived benefits(r=0.308, p=0.001), susceptibility(r=0.130, p=0.009) and severity (r=0.248, p=0.001). The Health Belief Model constructs predicted 15 percent of variance in preventive behaviors of H1N1 influenza, which among them, perceived benefits (β= 0.233) was the most powerful predictor.
The study results showed the applicability of Health Belief Model in predicting determinates of H1N1 influenza preventive behaviors. So Health Belief Model can be used in educational programs in order to changing attitudes and behaviors in this area.

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders and risk factors for suicide in aging that often underdiagnosed and those who are more hopeful, suffer from less depression. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between life expectancy and depression among older people in Yazd, Iran.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 community-dwelling elderlies over 60 years of age, Yazd city. Eligible older people were selected using cluster sampling method. The data collection instrument included geriatric depression scale and The adult hope scale. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive frequency distribution, independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation.
The mean score of depression and life expectancy in the elderly was 6.77 ± 3.17 and 39.52 ± 6.27, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between life expectancy and depression (r = -0.594 and p = 0.005), and a significant positive correlation between age and depression (r = 0.258 and p = 0.005).
Considering that the depression score in the elderly was at a moderate level, and also considering that with decreasing life expectancy, depression increased in the elderly, psychological interventions focusing on preventing and reducing depression, and increasing the life expectancy, are recommended.

Background and Inhalation is one of the main ways of exposure to occupational pollutants that can cause acute and chronic respiratory complications in workers. This study aimed to identify the predictors of using respiratory protection masks among workers based on the theory of planned behavior.
An analytical cross-sectional design was employed. Cluster sampling was used by which 120 workers exposed to occupational dust were recruited from four sanitary ware companies in Yazd, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire was applied. The validity and reliability of the scale was previously confirmed in an exploratory study. Statistical analyses of the data included bivariate correlation and linear regression.
The workers used respiratory mask in 19 days of the past month and intended to use that for 22 days in the next month. The relationship between intention and behavior was the strongest. Totally, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitude variables accounted for 20.8% of the variation in behavior with subjective norms being the strongest significant predictor.
Our results demonstrated the importance of subjective norms on using respiratory protection masks among workers. According to the relatively good identification of predictors of using respiratory protection masks, application of this theory is suggested in predicting safety related behaviors.

Due to the Increasing elderly population and the high prevalence of psychological, social and physical problems among them, this study was conducted to determine fear of falling and social participation status among elderly people in Mobarakeh city, Isfahan province, Iran in 2016.
This was a cross-sectional study in which 300 elderly residents of Mobarakeh city were randomly recruited by cluster sampling. Data collection tools were demographic questionnaire, Falls Efficacy Scale-International form and social participation scale of Canadian Community Health Survey. Mini Mental State Examination also was used to diagnose cognitive disorders. Data were analyzed with SPSS software using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The mean age of participants was 70.83 ± 8.68 years and the mean score of fear of falling was 33.25 ± 16.37 (16-64). Regarding the fear level, 22.3 % had no fear, 34.3 % low fear, 20 % moderate fear, and 23% a high fear of falling. Mean score of social participation was 16 ± 4.63 (8-40). The most frequently reported social participation activity was attending religious ceremonies (99.7 %) while the least was attending professional and social forums (79.3 %). There was an inverse significant correlation between fear of falling and social participation (r = -0.421, p Level of fear of falling in the elderlies was moderate while social participation was low. By using preventive measures, effective education, psychological and social interventions, disease-control programs and removing the existing obstacles, the fear of falling could be reduced and social participation could be promoted among the elderlies.

Given growing elderly population and high prevalence of oral and dental diseases in this age group, this study was conducted to investigate oral health status and related quality of life among older adults in Yazd located in central Iran.
The cross sectional study was carried out on 210 elderly people aged ≥ 60 years under the guise of Yazd health care centers who entered the study via cluster random sampling. Oral health was assessed by DMFT index; and self-reported oral and dental health scale was also tested. Further, to measure the oral health-related quality of life, the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index was applied. Data were then analyzed by SPSS software through descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The mean score of age for the studied population was 67.22 ± 5.62 years. Of whom 60.48 % were women, 79.05 % were married and 42.4% were edentulous. The oral health-related quality of life mean score was 42.46 ± 5.76 (possible rang 12-60) and the DMFT index mean score was 20.33 ± 4.76. The correlation of oral health-related quality of life score with age (r=-0.213, p=0.002) and DMFT index (r= -0.542, p Elderly people's oral health-related quality of life, self-reported oral and dental health status was not desirable. These factors have significant relationships with each other so that increase in DMFT index was associated with decrease in self-reported oral and dental health.

Perceived self-efficacy and social support are psychosocial constructs that are important in health of population, especially in the elderly, and affect the quality of life and lifestyle. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of social-psychological constructs on lifestyle in the elderly in Yazd city.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 older adults over 60 years of age in 2015. A cluster sampling was performed. Data collection tools included General Self-Efficacy Scale, Zimet social support scale, and Iranian elderly lifestyle questionnaires. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficient. The level of significance was considered to be 0.05.
The mean scores of lifestyle, social support, and self-efficacy were 161.9±13.9 (range, 42-211), 46.3±8.7 (range, 12-60) and 29.3±7.7 (range, 10-40), respectively. There was a linear correlation between lifestyle and social support (p Given that social support and perceived self-efficacy constructs can predict changes of lifestyle, therefore appropriate interventions on these psychosocial constructs can improve the lifestyle in the elderly.

Today, the growing amount of paper consumption and consequently deforestation and environmental destruction have imposed financial burden on different countries around the world. This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and performance of Yazd health volunteers on cutting down the consumption of paper.
This descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted on 120
health volunteers of ShahidSadoughi university of Medical Sciences and
Health Services in 2015. A self-made questionnaire containing demographic, knowledge, attitude, and performance questions was applied as the data collection tool. The data was imported into SPSS software V.18 and analyzed with t-test and ANOVA statistical tests.
The participant's knowledge about importance of paper consumption was 80.03%. The mean and standard deviation scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance of health volunteers were 11.09 ±2.90, 59.82±2.23, and 41.11 ±9.50 respectively. The results suggested that the average scores of knowledge and attitude among those with academic degrees were higher than that of other participants and this relation was statistically significant(p≤0.001). The attitude of married subjects compared to single volunteer's was more positive and there was a significant difference between their attitude and income levels. According to the results, there was a positive and significant correlation between knowledge and attitude as well as attitude and performance (P The findings showed that the level of knowledge, attitude, and performance of health volunteers in Yazd regarding cutting down paper consumption is at a satisfactory level. This suggests that trainings provided for them at different time intervals have been well enough.

Geriatric syndromes lead to a number of disabilities which dramatically affect the quality of life in ageing. Facilitating the process of self-care can improve the elder's health to a great extent which has received less attention in previous studies. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the disability and self-care in the elderly of Yazd.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Yazd; 234 elderly participants were selected through cluster random sampling. WHODAS-II questionnaire and a researcher-designed self-care questionnaire were utilized and collected data analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficient tests.
The mean score of disability was 38.55 ±13.71 (ranging from 0 to 92) and the mean score of self-care was 61.57± 15.94 (ranging from 0 to 118). There was no statistically significant correlation between total score of disability and self-care, however, correlation was detected between the subscales.
Given the high level of disability in a majority of elders and low level of their self-care, self-care promotion programs and prevention of disabilities in collaboration with their families and health centers are recommended.

Elder abuse may increase the vulnerability of ageing people to disease and decrease their general health status, so addressing the issue is essential for promoting elderly quality of life. The study aimed to examine the relation between abuse experience and general health among elderly people in Yazd city- Iran.
The cross-sectional study carried out on 250 community-dwelling seniors in the city of Yazd who were selected with cluster random sampling. Data collection tools included, Iranian Domestic Elder Abuse Questionnaire and Persian version of the General Health Questionnaire 28. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and linear regression tests.
Mean scores of abuse experience and general health among the elders were 11.84±12.70 (range 0-100) and 21.82±10.84 (range 0-84) respectively. General health status was more undesirable among elders who had experienced abuse than those who had not. Elder abuse subscales accounted for 17.2 % changes in general health, which had only care neglect and physical abuse subscales with significant prediction effect.
Abuse experience has negative effects on older adult's general health. care neglect and physical abuse play a more important role.

Social changes due to urbanism, acculturation, and fading of values have led to some challenges in family relationships, including domestic elder abuse. This study was conducted to determine elder abuse status in Yazd, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 elderly people over 60 years in Yazd in 2014-2015. Clustered random sampling was used to recruit the participants from 10 clusters in Yazd (25 individuals from each cluster). The data were gathered by the 49-item,Iranian Domestic Elder Abuse Questionnaire which was filled out through private interviews with the participants.
Mean score of elder abuse was 11.84 (SD: 12.70) of total 100. Of the participants,79.6% (95% CI: 74.5-84.6) experienced at least one type of abuse. Emotional neglect was the most reported abuse and physical abuse was the least reported. Abuse score was associated with age, education level, living status, and insurance status of elders. Further, those who reported history of gastrointestinal problems, dyslipidemia, respiratory diseases, sleep disorders,audiovisual problems, joints pain, hypertension, dental/oral problems, cardiovascular disease,urinary incontinence and disability, reported a statistically significant higher abuse score.
Despite overall low rate of domestic elder abuse, its high prevalence indicates that some interventions are necessary to decrease domestic elder abuse. Emotional neglect of elders should be addressed more than other abuse types.

Recent medical and health care improvement caused a remarkable increase in human's life expand and subsequent increase in aging population. Beside life expectancy, quality of life is at the same importance, so the study aimed to explore the relation between quality of life and lifestyle among older adults in Yazd. The cross-sectional study was carried out on 270 elderly people over 60 years old. A cluster random sampling was used to recruit the participant from 10 selected clusters in the Yazd city with at least 27 participants from each cluster. Quality of life questionnaire short form (SF12) and Iranian elderly lifestyle questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analyzed with descriptive frequency distribution and also χ2, and Pearson correlation coefficient tests using SPSS software. The mean score of quality of life was 69.06 ± 20.97 (range 0-100) and the mean score of lifestyle was 161.91±13.95 (range 42-211). Quality of life and lifestyle had statistically significant relation with age, sex, education level, marriage status, retirement status, having job, income source, digestive problems, depression, joint pain, osteoporosis, hypertension, fall and sleep disorder. There was also a direct association between lifestyle and quality of life. Results indicated that most of the participants are at a desirable level of lifestyle and quality of life. However quality of life is in relation with some demographic factors and chronic conditions that must be addressed in interventional programs aimed at increasing the quality of life among aging population.

Decrease in sleep quality is an age-related problem which appears in different features such as difficulty in sleeping, over sleeping and unusual behaviors during sleep. Regarding the importance of sleep quality among older adults and also its effects on their quality of life and physical and mental status, the study was conducted to determine the status and quality of sleep in older adults in Mehriz, Yazd Province, Iran. The cross-sectional study used cluster random sample of 126 older adults. Data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire including demographic and sleep-related questions and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data were analyzed with SPSS software usingone-way ANOVA and chi-square tests. The most reported sleep quality related problems were pain (32.8%), waking up for toilet (28.6%) and nightmare (3.2%); waking up problem for driving was the least reported problem (0.8%). Sleep quality was worse among women than men (p=0.02). There was a statistically significant relation between sleep quality score and morbidity to thedisease of cardiovascular, diabetes, osteoporosis, breathing problems, visual and hearing problems, obesity and depression (p<0.05). Regarding the significant relation of sleep quality and some chronic conditions, the importance of educatingthe older adults who suffer from chronic conditions and also their families in this area is displayed. As with planning suitable interventions, we may not only increase the sleep quality among older adults but also treat or reduce the risk of chronic conditions among them.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common disorder among aging population especially women. Women are at more risk of UI than men, because of anatomic, social and cultural status and also because of pregnancy, delivery and menopause. Regarding lack of studies in the area in Yazd, the study aimed to find the prevalence and related factors to UI among aging women in Yazd city, Iran. The cross-sectional study carried out on 127 women aged ≥60 years in Yazd city, in central Iran, who was selected by clustered random sampling. Data were collected with the Persian version of ICIQ-SF and were analyzed with descriptive and inferential tests using SPSS software. The mean age of participants was 70.17±6.50. The prevalence of UI was 62.2% while the prevalence of urge UI was 5.5%, stress UI was 39.4% and mixed UI was 3.1%. There was statistically significant relation between UI severity and history of diabetes (p=<0.01), glaucoma (p=<0.01), fecal incontinence (p=<0.01), menopause (p=<0.01) and pain in low abdomen (p=0.02). Also there was a significant positive correlation between UI severity and women''s age and weight. Regarding the high prevalence of UI, especially stress UI and it''s relation with some diseases such as diabetes and obesity, any intervention programs aimed to increase the healthy life style among women may be effective in management of UI.

Any surgery has some complications which Rhinoplasty is not an exception. The aim of the study was investigating self-reported Rhinoplasty complications and problems.
the descriptive study carried out on 300 people in Yazd city who had Rhinoplasty. Participants were entered in the study with a convenience sampling from urban areas of Yazd city. Data were collected using a researcher made questionnaire which it's validity and reliability was approved by a panel of experts.
Most participants in this study, women made up %92. mostly reported complications of Rhinoplasty included : brightness of nose skin(%41.7), face darkness (%31.0), nose obstruction(%24.3) repeated Rhinoplasty(%22.7), nose irritated in cold weather(%22.7). Eye irritation and tear(%3.3), Sore throat(%3.0), , nausea and vomiting(%2.7) and lowering of nose tip(%2.0) were less reported complications of that.
face darkness, noise irritation in cold weather and increase of nasal secretions were reported as main complications of Rhinoplasty. Therefore, planning educational programs about Rhinoplasty based on the results of current study for students is recommended in order to reducing demand for Rhinoplasty.