فهرست مطالب homayoon alaghehmand

This study assessed the effect of different concentrations of 4‑methacryloyloxyethy trimellitate anhydride (4‑META) added to silane on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of light‑cure and dual‑cure resin cement to hybrid and zirconia‑reinforced lithium silicate ceramics.

This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 32 Celtra Duo and 32 VITA Enamic ceramics bonded to Allcem Veneer light‑cure and Allcem dual‑cure resin cements using silane impregnated with 4‑META in 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10 wt% concentrations in 16 groups (n = 4). The μTBS of specimens was measured by a universal testing machine and analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests, and the mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope and analyzed by the Chi‑square test (alpha = 0.05).

The lowest mean μTBS was recorded in the Enamic ceramic group with 4‑META (0%) bonded to dual‑cure cement (14.26 MPa), and the highest mean μTBS was recorded in Enamic ceramic with 4‑META (10%) bonded to light‑cure cement (18.59 MPa) (P < 0.001). The μTBS of Celtra Duo was significantly higher than that of Enamic in bonding to light‑cure cement using 4‑META (2.5%) (P = 0.003). All failures (100%) were adhesive in most groups. The frequency of adhesive failure was the lowest (90%) in Celtra Duo bonded to dual‑cure cement with 4‑META (5%).

According to the results of this pilot study, the addition of 4‑META (10%) to silane caused a significant improvement in μTBS to light‑cure cement. The addition of 4‑META in all concentrations significantly improved the μTBS to Enamic ceramic in the use of dual‑cure cement; however, it had no significant effect on μTBS of Celtra Duo. Nonetheless, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the relatively small sample size.

Graphene oxide (GO), a product of graphite, is a candidate for nano‑reinforcing cement‑based materials due to its good water dispersibility and excellent mechanical properties. On the other hand, zinc oxide (ZnO) is well‑known for its antibacterial characteristics as well. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of adding ZnO and GO nanoparticles on the antibacterial properties of flowable composites.

In this, in vitro experimental study was designated into five groups containing:(1) no nanoparticles as control group,(2) 1 wt.% ZnO nanoparticle,(3) 1 wt.% GO,(4) 1 wt.% physical compound of ZnO and GO, and (5) 1 wt.% chemical compound of ZnO and GO. The antibacterial properties of composite resin discs were evaluated by direct contact test. Data were analyzed using a one‑way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests (P = 0.05).

Streptococcus mutans colony counting in the first 24 h showed the least growth rate in the chemical compound group (2.2 × 105 ). However, in 7 days, the least colony number was observed in the GO group (2 × 103 ). Moreover, the physical compound showed the least bacterial adhesion.

Adding GO alone to composites, compared to adding ZnO or physical and chemical compounds of GO‑ZnO, was more helpful to increase the antimicrobial characteristics.

Graphene oxide (GO), a product of graphite, is a candidate for nano‑reinforcing cement‑based materials due to its good water dispersibility and excellent mechanical properties. On the other hand, zinc oxide (ZnO) is well‑known for its antibacterial characteristics as well. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of adding ZnO and GO nanoparticles on the antibacterial properties of flowable composites.

In this, in vitro experimental study was designated into five groups containing:(1) no nanoparticles as control group,(2) 1 wt.% ZnO nanoparticle,(3) 1 wt.% GO,(4) 1 wt.% physical compound of ZnO and GO, and (5) 1 wt.% chemical compound of ZnO and GO. The antibacterial properties of composite resin discs were evaluated by direct contact test. Data were analyzed using a one‑way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests (P = 0.05).

Streptococcus mutans colony counting in the first 24 h showed the least growth rate in the chemical compound group (2.2 × 105 ). However, in 7 days, the least colony number was observed in the GO group (2 × 103 ). Moreover, the physical compound showed the least bacterial adhesion.

Adding GO alone to composites, compared to adding ZnO or physical and chemical compounds of GO‑ZnO, was more helpful to increase the antimicrobial characteristics.

Etching the internal surface of ceramic restorations with hydrofluoric (HF) acid and silane is a well-accepted technique to enhance the bond strength. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of concentration of hydrofluoric acid and etching time on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramics in 2021.

This in vitro study was conducted on 8 Celtra-Duo ceramic blocks size 14 measuring 12×14×18 mm. Each ceramic block was divided into three equal pieces by a cutting machine to obtain a total of 24 specimens. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups for etching with 5% and 10% HF acid for 30, 60, and120 seconds. Silane (Clearfil porcelain activator) and bonding agent (Clearfil SE Bond) were applied to the etched specimens. Panavia F2 resin cement was applied on the surfaces and light-cured. The mTBS of resin cement to porcelain was measured by a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Data were analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA (P<0.05).

The mean mTBS of Celtra-Duo ceramics subjected to etching for 30, 60, and 120 seconds was not significantly different in the use of 5% and 10% HF acid concentrations (P>0.05). Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of HF acid concentration and etching time, and their interaction effect were not significant on µTBS of CAD/CAM Celtra-Duo ceramics (P>0.05). The mode of failure was dominantly adhesive in both concentrations of 5% and 10% HF acid. No mixed failure occurred in both concentrations. 

Considering the non-significant difference in µTBS of ceramics subjected to different concentrations of HF acid for different times, the application of HF acid with lower concentration for a shorter period is recommended to prevent possible adverse effects on ceramic strength.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of two types of composite substructures with Vita Mark II ceramics by resin cement.

Sixty-four substructure specimens were molded from two dual-cure composites Core.it and Build-it, equally, and cured by LED light. The specimens of each group were randomly divided into 4 subgroups (n=8) treated by one of HF acid 10%, air abrasion, Er: YAG laser, and one group without any treatment (control group), and then the specimens of each group were bonded to Vita Mark II CAD/CAM ceramic blocks using two Duo-Link and Panavia F 2.0 resin (n=4 and 20 slice in any group). Each final specimen was thermocycled between 5 °C and 55 °C for 2500 cycles and then cut by a slow speed saw to obtain 5 sticks with cross-section dimensions of about 1×1 mm². The µTBS test was done at a speed of 0.5 mm/min by Universal Testing Machine. The fracture pattern was then determined using a stereomicroscope. Statistical differences between groups were determined by one-way ANOVA using Tukeychr('39')s multiple comparison tests.

Among all 16 groups, the highest µTBS was observed in the group with Core.it substructure composite and Duo-link resin cement without any surface treatment and after that in the second step in build-it substructure composite group and Panavia resin cement without surface treatment. The most common fracture pattern in all groups was cohesive in resin cement (P value<0.05).

According to this study, composite substructure surface treatment by hydrofloridric acid, laser and air abrasion reduced µTBS between substructure- ceramic and so  is not recommended.

This study aimed to assess the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles mouthwash on oral mucosa, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) count in the saliva of rats, and human enamel surface microhardness, in comparison with fluoride mouthwash.

This study was conducted in two phases namely an animal study, and an in vitro experimental study. GO mouthwash (0.005%), sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash (0.05%), and a combination of both (0.05% NaF-0.005% GO) were prepared. The oral cavity of 36 rats was inoculated with S. mutans, and they were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the type of mouthwash. The control group received saline mouthwash. Fourteen days after using the mouthwashes, all rats were sacrificed, and the salivary S. mutans count was measured. The buccal and tongue mucosa were also histologically examined for the type and severity of inflammation, number of blood vessels, epithelial thickness, and epithelial keratinization. For microhardness testing, 40 sound extracted human premolars were randomly assigned to four groups (n=10) of culture medium with S. mutans and different mouthwashes. The enamel microhardness was measured at 7 and 14 days, and compared with the baseline value.

The mean S. mutans count in the saliva of rats in GO and NaF-GO groups was significantly lower than that in other groups (p<0.001). Enamel microhardness in NaF and NaF-GO groups significantly increased at 7 and 14 days, compared with baseline.

Addition of GO nanoparticles improved the antibacterial properties without causing adverse mucosal effects such as ulceration, acute inflammation or atrophy of the epithelium of the oral mucosa, but had no effect on surface hardness of the enamel.

Today, chitosan has a wide usage in Dentistry. Due to its penetration into tooth tissues, inhibition of the acid penetration and anti-demineralization capabilities, chitosan may interfere with the etching mechanism in the bonding restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan with different concentrations and molecular weight on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite to deciduous teethchr('39')s enamel.

In this in vitro trial, 50 deciduous anterior human maxillary teeth, which extracted because of orthodontic treatment plan, were selected and divide evenly between groups. In the control specimens, Filtek Z250 composite were packed on buccal teeth surfaces after using self-etch primer  single bond universal and light-cured. In four next groups the teeth were immersed into chitosan solution with low and high molecular weights and 5 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml concentrations for 60 seconds and restored with composite as control groups. The SBS of composite to the teeth enamel were determined with Universal testing machine. Data was analyzed by SPSS-18 software using one-way ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered significant.  

The SBS to enamel in the control specimens were 20.98 ± 6.31 MPa. The values were 17.92 ± 7.25, 16.02 ± 6.03, 13.26 ± 5.18 and 17.67 ± 8.95 MPa in the pretreatment with low molecular weight chitosan in 2.5 mg/ml , low molecular weight chitosan in 5 mg/ml , high molecular weight chitosan in 2.5 mg/ml and high molecular weight chitosan with 5 mg/ml concentrations respectively. No significant differences were found regarding SBS between groups. (P>0.05)

Despite a slight reduction in SBS of the composite to the enamel of the treated compare to control, use of chitosan in different concentration and molecular weight did not interfere with the SBS of composite to the enamel of deciduous teeth.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration and etching time on the surface roughness (SR) and three-point flexural strength of Suprinity and to analyze the surface elements before and after etching.

To measure the SR, 70 specimens of Suprinity (2×4×5mm3) were assigned to seven groups (n=10). Six groups were etched for 20, 60, and 120 seconds with 5% and 10% HF and 7th group was the control group. Specimens were evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). One specimen from each group was used to analyze the surface elements using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For measuring the three-point flexural strength, 60 specimens were divided into six groups (n=10) and etched as previously described. The flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine. T-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analyses (P<0.05).

The 10% concentration of HF caused higher SR compared to the 5% HF. The effect of HF concentration on the flexural strength was significantly different in the 20- and 60-second etching groups. Different etching times had no significantly different effect on the SR. With 5% HF, the flexural strength was significantly higher for 20-second etching time than for the etching times of 60 and 120 seconds. With 10% HF, there was a significant difference in flexural strength between etching times of 20 and 120 seconds. 

The best surface etching protocol comprises 10% HF used for 20 seconds.

 Dental ceramics are considered as materials that can restore the appearance of natural teeth. Etching the inner surface of a ceramic restoration with hydrofluoric acid (HF) followed by using a silane coupling agent is a well-known and recommended method to increase the bond strength. The aim of etching on ceramic structure is to enhance the surface roughness (Ra) and energy and to cleanse the bonding area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different HF concentrations and etching times on the Ra of IPS e.max CADTM and Vita mark IITM.

 Two HF concentrations (5% and 10%) and three etching times (20, 60 and 120 seconds) were evaluated. Etched patterns were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Ra was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface element analysis was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Data were analyzed on SPSS 20 using ANOVA and T-test.

 The Ra had no significant difference among various Vita mark IITM specimens (P=0.973). Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% HF, the AFM results showed that 20-s etching time had the lowest Ra and among those etched with 10% HF and 120-s etching time had the most Ra. In IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with acid for 20 s, a significant difference was observed in Ra of 5% and 10% acid concentrations (5% HF lower than 10% HF) (p=0.012).

  Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% and 10% HF, increasing the etching time lead to higher Ra. For both IPS e.maxTM and Vita mark IITM, 20-s etching with 5% HF provides acceptable Ra for the bond.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the addition of sodium fluoride to fifth-generation adhesive (Solobond M) on the degree of microleakage and type I collagen content of dentin.

The present in vitro study was conducted on 120 orthodontically extracted human premolars devoid of decay and anatomical defects. Two series of 20 premolars were selected to test immunohistochemistry (IHC) and two series of 40 premolars to evaluate microleakage in two time points of 24 hours and 3 months. In both tests and at both time points, the tests were performed on the samples divided  into four groups: 1-control (only Solobond M), 2-bonding group (Solobond M) containing fluoride, 3-bonding group (Solobond M) containing Chlorhexidine (CHX) after acid etching, and 4-bonding group (Solobond M) containing fluoride+CHX after acid etching.

The IHC score at 24 hours and 3 months was significantly higher in the CHX, Fluoride, and Fluoride+CHX groups compared to the control group. The IHC score in the CHX+fluoride group was higher than that in the CHX group (p=0.04). The degree of microleakage at 24 hours and 3 months was significantly lower in the Fluoride+CHX and Fluoride groups compared to the control group. The degree of microleakage in the Fluoride group was lower than in the CHX group. The IHC score and the microleakage degree had no significant difference in 24 hours and 3 months between the Fluoride+CHX, Fluoride and CHX groups.

It seems that the effect of fluoride on non-degradation of collagen is greater than that of the CHX.

Bleaching may affect the bond strength of existing composite fillings and may weaken it. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the best method of in‑office bleaching with the least effect on microshear bond strength (MSBS) of existing composite resin fillings to tooth structure. In this in vitro study, Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of 50 extracted third human sound molars. The cavities in 25 teeth had enamel axial walls, Group E, which were divided into five subgroups of E1 through E5 and in 25 teeth had dentin axial walls, Group D, which were divided into five subgroups of D1 through D5. Cavities were treated with Single Bond 2 adhesive system and restored with composite resin (Z250). The corresponding subgroups received similar bleaching methods and materials; 1 – not bleached, 2 – hydrogen peroxide (HP) 25%, 3 – HP + ultraviolet light, 4 – HP + light‑emitting diode‑curing device, and 5 – HP + diode laser. Teeth colors were monitored before and after bleaching, and MSBS test and failure modes were examined. Results were analyzed with one‑way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests P < 0.05 was considered significant. One‑way ANOVA did not show differences in MSBS of enamel subgroups but showed significant differences in dentin subgroups (P < 0.00). Adhesive fracture in all of the subgroups was the most frequent mode of failure. Kruskal–Wallis test showed that laser was the most effective instrument to change ΔE. Diode laser was the best method for tooth bleaching because lowering the shear bond strength between composite resin and enamel was minimum and also had the most ΔE in tooth bleaching.

The aim of this study was to compare the micro-shear bond strength of composite resin on superficial and deep dentin after conditioning with phosphoric acid and Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser.
Thirty human molars were selected, roots were removed and crowns were bisected to provide a total of 60 half-crowns. Specimens were ground to expose superficial and deep dentin. Samples were assigned to six groups: (1) AS (acid etching of superficial dentin); (2) AD (acid etching of deep dentin); (3) LS (Er:YAG laser irradiation on superficial dentin); (4) LD (Er:YAG laser irradiation on deep dentin); (5) LAS (Er:YAG laser irradiation on superficial dentin followed by acid etching); (6) LAD (Er:YAG laser irradiation on deep dentin followed by acid etching) The adhesive protocol was performed. Samples were thermocycled and micro-shear bond strength was tested to failure. The data were submitted to statistical analysis with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test.
The AS group, demonstrated the greatest amount of micro-shear bond strength. Statistical analysis showed a decrease in bond strength in laser-treated groups which was more significant for deep dentin.
Preparation of dentin with laser did not improve bonding to superficial and deep dentin.