فهرست مطالب hosein sharifi taraz koohi

The connection between terrorism and drug trafficking, which is called narco-terrorism in contemporary research literature, creates many more destructive effects than each of its components. Although the international legal system has formulated a powerful legal method to deal with these two phenomena, in practice, these two phenomena are more connected than in the past, and the international community has witnessed the emergence of combined terrorist-narcotics groups. The main goal of the current research is to deal with the role of drug trafficking in the spread of international terrorism.

The current research is applied in terms of type and based on the purpose, it is descriptive-analytical, and the subject has been investigated by referring to various sources, including related researches and studying legal documents, and by using a phishing tool.

Although the financing of terrorism is the main function of drug trafficking in the spread of international terrorism; However, drugs contribute to the growth of terrorism from other aspects, such as providing services and support needs, weakening and destabilizing society, recruiting members, gaining popular legitimacy, and helping to incite members to carry out suicide operations.

Considering the multiple functions of drug trafficking in the spread of terrorism, it is necessary for governments to prioritize breaking the link between terrorism and drug trafficking while fully complying with national and international legal requirements against terrorism and drugs. And with cooperation and exchange of information, take steps in this direction under the leadership of the United Nations.

Human security means the conditions under which the vital and fundamental nucleus of all human lives is protected and protected. In this view, the theory is emphasized that in security studies, humans should take precedence over governments and, in addition to military threats, civilian threats should also be seen. This doctrine, in the broadest sense of the word "liberation from need" and "liberation from fear" and living with dignity, is divisible into a minimalist and a maximalist school because there is no universally accepted definition of it. The present article examines the impact of human security on the evolution of police duties and powers, emphasizing the maximalism of human security (environmental, economic, food, and health security), which states that governments must live up to their security responsibilities (protection of borders and deterrence). From foreign aggression), pay attention to other responsibilities such as health, welfare and living standards of citizens. This research is descriptive-analytical and has been written using library resources. According to the research findings, since according to the law, the establishment of order and security and the provision of public and private comfort, are among the main missions, it can be said that insecurities in these areas directly or indirectly affect the duties and powers of the police.

There are various connections between terrorist organizations and criminal groups. Among organized crime, the involvement of terrorist groups in drug trafficking has become increasingly widespread. "Narcoterrorism" or "drug-related terrorism" is a clear manifestation of the link between terrorism and transnational organized crime, which is reflected in two main concepts: Direct involvement of terrorists in the drug trade to finance their activities as well as the use of terrorist methods by drug trafficking organizations to facilitate the drug trade. Although the relationship and interaction between these two phenomena has been recognized globally, but the forms and nature of this interaction due to its ambiguity and complexity, has always been debated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the combination of terrorism and drug trafficking in a single phenomenon called narcoterrorism. It also provides an answer to the question of what is the link between these two global threats and, from the perspective of international law, what steps have been taken to combat this link. The findings of this study show that drug trafficking has become the most important source of funding for terrorist groups in the world. And as long as there is widespread supply and demand for drugs on a global scale, the fight against narcoterrorist threats will not be successful. In addition, the lack of a comprehensive and binding global legal document has made counter-terrorism a problem. The present study is descriptive in nature and method and it is analytical and in terms of type, it is fundamental and the information contained in the research has been collected in a library method.

Human security means the conditions under which the vital core of human life is protected. In this view, although the government has an important role to provide security, it should be seen as a means to provide it, not a matter or a source of security.This doctrine in the broadest sense means freedom from need and freedom from fear and living with dignity, since there's no accepted definition of it, it can be divided into minimalist and maximalist schools.The purpose of this article is to examine the duties and authority of NAJA with an emphasis on the minimalist of human security,which believes that lasting stability isn't achieved ,unless people are protected against violent threats to their rights,security or lives.Regarding the mentioned issues, the present study aims to answer the question"What are the responsibilities of the IRI police in achieving personal,political and social security?"It has been written with a descriptive-analytical approach,using the library method. According to the research 'findings, based on law, establishing order and security, providing public and personal comfort is one of the main missions of NAJA. Hence, the threats posed in the security components based on freedom from fear, directly, indirectly , follow its duties .It should be noted that the performance of police in achieving these security areas, due, is not satisfactory and goes far from the Philosophy of Existence of NAJA and the goals of human security, which is to maintain the security of human and human dignity.The change in the duties and powers of NAJA isn't a matter of choice,it's an inevitable necessity,That the most important of it’s effects will be the guarantee and promotion of the citizenship rights, increasing the public trust in the police ,intensification of the community centered police,establishing more discipline and security and increasing the legitimacy and acceptability of the system.

Citizenship rights are considered as a social status in the attitude towards civil society. In order to achieve the goals of citizenship rights, in addition to the general will of society and all citizens, the will of government officials and institutions on economy, culture and politics and implement existing laws, is needed. Therefore, one of the components of achieving the goals of citizenship rights is the creation of e-government. E-government is considered as one of the most important goals and aspirations resulting from information technology, improving efficiency at the national, regional and local levels of the public sector and facilitating the provision of services to the people, reducing costs, and can provide economic, social, cultural and political development. Therefore, e-government is recognized as one of the top priorities of governments around the world.

The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and using library resources.

In order to achieve the goals of citizenship rights and facilitate the provision of services to citizens, the establishment of e-government is a great importance. On the other hand, in order to achieve the goals of citizenship rights, just, as the obedience of citizens is important in practice, citizens must also participate in governance. It is in this context that citizenship rights are accepted and recognized.

The issues related to ethics in this research and fidelity in quoting the texts and references of the article have been fully observed.

E-government is effective in the realization of citizenship rights and the implementation of good governance indicators through components such as freedom of information, participation and oversight. E-government has the potential to improve the way the government works internally and how it provides services to citizens. E-government has many benefits in the realization of citizenship rights, some of which require regular planning. so it is important to conduct extensive and detailed research on the obstacles that e-government faces in the realization of citizenship rights.

The incrasing trend of globalization in arena of economy and trade that has been led to creation of the WTO as the principal organization responsible to managing the international multilateral trade regime has been a source of different repercussions on the lives of every body in international levels and hundreds of millions people who have been deprivied of fundamental human rights in international human rights instruments as "rights" have been recognized,from one side,the human rights that have been codified under the international law created the commitments and the responsibilitis for states or governments have numerated the obligations for international organizations. Considering of practice and performance of this organization what is contemplated and what emerged is "mismatch" of WTO,s procedures with international human rights standards.This issue is verifiable particularly in reviewing of the agreements and the decisions of the dispute settlement authorities , as well as policies and its adoption by the it,s organs and theire confliction with international human rights standards would be proven.

The issue of judicial supervision over the Security Council has two different, but interrelated aspects. First of all, the “necessity” of such supervision should be discussed. The present article assumes that the Security Council should be committed to the principles of international law, the goals of the United Nations, sovereign rights of member states, fundamental human rights guarantees, as well as the basic structure for the division of powers among various organs of the UN. Then it studies the Security Council’s procedure to show that this institution has been frequently found in violation of the aforesaid legal bounds. Security Council’s inattention to the limits of its powers can cast doubts on credibility of the entire UN system. It has been also shown that the “necessity” of judicial supervision can be proven on the basis of the requirements of the “rule of law.” Another aspect of this issue is the “possibility” of judicial supervision in view of the current state of international law. The present paper has shown that although the Charter of the United Nations has remained silent on this issue, it can be confirmed if final goals of this document are taken as basis for its interpretation.

Security of space activities is threatened by space debris. Current rules now governing human exploration in outer space, while having no efficiency in clarifying guidelines for preventing the increase of space debris; need to be changed and more flexible. On the other hand, some special terms such as "Space Objects" and "Space debris" should be defined more detailed and need to be clarified in international space law sources.