فهرست مطالب hossein salimibajestani

The phenomenon of child and youth labor is a multifaceted challenge encompassing biological, psychological, and social dimensions, and it has emerged as a significant concern in various countries, including Iran. However, the predominant research has often approached this issue from a social work perspective, focusing on description and pathology. There has been a notable absence of studies addressing the empowerment of this demographic to navigate and overcome challenging environmental circumstances. Given the expanding population and the substantial personal and social challenges faced by working children and adolescents, it becomes apparent that conducting research in this area could contribute to the empowerment of these individuals.

The present study aimed to present the model of human as an agent based on the lived experiences of youth labore.

This study employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing the grounded theory method. The research focused on purposefully selecting 15 successful youth laborers residing in Tehran in 2023. Participants were chosen through referrals from Toloe Bi neshanha Center, Mehr and Mah Institute, and Al Yassin Assistance Clinic. After obtaining their consent and willingness to participate in the research, they became part of the study. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method.

The analysis of the interview data was generally categorized into seven axes: internal strength, chaotic environmental conditions, support system, learning experiences, humanistic strategies, positive and active design of life, and comprehensive and integrated growth, and finally, the conceptual model of the human as an agent based on the codes was drawn.

The obtained results, in addition to increasing insight into the components of the human as an agent model and the factors behind its creation, can be used as a basis for further research and the design of educational and therapeutic programs aimed at improving the psychological capabilities of youth laborers.

School counseling plays a vital role in training the future generation of the country. Thus, there is a need to create a framework and clarify the roles and functions of school counseling programs. To this end, the present study aimed to develop a professional school counseling model in Iran using the qualitative content analysis method. First, upstream documents (Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) and national curricula) and specialized school counseling texts were analyzed and the underlying themes were extracted. Afterward, the data from the interviews with school counseling experts (school counselors and experts) were analyzed. The analysis of the data revealed 180 subthemes, 59 main themes, and 21 core themes that were used to develop a school counseling model with four components: foundations, management, services, and accountability. The foundations of the model have two key aspects (belief and prospect). The belief component refers to fundamental beliefs of education and prospect reflects an image of the ideal future. Moreover, management involves three key aspects (planning, administration, and interactions). Planning specifies how the program is designed and executed. Administration addresses the needs and procedures used for implementing programs. Interactions refer to the position of programs and the systematic promotion of education. In addition, services encompass two key aspects (inclusiveness and strategy). Inclusiveness refers to the coverage of school counseling services and the strategy specifies the procedures for delivering school counseling services. Finally, accountability involves two key aspects (evaluation and promotion). Evaluation involves measuring school counseling services, factors promoting school counselors’ competencies, and the requirements for acquiring such competencies. The professional school counseling model tries to create a comprehensive and systematic framework for school counseling activities by using scientific and culture-based theories to contribute to developing academic, occupational, personal-social, and religious-ethical competencies of future generations.

The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of school refusal and the components contribute to develop it and to present a conceptual model of school refusal for of elementary school students. This research data was collected and analyzed through qualitative approach and grounded theory. The study population included all the parents, educators and specialist of school refusal in the year of 2018-2019. In pursuit of this goal, 7 child Specialist and 10 parents and educators of student with school refusal meeting the criteria to enter the research were chosen according to the targeted sampling. After semi-structured in-depth interviews was conducted, the obtained findings were as follows: in the characteristics section, a main category and 7 subcategories were obtained. Also, in the section of effective components, 12 subcategories and finally 4 categories was extracted. After comparing the data obtained from the three groups of interviewees, we tried to design a conceptual model.As school refusal behavior in many cases in the coming years will lead to antisocial behavior and eventually dropping out of school, provide a conceptual model of school refusal behavior in schools, cultural and counseling centers in order to identify this phenomenon better is suggested to use therapeutic methods and prevent the occurrence of several disorders at the same time.

Transmitted guilt is a phenomenon that is observed in all family interactions about the roles and tasks defined in the family context and the communication dynamics of parent-child relationships, but its pervasive state causes maladaptive emotional and behavioral patterns.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate children's perceptions of guilt transmitted from parents.

The present study was methodologically qualitative, using grounded theory and targeted and accessible sampling. The study population consisted of girls in the sixties in the winter of 1398 in Tehran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and used the grounded theory (GT) method to analyze the data. The analysis of the interview data was generally categorized into three axes: how to perceive the guilt transmitted from parents, the grounds for creating the guilt transmitted from parents, and the mechanisms for reducing the guilt transmitted from parents.

The analysis of the interview data was generally categorized into three axes: how to perceive the guilt transmitted from parents, the grounds for creating the guilt transmitted from parents, and the mechanisms for reducing the guilt transmitted from parents. The results of open, axial, and selective coding showed that the perception of guilt includes annoying emotions, maladaptive cognitions, and ineffective action. Individual, familial, and contextual factors play a role in creating a feeling of guilt, and mechanisms to decrease feelings of guilt include insight, compensation, and cut-off.

In addition to increasing the insight into the phenomenon of guilt transmitted from parents and the grounds of its creation, the results can be underlying for further research as well as the designing of educational and therapeutic programs to ease and improve parent-child relationships.

It is essential to identify factors that can prevent or reduce high-risk behaviors; therefore, the present study aimed to study effective factors related to school in high-risk behaviors of adolescents in Qazvin.

The research method was qualitative along with conventional content analysis. The statistical population of the study included healthy adolescents exposed to high-risk behaviors and experts (psychologists, counselors and sociologists) in Qazvin in the first six months of 2021. 10 experts were selected by snowball sampling method and 32 adolescents were selected by purposive sampling method. Semi-organized interviews were used to collect data. Theme analysis technique was used to analyze the data.

Based on the results of the study of school risk factors in the tendency to adolescents' risky behaviors, sub-themes of school security status, school context, poor support resources at school, school location, inappropriate social atmosphere, inappropriate role models and inappropriate educational programs in school were derived.

Based on the lived experience of adolescents and professionals, a set of school related factors are involved with high-risk adolescent behavior. Therefore, the results require more attention of counselors, teachers and officials of institutions related to education in this field.

The breast is a sensitive organ for women. In addition to pain, breast cancer can cause many psychological problems for the patient. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of gestalt therapy (GT) alone and combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) [GT-CBT] on the hope and pain intensity of women with breast cancer.

This quasi-experimental study had a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Out of 96 available patients with breast cancer who were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital Cancer Clinic in Tehran, Iran, 60 cases were selected based on the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to the control (n=20), GT (n=20), and GT-CBT (n=20) groups. Patients in the intervention groups received weekly online sessions (90 minutes) of GT or GT-CBT during eight weeks of training using the Zoom app. The data were collected through the miller hope scale (MHS) and hayes & peterson visual analog scale (VAS) and analyzed using descriptive (Mean±SD) and inferential (analysis of covariance) statistics by SPSS software version 20. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The results indicated that both GT and GT-CBT significantly increased hope and decreased pain intensity scores (eta=0.73, F(51, 2)=70.06, P<0.001). GT-CBT showed significantly higher effectiveness than GT (P<0.05).

According to the results, it is suggested to use integrated methods, such as GT-CBT to enhance hope and manage the pain intensity of patients with breast cancer.

The aim of this study was to identify the components of smoking tendency in youth from the perspective of addiction and smoking experts.

in this study, a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method were used. Participants included experts in the fields of addictions and smoking and smokers (therapists, researchers, professors and teachers) in 1399 who were selected using purposive sampling. Sampling was done using interview tools (semi-structured) in order to receive the data until the saturation point and then the collected information was analyzed by coding method (main and secondary).

The analysis of the research findings led to the extraction of 85 primary concepts, 38 subcategories and 15 main categories, according to which, the main categories of smoking tendency in youth were: 1. The effective role of relatives in consumption, 2. Inefficient atmosphere of the family predisposing to consumption, 3. Motivation of peer groups in consumption, 4. Media coverage of smoking, 5. Influence of famous personalities, 6. Facilitating society in consumption, 7. Favorable consumption conditions in public recreation area, 8. Easy access to cigarettes, 9. Cognitive distortions about smoking, 10. Inefficient psychological causes, 11. Reverse reaction to superficial inhibitors in consumption, 12. Weak adaptive skills, 13. Consideration of behavioral attractiveness, 14. Media’s superficial portrayal of the harms of consumption, and 15. Recreational consumption. Finally, the combination of the main categories led to the extraction of two core themes, including the interpersonal components, the extra-personal component, and the intrapersonal components of the tendency to smoke in youth.

The present study showed that youth are affected by interpersonal and extra-personal factors such as the media, family, society and the atmosphere of peers with common interests or intrapersonal dimensions like psychological disorders, famous characters in movies, or skill weaknesses are more likely to tend to smoke and continue smoking.

Suicidal ideation is destructive thoughts among students which can pave the way for suicide attempts. This study aimed to extract a psychological model for the formation of suicidal ideation as social harm among students. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach based on the grounded theory.

 The participants were 17 students who were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling from among students with suicidal ideation or a history of a suicide attempts. The participants were interviewed and all interviews were recorded, transcribed, and finally analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s systematic analysis.

 The results showed that the core theme of the model of the formation of suicidal ideation was a failure to improve living conditions and the intensified perception of unpleasant experiences. Pessimism about life and the future, demotivation, and extreme helplessness were the three factors accounting for suicidal ideation.The interfering factors identified in this study were cognitive and behavioral self-destruction, believing life to be uncontrollable, and emotional impulsivity. Furthermore, the reactions to the core theme were meaninglessness of life, loneliness, deep isolation, and existential anxiety. The outcomes identified in this study were four main categories of liberation from life, attachment to death, planning the manner of death, and carrying out the decision to commit suicide. 

Gaining insight into the cycle of formation of suicidal ideation, especially into the interfering and underlying factors in the formation of the core theme can contribute to developing and implementing educational, preventive, and constructive treatment programs to address these factors that facilitate suicidal ideation.

The purpose of the present study was to compare theeffectiveness of affect phobia therapy and emotion focusedtherapy on emotional inhibition of women with low maritalsatisfaction .

The current research is part of thesemi-experimental designs with pre-test, post-test, follow-upwith three groups. The statistical population of the presentstudy was made up of women with marital problems whoreferred to counseling centers in Tehran in 2021. For the firstsampling, an interview and a marital satisfaction questionnairewere conducted with volunteers who were introduced by thecounseling center as a screening test. After stating theobjectives and implementation process of the research andchecking the entry conditions, 45 people were randomlyselected from among the eligible women and randomlyassigned to two experimental groups (15 people in each group)and a control group (15 people). The research tools includedBakker et al.'s Emotional Inhibition Questionnaire (2007). Thedata of the research were analyzed using repeated measureanalysis of variance .

The results of data analysis showed that emotionfocused therapy and affect phobia therapy had a significanteffect on emotional inhibition in women with marital problemscompared to the control group .

Also, the reduction rate in the group based onemotion-ori focused therapy in the suppression component inthe variable of emotional inhibition was higher than in thegroup of affect phobia therapy.

Breast cancer, as the most common prevalent cancer in Iran, is associated with severe psychological consequences. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with an integrated package of Gestalt Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (GT-CBT) on the self-efficacy of women with breast cancer.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test design and a control group. Sixty patients with breast cancer referred to the Cancer Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran City, Iran, were recruited through a convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to the control (n=20), CBT (n=20), and GT-CBT (n=20) groups. The study data were collected by the Sherer self-efficacy scale and analyzed using descriptive (Mean±SD) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]) in SPSS software, v. 20.

The results indicated that both CBT and GT-CBT have significantly increased the subjects’ self-efficacy (Eta=0.73, F51, 2=70.60, P<0.001). Post hoc test indicated that GT-CBT is more effective than CBT (P<0.05).

The effectiveness of GT-CBT on the subjects’ self-efficacy was higher than CBT. Therefore, it is suggested to use integrated methods such as GT-CBT to enhance the self-efficacy of patients with breast cancer.

Resilience is one of the most important property that helps families past the problems and crisis with satisfaction and wellbeing. The aim of this research was to explore the elements of family resilience pattern in Iranian families based upon their experiences. Qualitative method was used to conduct the study and data were collected by using purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews. The sample of this study was 10 resilient families and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD_RISC) was applied for sampling. The data were analyzed by using grounded theory method (Strauss and Corbin approach). Findings indicated that among resilient families, adaptation with realities of existence was the core category of the study. The causal condition of the study was belief system, and communicational and adaptive strategies were the main strategies of pattern. The context of model was history of family, family culture, and accessibility to social support resources. By review of five specialists, validation of the pattern was investigated. According to the findings, resilient families have efficient beliefs that is consistent with realities, and create supportive family space in which problem solving and adaptation with challenges occurs.

Cigarette smoking has challenged the security and social context of youth, health and public health. On the other hand, the negligent view of smoking has pushed the society more towards the normalization of smoking and the youth are attracted to it more and more every day. The aim of this study is to study the etiology of the tendency to smoke by looking at the life experiences of young smokers.

This qualitative study was conducted in Tehran in 2020, using a phenomenological method and semi-structured interviews with 14 young people aged 20 to 35 years who were smoking daily and continuously. Participants were selected using purposive sampling method. Sampling continued until the saturation stage and then the collected data were analyzed by coding method.

Analyzing the participants' experiences led to the identification of 113 primary codes, 19 sub-categories, 8 subclasses and finally 2 main categories. The subclasses included cognitive falsification of the effects of smoking, smoking to reduce psychological problems, smoking to compensate for the feeling of inferiority, desire to smoke when in low spirits, feeling different when smoking, desire to smoke in response to art-induced emotions, easy access to cigarettes and the adverse effect of negative advertising. The main classes consisted of intrapersonal, extrapersonal interpersonal components of the endency to smoke in youth.

Examining the lived experiences of young people in smoking causes a deeper understanding of the components of smoking and consequently leads to a better and faster understanding of other young people of these experiences.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a causal model of students' tendency to addiction based on differentiation through alexithymia and responsibility. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study included all undergraduate students of Azad University units in Tehran in the academic year of 2018-19. Cluster sampling was used to select the sample under study, with 350 students being selected as the sample group. Research instruments included the the Wade and Butcher Addiction Scale (1992), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (1994), the Scorn and Friedlander Differentiation Scale (1998), Nemati Responsibility Scale (1387). They were. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation, tilting and elongation) and inferential (structural equation modeling) methods were used for data analysis using SPSS and Amos software. The results of the measurement model analysis showed that the factor structure of the research scales was acceptable. The results of the conceptual model test indicated that the fit indices of the research model were in good condition. The hypothesis regarding the indirect effect of differentiation on students' tendency to addiction through alexithymia and responsibility was confirmed (p <0.05). The findings of the study indicated that the conceptual model of the research was appropriate. Accordingly, in addiction treatment clinics, attention to antidepressant antecedents and differentiation is necessary to reduce the level of tendency to addiction. . Subsequent results of the study showed that the hypothesis regarding the indirect effect of differentiation on students' addiction tendency mediated by emotional malaise and responsibility was rejected by 95%.

The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive model of academic guidance for students based on a developmental approach with a qualitative method and thematic analysis. First, the contents of the texts of the fundamental change document, the theoretical foundations of the fundamental change and the national curriculum, and then the specialized texts of school guidance and counseling, and developmental, were analyzed and extracted.Then, the topics of interviews with experts in the field of educational guidance and school counselors were obtained. Out of a total of 986 sub-categories and141 main-categories obtained from the coding of documents, texts and interviews, 21 core themes were obtained that formed the main axes of the model. Core themes into 4 pillars; Foundation, Delivery and content, management and administration, and accountability were categorized. In the Foundation; have 4 main axes (human relationship with existence, human Development and excellence, human identity, human capabilities and capacities) and requirements and necessities have 2 main axes (organizational and guiding). The pillar of delivery and content has 5 main axes in competencies (educational, professional, personal, social and religious knowledge).The management and administration pillar has 3 main axes (family, counselors and school agents) in components and pillars and has 2 main axes (academic / job planning and facilitation) in the indicators of implementation and management. The pillar of accountability also has 2 main axes (post-school and positionalism) in terms of results and 4 main axes (integrated and growth-oriented evaluation, needs assessment and individual differences) in terms of accountability indicators.

Infidelity is one of the most shocking phenomena in the relationship between couples and families and also one of the most common problems among couples who refer to couples therapists. Online betrayal, despite its differences, may have similarities to other forms of betrayal, and there is a challenge for clinicians in providing a single definition that covers both types of betrayal. Therapists agree that secrecy is a constant aspect of various types of infidelity, including cyber infidelity. For all societies, especially Iran as a cultural-religious and family-oriented country, is considered an alarm, the possibility of the impact of the Internet on increasing the prevalence of betrayal as a new context and tool with a large number of users. Studies have shown that online infidelity, like real-world infidelity, can lead to marital discord, separation, and even divorce. Infidelity of any kind damages the relationship and deprives couples of trust. In the case of online infidelity, where infidelity is usually committed at home, with a spouse, and by a device that has other positive uses, these harms may be even greater .The identification of these coping strategies has not been studied specifically in the case of cyber infidelity. arrives. Therefore, the present study addressed the main question: what are the behaviors that justify infidelity and in other words, the mechanisms for dealing with marital conflicts?

The methodology of this research was qualitative research and phenomenological approach. The inclusion criteria of the participants in the research were: 1) married, 2) cyberspace user, and 3) have experienced at least one online extramarital affair with a heterosexual during their married life. Sampling from the current research community, in which married cyberspace users were involved in cyber-betrayal, faced many difficulties due to its taboo nature and the possibility of hiding cyber-betrayal. Clients of professors and colleagues involved in cybercrime were reluctant to work with an anonymous interviewer for fear of disclosure. Clients who consulted a researcher as a victim of cybercrime were unable to satisfy the person involved in cybercrime, who was usually their spouse or parents. Finally, the researcher announced the subject of his research to friends and acquaintances that this method was effective. The first interview was conducted in this way and two other people were interviewed by snowball sampling. Seven samples were also discovered during one-on-one counseling sessions at a private counseling center who agreed to cooperate and record audio due to the trust placed in the counseling process. Therefore, sampling in this study was done by snowball and purposeful method. Subsequent sampling process was guided by the concepts obtained from the analysis of the initial interviews. The sample size was also determined by theoretical saturation. This means that after coding and defining the concepts after the tenth interview, no other data was added and the relationships between the concepts were established and explained. For more reassurance, two other people were interviewed. Therefore, interviews were conducted with 12 people involved in cyber betrayal. The instrument of the present study was a semi-structured in-depth interview. The duration of the interview ranged from 1 to 1.5. The interviews in this study were collected over a period of about 2 years. The interviews began with a general question about cybercrime and were followed by exploratory questions such as (can you explain more or can you explain what you mean? Explain more clearly?) Was used. Dickelman, Allen and Tanner interpretive analysis methods were used to analyze the data. After each interview, the audio file was translated into written text and transferred to Max-QDA software version 2020 and analyzed. The text of the interviews was read several times to give the researcher a general meaning of each interview. For each interview, a commentary summary was written in line with the purpose of understanding and extracting the hidden meanings.

In the present study, 12 men and women who were involved in cybercrime were interviewed to ensure data saturation. During the initial coding process, 84 initial codes were identified from the interview data. After examining the commonalities in different dimensions, the semantic units of these units were classified into 11 sub-themes. Finally, based on the observed internal relationships between the sub-themes, 2 main themes were created. 1-Intrapersonal justifiers: Some participants used cognitive confrontations to reduce their cognitive inconsistencies to justify their behavior. The following topics were: Self-deception - Self-righteousness - Irresponsible self-reassurance - Compensation of needs in an irresponsible way and overcoming desires and needs over value barriers - Elimination of internal barriers in chat - Experiencing addictive behaviors. 2- Interpersonal justifications: Internet infidelity is a behavior that some research participants choose to avoid or compensate for their problems with their spouse. Of course, an interpersonal sub-theme is also related to the relationship with a third party in interaction with cyberspace. The following are the topics: conflict avoidance, unhealthy problem solving, retaliation, and the experience of increasing intimacy in everyday chats.
For all societies, especially Iran as a cultural-religious and family-oriented country, is considered an alarm, the possibility of the impact of the Internet on increasing the prevalence of betrayal as a new context and tool with a large number of users. Studies have shown that online infidelity, like real-world infidelity, can lead to marital discord, separation, and even divorce.

Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that in line with the mechanisms of coping with marital conflicts, intrapersonal and interpersonal justifiers; Involvement strategies of individuals involved in Internet infidelity. Intrapersonal justifiers were in fact cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dysfunctions that participants used to justify Internet infidelity in order to reduce the cognitive dissonance created within them. The theme of interpersonal justifications is also one of the strategies to justify Internet infidelity, which reflects the dysfunctional behavioral and emotional confrontations that people adopt in the face of marital problems. There was also interpersonal justification found in this study. There seems to be a two-way relationship between some of the obtained themes and the phenomenon of cyber-betrayal. Some sub-themes, such as conflict avoidance, are sometimes a prerequisite for initiating cyber-betrayal and sometimes a consequence. For example, in some participants, avoiding conflict led to resorting to the Internet, while others avoided conflict after betraying the Internet. In some cases, the sub-themes had an interactive effect, for example, disabling chatting could increase everyday intimacy, or vice versa. Finally, given the Iranian cultural context, online betrayal seems to be an emerging harmful phenomenon that can It can cause harm to the individual, spouse and family and consequently social consequences. Therefore, studying this phenomenon can help reduce personal, family and social harms. This study faced limitations in its path, including the fact that due to the difficulty in finding the sample, it was not possible to separate gender and age intervenors, and the results of the study addressed a range of age and gender, so the possibility of comparing the two sexes and different age groups there was not. It is suggested that future studies focus on different age groups, a separate study of both sexes, and a simultaneous study of couples to gain a more comprehensive understanding of intrapersonal and interpersonal justification strategies for coping with marital conflict.

In recent years, simultaneously with the high incidence of psychological disorders, the worry about children’s mental health and its influence on their growth and functions has been increased. Children’s behavioral disorder plays an important role in this regard. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is known as the third prevalent childhood disorder. Since the management of destructive outcomes of ODD disorder can be considered as both treatment and prevention, specialists have placed particular emphasis on the assessment, diagnosis, and early treatment of this psychological disorder. The goal of the present study was to investigate and identify the moderating factors of ODD in children.

Methods and Materials:

 Research data was collected and analyzed through qualitative approach and grounded theory. The study population included all the parents of ODD children (aging 6-12) of pre and primary schools of Isfahan in the year of 2019. In pursuit of this goal, 12 parents meeting the criteria to enter the research were chosen according to the targeted convenience sampling with two questionnaires of Child Symptom Inventory, parent-form (Gadow and Sprafkin, 1994) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1972). Data analysis was conducted using Strauss & Corbin (1986).

The obtained findings were as follows: 73 primary codes through open coding, 5 subcategories through axial coding based on subject similarity, and finally 2 categories of parenting and non-parenting factors through selective coding.

A set of parenting and non-parenting factors plays a crucial role in moderating and managing children’s oppositional behaviors.

Various disorders and diseases threaten children. Diagnosis and early treatment of these diseases can guarantee the health of children, family and society. The problem is which factors contribute to develope Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) as one of the most prevalent childhood disorder.

The present study was a qualitative one to determine the contributing factors of ODD in children.

Research data was collected and analysed through qualitative approach and grounded theory. The study population included all the parents of ODD children (aging 6-12) of pre and primary schools of Isfahan in the year of 2019. In pursuit of this goal, 12 parents meeting the criteria to enter the research were chosen according to the targeted convenience sampling with two questionnaires of Child Symptom Inventory, parent-form (Gadow and Sprafkin,1994) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1972). Data analysis was conducted using Strauss & Corbin (1986).

The obtained findings were as follows: 157 primary codes through open coding, 13 subcategories through axial coding on the basis of subject similarity, and finally 3 categories of individual, interpersonal and external factors through selective coding.

A set of individual, interpersonal and external factors plays a crucial role in the interpretation of the onset and persistence of ODD and in its treatment as well.

Several factors including personality and social factors are effective on drug use. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prediction model of students' addiction potential based on distress tolerance and differentiation with the mediating role of alexithymia.

The research method was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all undergraduate students of Azad University branches in Tehran in the academic year of 2018-2019 (about 47000 students). Cluster sampling method was used to select the study sample. Thus, 350 students were selected as the sample group in the form of 15 classes. Research instruments included the Weed and Butcher’s Addiction Potential Scale (1992), the Toronto’s Alexithymia Scale (1994), the Skowron and Friedlander’s Differentiation of Self Scale (1998), and the Simmons & Gaher’s Distress Tolerance Scale (2005). Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis.

The results of the conceptual model test showed that the fit indices of the research were acceptable. Differentiation and distress tolerance had a direct effect on addiction potetnial (p <0.05). Also, the hypothesis regarding the indirect effect of differentiation on students' addiction potential through alexithymia was confirmed (p <0.05). Alexithymia had a significant mediator role in the relationship between distress tolerance and addiction potential (p <0.05).

The findings of the study indicated the suitable fit of the conceptual model of research. Accordingly, in addiction therapy clinics, giving attention to predictors of distress tolerance and differentiation is necessary to reduce the level of addiction potential.

The purpose of this study was to determine The Components of loneliness in relation to friends in adolescent girls based on their lived experiences.

  This study is a qualitative and phenomenological study has been used to implement it. The sampling was targeted So that 135 UCLA Loneliness Scale was implemented on teenage girls with a mean age of 16 and 30 people who had high scores on the loneliness were selected as the study population. The main research tool was an interview and after 15 interviews and coded by using of Grounded theory, the data was reached to saturation point.

The components of loneliness in relation to friends in adolescent girls was respectively: 1) the feeling of not being accepted and not belonging to a group of friends 2) lack of comfort and having strict boundaries with friends 3) low quantity and quality of friendship 4) The importance of evaluating friends and peers 5) restricting factors in communication. The results of this study indicate that Cognitive biases related to adolescent cognitive development, as well as factors such as the inability to communicate effectively with friends and generally distrust, affects Re-affiliation Motive in adolescents, and leads to a more distance than friends and going to chronic loneliness.

 The goal of the present research is to determine the components of loneliness of teenage girls based on their lived experiences

the present research was a qualitative research and the phenomenological method was used to conduct it. The sampling was goal-oriented i.e. the UCLA loneliness questionnaires were completed by teenage girls whose average age was 16 of whom 30 people whose loneliness grades were above the cut-off point were selected as the research population. The main research tool was interviewing and the data were saturated after 15 interviews and coding using the grounded theory.

The findings of the present research showed that the components of loneliness of teenage girls based on their lived experiences appear in the following order: 1- Loneliness in the family, 2. Communicative/social loneliness, 3. Emotional/personal loneliness. Considering the results of the interview and the thorough investigation into the loneliness experiences of teenage girls, it seemed that they mostly suffered from loneliness in the family like the feelings of being dismissed, ignored, blamed and also the feeling of mistrust of them on the part of their families. They deeply felt in their relationships and social environments that their needs for a companion and supporter were not met, and they suffered from finding no common grounds with others; also, they were unable to forge relationships with others and felt lonely despite being surrounded by people. Also, they experienced some emotions such as mistrust of others, hopelessness and surrender to loneliness and they were unable to express their feelings.

Feeling lonely in the family constituted an important part of the loneliness of teenage girls after which the communicative/ social and emotional/ personal factors take precedence respectively. With regard to the fact that the present research has been conducted in the cultural context of Iran, it seems necessary to consider the above-mentioned components in the therapeutic interventions and educational programs to prevent or treat the loneliness of teenage girls.

This study was accomplished to predict mental health and its dimensions based on forgiveness and gender variables in the aging of Shahrekord. The study population comprised of aging in Shahrekord city, and a sample of 120 agings in Aftab, Khane Jahandidegan, and Farhikhtegan senior centers was selected with purposive sampling. , In this study, The World Health Organization Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and grudge questionnaire (created by Rashan) was performed on the sample group. Also, gender explored in data analysis. Correlation analysis showed that forgiveness had a significant and positive relationship with mental health, especially with depression. Also, multiple multivariate regression analysis showed that all four dimensions of mental health (physical health, anxiety, depression, and social performance) were predicted by forgiveness and just two dimensions of that (depression and physical health) could be predicted by gender. this study showed that variables like forgiveness and gender could predict mental health among agings.

The purpose of this study was to identify academic success and failure factors based on the lived experiences of successful students and students who were placed on academic probation. This study is a qualitative research using phenomenology method and purposive sampling. Twelve semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10 female and 2 male students who were placed on academic probation, and eight semi-structured interviews were carried out with 6 female and 2 male of students with an grade point average above 17. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and then, the data were analysed using the Colizzii analysis method. Regarding the academic success antecedent, 2 main areas of individual factors and social factors and the academic probation antecedent including individual, family,peer and educational factors were extracted from the analysis of data. Similarly, in comparing groups, 10 subthemes, but with different orientations, were obtained from analyses.These subtems are Previous academic performance, goals, interests, skills study, effort, hope, location control, compliance with the conditions, motivational impacts of friends and family circumstances, that can be considered by counselors in intervention programs.

Family changes significantly by childbirth, which requires the family system to reconstruct in all aspects of life. These changes may cause tremendous challenges to mothers especially for the newborn. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore primiparous mothers’ experiences (childbirth to one-year-old).
This descriptive phenomenological (Husserl) qualitative research explored the lived experiences of nine primiparous mothers (childbirth to one-year-old) through individual interviews. Data were collected, documented, coded and organized in main themes and subthemes.
Six main themes and seventeen subthemes emerged from data analysis (main themes include problems after childbirth, disturbing parents’ educational function, perceived emotions and excitements, perception of educational sources, perception of mother’s role process motivators, and perception of growth-nurture supports).
Exploring the lived experiences of primiparous mothers leads to a better understanding of their real needs and this can be used by care-planners and caregivers for providing better care to these mothers. Better planning and caring for primiparous mothers decreases their worries and helps them play their maternal role appropriately.

Youth period is very important in life. This is a time of fundamental decision-makings. These decision-makings have deep influence on life of young peoples. In this investigation, the instructional plan of self-management with emphasis on components of consciousess and choice is codificated and then it,s effectiveness on improvement in self-management of young peoples in Tehran is studied. In this research, the assumption is that instruction of instructional plan of self-management with emphasis on components of consciousness and choice is influential on self-management of such young peoples. This research was quasi-experimental with pre-post test and control group. The statistical population of this research consisted of all young peoples between 20-30years old living in areas of 1, 5, 12 and 17 of Tehran. The sample consisted of 32 young peoples. Constructed self-management questionnaire is used in this study. Covariance test has been used for the analysis of the aggregate data. The results showed that instructional plan of self-management has a meaningful influence on the self-management and self-efficacy of young peoples. Therefore this instructional plan can be effective on increase of self-management of young people.

Behavioral anomalies in the behavior of a person with social values are defined as the extent of the inconsistency. Since students are the future managers of community behavioral health Therefore, it seems necessary. The purpose of this research is to develop the student’s behavior anomalies Atlantic and central provinces of Hamedan.
This study is the objective, functional, and due to a combination of survey methods and causal comparative. Using a standard questionnaire forms Aachen Bach TRF and YSR were collected. The data in the field and independent groups’t-test was used in the content analysis of qualitative analysis.
The results showed that the prevalence of behavioral disorders in the Markazi and Hamadan provinces are different (t=13.42, P>0.0001). The results showed that the prevalence of behavioral disorders in boys and girls was not a significant difference (t=-1.50, P The prevalence of behavioral disorders in different groups according to sex, age and place of residence is different.