hossien izadirad

 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and anemia are significant disorders that occur during pregnancy, potentially leading to severe complications.

 This study explored the prevalence of urinary tract infections and anemia, along with their associated factors, among pregnant women.

 A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted with 700 pregnant women attending clinics in Khash, Iran, in 2022. A self-administered questionnaire collected data on the socio-demographic and clinical factors of these women. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test in SPSS software, version 22. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

 The prevalence rates of anemia and urinary tract infections were 63.6% (95% CI: 59.8 - 67.1) and 49% (95% CI: 45.2 - 52.7), respectively. Significant associations were observed between anemia and the number of medical care visits, smoking status, the use of iron and folic acid supplements, history of abortion, and thalassemia (P-value < 0.05). Additionally, income level, previous history of urinary tract infections, education level, and syphilis were significantly associated with UTIs among pregnant women (P-value < 0.05).

 The prevalence rates of anemia and UTIs among pregnant women are high. Consequently, standard antenatal care services, as recommended for the early identification of risk factors, should be emphasized by the Ministry of Health and its stakeholders to mitigate the high prevalence of anemia and UTIs during pregnancy and their associated complications.

Health literacy and preventive behaviors can be considered important factors in healthcare workers’ decisions and how they function in the health system to promote the health of society. Therefore, the present study determined the relationship between health literacy and Covid-19 preventive behaviors among healthcare workers in Sistan and Baluchestan province, southeast Iran. This descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study was conducted on 300 healthcare workers in Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2021. Samples were collected by convenience method through social media. Data were collected electronically using the Health Literacy and Covid-19 preventive behaviors questionnaire. Data were analyzed by frequency, mean, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression. Only 24.4% of healthcare workers had sufficient health literacy. The healthcare workers’ health literacy mean score was 58.39±8.57 out of 88. Also, the score of health literacy in the dimension of access was 16.38±3.45, in the dimension of understanding was 17.06±3.74, in the dimension of appraisal was 14.28±3.40, and in the dimension of the use of health information was 13.74±2.93. The mean score of preventive behaviors was 30.54±6.16 out of 48. A positive and significant relationship was observed between health literacy and preventive behaviors. Demographic variables predicted 29% of the variance of Covid- 19 preventive behaviors, with health literacy being the strongest predictor (β=0.225). The results of this study confirmed the predictive role of health literacy in Covid-19 preventive behaviors. Also, poor and borderline health literacy concerning Covid-19 was a common problem among healthcare workers in Sistan and Baluchistan province, so it reduced the probability of performing Covid-19 preventive behaviors. Therefore, it is essential to design and implement interventions to improve the health literacy of healthcare workers.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in women in Iran and many other countries around the world. This cancer is the most critical cause of malignancy-related mortality in women. Early detection of breast cancer through mammographic screening of breast cancer greatly increases the chance of a successful treatment. This study aimed to explore the obstacles to mammographic screening of breast cancer in women.

This cross-sectional study was carried out among 812 women over the age of 40 who had not undergone mammographic screening or had undergone it irregularly from three selected clinics in Zahedan in 2017. To this end, the researchers used a questionnaire which consisted of 17 questions to examine the barriers to mammographic screening of breast cancer.

The results of this study showed that the most common barriers to this test were the following: not having the symptoms of breast cancer (62.7%); mammography being performed by male staff (57.5%); the absence of this test as a priority and necessity of life (57.2%); examination being sufficient by a physician or healthcare providers for diagnosis of breast cancer (55.8%); and the embarrassment of getting naked during mammography (51.5%).

Concerning the findings of this study, it has to be suggested first that mammography in the healthcare system should be performed by female staff. Second, health volunteers and local mass media, including provincial radio and television networks, can also play a major role in transferring educational materials to this target group.

Self-care behaviors during pregnancy can be effective in reducing the adverse consequences of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the integrated model of health belief model with the structure of social support on self-care behaviors during pregnancy.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study conducted among 90 pregnant women in the first abdomen of Iranshahr in 2017. The samples were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups of intervention (45 people) and control (45 people).5 training sessions were held for the intervention group and no intervention was performed in the control group. Six months after the training intervention, the questionnaire was completed by both groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and independent t-test, paired t-test and chi-square test.

The results showed that the mean scores of pregnant mothers in Perceived susceptibility structures 1.74(±0/17), Perceived severity 4.55(±0/05), Perceived benefits 0.63(±0/05), self-efficacy 3.67(±0/41), social support structure 5.13(±0/63) and self-care behaviors 3.15(±0/38) showed a significant increase in the intervention group (p<0.001). In the comparison of birth weight, there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups after the educational intervention (P = 0.036).

The combination of health belief model and social support structure can be used as a suitable framework for designing and implementing educational interventions aimed at promoting the self-care behaviors of pregnant women and birth weight.

Mothers' health literacy is a key and important factor in ensuring prenatal cares,prenatal health, and the successful outcomes of this period. The aim of this study was to determine the predicting fators influencing prenatal care based on health literacy and demographic variables in pregnant women of Balochistan. This cross sectional study applied cluster-multistage sampling method to select 430 pregnant women referred to health centers of Balochistanin from june to september 2017. Data were collected using Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and Researcher-Made prenatal care questionnaires. Data analysis was descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. The mean and standard deviation of prenatal care behaviors and health literacy were 13.11±2.18 from 22 and 65.97±17.49 from 100, respectively. The results showed that 17.3% (n=75) of the pregnant women had low health literacy, 30.6% (n=132) not so inadequate literacy, 35.3% (n=153) adequate health literacy, and 16.07% (n=70) excellent health literacy. The results showed that only health literacy among the demographic variables could predict the prenatal care behaviors (P = 0.004, OR=1.027). that shows with 1 unit increase in this variable, prenatal care increased by as much as 1.027. Due to the prediction of health literacy on prenatal care extensive education based on health literacy strategies is essential for improving prenatal care.

Maternal health literacy, in addition to the quality of prenatal care, is a key factor in controlling the underweight baby. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of health literacy and adequacy of prenatal care on the outcome of birth weight.
A cross sectional study was conducted on 860 pregnant women who were selected by random cluster sampling. The data were collected using the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and the adequacy of care for pregnancy. The data were analyzed using SPSS windows version 20 by descriptive statistics and regression analysis
The prevalence of low birth weight was 16.5%. The adequacy of the pregnancy index of 33% was inadequate and 67% of women had an average index. The mean level of health literacy was 65.97 ± 1.74 in pregnant women. The adequacy of care for pregnancy was the strongest predictor of birth weight (47%). Health literacy components: understanding (21%), appraisal (13%) and decision-making and applying information (12%) was predicted birth weight.
Prenatal care adequacy index and health literacy were predictors of birth weight, which highlighted the need for more attention to prenatal care and health literacy in health promotion programs for pregnant women.

Due to weakness of self-care during pregnancy, adverse pregnancy outcomes including abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, etc may occur. Individual and social factors affect self-care of pregnancy
Use of path analysis method to determine predictors of pregnancy self-care based on combination of health belief model and social support.
This was a descriptive analytical study conducted on 215 pregnant women living in Baluchistan region , Iran. Two-stage cluster sampling was performed. Data collection tool was questionnaire of integrated model ( HBM and social support constructs). To analyze the data, SPSS version 18 statistical indicators and descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and linear regression.
Self-efficacy, perceived severity and sensitivity were found to be directly effective on self-care. Also, social support had indirect effects on self-care through an effect on self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity. Social support was identified as the strongest predictor of self-care of pregnancy (46/6%). A significant correlation was found between susceptibility and self-care (0.598), severity and self-care (0.726), benefits and self-care (0.348), self-efficacy and self-care (0.824) and social support(0.745) with self-care(p Integrated Model (HBM and social support structures) with an emphasis on social support and self efficacy can be used as a framework for designing educational interventions to promote self-care.

In today's world, Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) with high prevalence in work settings are one of the most important occupational health issues. In addition, MSDs cause personal distress, decreased working capacity, and waste of time, work absenteeism, increased health care costs and economic losses. This study aimed to compare the prevalence rate of MSDs and their associated factors among farmers and workers in Agh Ghala.
Methods and Materials: This study was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 300 patients (150 farmers and 150 workers) who were selected from Agh Ghala city in Golestan province. The data collection instrument was Nordic questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test in SPSS software version.
In this study, about 72% of the farmers (N = 108) and 83.33% of the workers (N = 125) were suffering from MSDs during the preceding year. The most common disorders were Lower Back Pain (LBP) 36.7% (N = 55) and 55.3% (N = 83) in farmers and workers respectively, followed by knee pain 25.3% (N = 38) and 36.7% (N = 57) in farmers and workers respectively. The chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the MSDs and age, level of education, and training in ergonomic principles (P Regarding the high prevalence rate of MSDs, it is necessary to organize training courses about professional ergonomic interventions in order to raise farmer's and worker's awareness and skills. These programs can be used to improve the health behsubsequentubsequently healthworkers, duefarmers and workers due to preventing from the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Social support and perceived self-efficacy affect health-related behaviors and play an important role on mother's adaptability with pregnancy. This paper aims to study the impact of educational interventions based on social support and perceived self-efficacy on maternal prenatal care.
The present study is a before after experimental study in which 90 first-time pregnant women were randomly selected and divided into two 45- participants experimental and control groups. Data were collected from 21 January to 20 May 2016. Determining the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, we used the panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha. The data collected from the two groups were compared before and 3 months after intervention and were analyzed by SPSS 18.
Unlike the control subjects, there was a significant difference in maternal prenatal cares before and after an educational intervention between the scores of social support and perceived self-efficacy in the experimental group (p Developing an educational program based on social support and perceived self-efficacy on maternal prenatal cares is helpful and efficient. The health system, family and society are in charge of making facilities and opportunities to improve social support and perceived self-efficacy in pregnant women, resulting in improved maternal prenatal cares.

Low back pain in addition to individual conditions reduced working capacity, a waste of time, absence from work, increased healthcare costs and economic losses. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of low back pain and its relationship with BMI, age, level of education and ergonomic principles education among rural women of Aq Qala city in 2016.
This present cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on 215 women from the village of the Aq Qala city. Data were collected by the Nordic questionnaires. The data was analyzed with software spss20, chi-square test and descriptive statistics.
The prevalence of low back pain was 81/86% among rural women . χ2 analysis showed a significant relationship between low back pain with BMI(p=0/004), age(p=0/045) and education of ergonomic principles (p=0/003). There is no relationship between low back pain with level of education (p=0/08). Only 8/37% of participants were trained on ergonomic principles.
Considering the high prevalence of low back pain, The need felt for training these people in the field of weight loss, Implementation of ergonomic principles in Home working and Agriculture activities.

In addition to individual problems and conditions, low back pain reduces working capacity, resulting in the waste of time and absence from the work, and increases healthcare costs and economic losses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of low back pain and its relationship to demographic factors, body mass index, and education in ergonomic principles in rural men.
Methods and Materials: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Study population was consisted of215 men from the village of AqQala city. Data collection tool was Nordic questionnaire. Data were analysis using SPSS software version 19 and chi-square test and descriptive statistics.
About 54.88% of the patients (67.82% workers and 40% farmers) during the last year have been experiencing discomfort in the lower back. χ2statistics analysis showed a significant relationship between low back pain and occupation, BMI, age, and education in ergonomic principles (P˂.05). There wasno relationship between low back pain and level of education (P=.085). Only 13% of the participants were trained in ergonomic principles.
Considering the high prevalence rate of low back pain as well as significant relationship between BMI and education in ergonomic principles with back pain, the need is felt for training of these people in how to lose weight, how to implement ergonomic principles in laboring and agricultural activities and carrying heavy objects, how to avoid bad work situations, how to maintain and care for the waist, how to perform simple exercises for strengthening and flexibility of lower back muscles.

The Health Literacy for Adults (HELIA) is a measure for health literacy and consists of 33 items covering 5 factors. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument for urban population of Balochistan, Iran.
This was a cross-sectional study among adult populations of Balochistan. Four hundered adults were selected by cluster sampling. The questionnaire was completed by participants. Psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed performing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and internal consistency.
The analysis of data showed that the Health Literacy for Adults (HELIA) had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.78 to 0.90). The CFA supported the five factor structure for the HELIA.
The findings suggest that the Health Literacy for Adults (HELIA) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health literacy in urban population of Balochistan, Iran.

Health literacy is an important factor in the ability of a woman to engage in the activities of health promotion and prevention for herself and her Family. So, the aim of this study was to determine health literacy level and the relationship between health literacy and public health status, as well as health care utilization and health preventive behaviors, in urban women of Baluchistan region.
This was a descriptive-analytical study which was conducted on 247 women aged 18-65 years old. Samples were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Information was collected using a questionnaire consisted of two part including Health Literacy for Iranian Adults and GHQ28 standard questionnaire for assessing general health status, health care utilization and health preventive behaviors which was completed using home interviewing. Collected data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 18 and statistical tests: Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square and Mann whitney.
32.4 % of women had adequate health literacy level, 34.4% had border level and 33.2% had inadequate level. Inadequate health literacy was more frequent among younger household women with less educated and lower income (P This study showed that the health literacy level was inadequate in the women of Baluchistan region. Therefore, Codification comprehensive program , create a simple, understandable and accessible media and training materials, as well as theory-based educational interventions for people with inadequate health literacy can be an effective way to develop health literacy skills and health promotion in society.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are concerned as costly health problems worldwide.
Rural people are more susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and related factors among adult living in Aq Qalaian, Iran.
Material and This was a cross-sectional study which performed among 200 adult living in rural region in north of Iran named Ag, Qalaian. The data were gathered through Nordic Standard Questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS, version 18. To compare subgroups in terms of different variables, the significant level of % 5 was considered.
Totally, 200 adults including 100 women and 100 men with mean age of 38/36 ± 7/72 and 41/84 ± 9/39 respectively were studied. Seventy nine percent of the studied participants suffered from a type of musculo­skeletal disorders. The most musculoskeletal disorders were occurred among housewives. Low back pain was the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders.
Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in people living in rural areas, ergonomics interve­ntion and education programs are guaranteed.

Aim: The aim of this study was to design a tool and to assess its validity and reliability based on native culture characterization to evaluate the health belief model (HBF) constructs about prenatal care.
215 pregnant women covered by the health centers of Iranshahr in the age group of 18-35 years and the least ability of reading and writing participated in this cross-sectional study. After reviewing the literature, the tool was designed, and its validity and reliability were approved based on psychometric data of the target group and the view of a panel of experts through calculating the content validity ratio, content validity index, exploratory factor analysis, and internal consistency.
Findings: The validity of 42 items was assessed through calculating the index score of the item effect above 1.5, content validity ratio more than 0.80, and content validity index higher than 0.79. By using exploratory factor analysis with a special value greater than 1, six factors and 35 items remained that were classified into six categories based on the literature review and content items, which were able to predict 77.095 % of the total variance of the tool. The reliability of the research tool was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha equal to 0.816.
The results of this study provide proper evidence about the strength of structural factors and the reliability of the assessment tool for the structures of HBM about prenatal care. It can be considered by the researchers in developing a tool for research, education and action.

As Lieshmaniasis is considered as a huge hygienic problem and since epidemiological studies are effective in controlling this disease and taking prevention steps, the present study deals with cutaneous lieshmaniasis in Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan from 2008 to 2010.
The current research has been conducted as descriptive-analytical, based on victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis during previous years in health centers of Chabahar, by extracting the demographic and epidemiologic information, recorded in Chabahar health centers, and analyzing them via SPSS 18.
From total victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis under the study, the total incidence rate in male 1.14 and 0.9 per 1000 in female. The highest total incidence rate of the disease were in the age range of birth to 4 years (with incidence rate 1.96 per 1000) and the lowest one in the age range of 5 to 9 years (with incidence rate 0.7 per 1000). Most damages (wounds) were in the hands and feet and the majority of the patients had two wounds (with incidence rate 0.66 per 1000). The studied patients were Iranian and Afghani with the majority belonging to the former. A sum of 241 patients (37%) lived in cities with the remaining 412 (63%) residing in the villages. Moreover the Highest incidence rate of the disease were reported in winter, 2008, with least ones in autumn, 2010.
Based on the study results, disease incidence rete in Chabahar during 2008 and 2010 had a descending trend, which can indicate an improvement in educational-hygienic status as well as following hygiene practices by the people.

proper treatment and control of hypertension is important due to its high prevalence and severe complications. The aim of the present study was to assessment of Knowledge, treatment and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients.
This was a cross-sectional study in which, using a multi stage sample of 358 hypertensive patients of hypertension were selected. The data collecting instruments were the researcher-made questionnaire about Knowledge, treatment and blood pressure control. Data analyzed in SPSS software using descriptive and analytical tests.
According to the severity of the disease 41/89% had normotension,33/51 %degree I ,24/58% degree II. Awareness of 318(88/82%) patients was considered good. Among these patients 85/71% consumed anti-hypertensive drugs and 53/35% consumed drugs regularly .the number of people who regularly measure blood pressure during the last 6 months were 235 (65/64%)who had
Due to the low percentage of disease control, health system in serious need of health professionals and families involved and to promote inclusiveness and operating of training provided to the patient and society are emphasized.