jahangir abedi koupai

Fertilizers and water play critical roles in supporting plant growth, and enhancing the efficiency of their application is essential, especially in drought-affected regions, to maximize the utilization of these vital resources. In this study, our objective was to examine the impact of water deficit stress and a superabsorbent slow-release fertilizer (SSRF) on the growth, yield, and oil production of Thymus daenensis Čelak.. The experiments were conducted using a total of 27 drainage lysimeters to ensure accurate measurements and observations. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized factorial design, specifically investigating the effects of three fertilizer rates (0, 10, and 50 Mg/ha) and three irrigation regimes (50%, 70%, and 100% of water requirement). The synthesis of the SSRF involved the graft-copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide onto sodium alginate and rapeseed meal biochar. The preparation of the biochar was carried out at a temperature of 300 ºC. The surface morphology analysis of the SSRF provided evidence for the successful occurrence of graft polymerization. Additionally, the graft copolymers exhibited a significant nitrogen content, which greatly contributed to their high free-absorbency capacity of 40%. as determined by the tea bag method. The results of the study indicate that water stress had a negative impact on growth, herbage production, and herbage content. Conversely, water stress had a positive influence on the essential oil content of the plants. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the application of 50 Mg/ha fertilizer resulted in a significant increase in biomass production compared to the other treatments.

In the current study, the effects of compost, natural, and synthetic superabsorbent amendments on soil water retention curve (WRC) were assessed by applying RETC software in a laboratory trial. Moreover, the effects of the mentioned materials on vegetation growth indices of four plants in three different soil textures of urban green space were evaluated.

Using the randomized complete blocks-based split-plot design, the field experiment was conducted for a two-year period. The three soil textures were combined with 4 & 6gr/kg hydrogel, as well as pumice, compost, manure, and perlite at 40 & 60 gr/kg levels.

According to WRC findings, there was more efficiency associated with hydrogel in sandy loam and loam soils compared to clay soil. Moreover, increased permanent wilting point water content (qpwp), saturated water content (qs), as well as available water (AW) were observed. Statistical analyses indicated a considerable difference in growth indices using perlite+compost in clay soil. Compared with the control soil, a 2.4-time enhancement of AW was observed in loam soil using Pumice+ Hydrogel. A significant growth indices difference was also found for loam soil using pumice+hydrogel. According to WRC results, the highest treatment rate was attributed to compost+hydrogel in sandy loam soils, which led to a 3.3-time enhancement of AW.

Statistical analyses revealed that compost+hydrogel could lead to the best treatment on growth indices in sandy loam textures.

The use of practical methods for increasing water conveyance efficiency and optimal use of limited water resources is vital, especially in the world's arid regions, where water scarcity is always a concern. In that respect, efforts to reduce the cost of irrigation canals while maintaining the characteristics, technical standards, prevent damage to the structure, prevent leakage and loss of water at different stages of water transfer and distribution are of great interest to researchers (Abbasi, 2011). One of the solutions is to use pozzolanic materials, which replace a part of cement as cheap materials and thus reduce the finished price of cement. Changes in concrete fluidity and plastic behavior and hydration of cement are the most important physical changes that a pozzolan creates in concrete. Moreover, it can improve the strength and permeability of hardened concrete, resistance to thermal cracks, sulfates, and expansion (Luhar et al., 2019). Regarding using pozzolans to strengthen concrete, one of the most widely used plants in this field is bamboo. Bamboo is a plant that grows in tropical, subtropical and even temperate regions and any favourable regions in terms of ecological factors. On average, 20 million tons of this plant are produced annually in Asian and Latin American countries, which indicates its availability (Frías et al., 2012). Based on observations, Bamboo fibers increase the water absorption ratio (Xie et al., 2015). Furthermore, with the increase in the percentage of bamboo fiber, porosity is also growing (Da Costa Correia et al., 2014). However, Xie et al. (2015) stated that more than 25 to 35% of fiber use reduces stiffness (Xie et al., 2015). Taking these features into consideration, this study aimed to evaluate improvements in compressive strength, tensile strength, durability and elasticity of concrete with bamboo pozzolans.

The depletion of freshwater resources emphasizes the significance of water desalination, while the high energy consumption and operating costs associated with existing desalination methods necessitate the search for cost-effective solutions. Therefore, this study presents a unique and innovative solution by employing advanced materials, specifically the combination of graphene oxide (GO)-based covalent organic frameworks (COF) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA)-modified Iranian natural zeolite in the desalination of Caspian Sea water and well water in the Dark area of Isfahan. In this regard, GO was synthesized using Homer’s modified method and subsequently functionalized with COF and the clinoptilolite zeolite was modified with HDTMA. A series of 28 column experiments were carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) to examine the elimination of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and chloride (Cl−) under the influence of five operational parameters: initial salinity (7.3−9.6 ds/m), flow rates (1−5 mL/min), GO amounts (0−30 mg), HDTMA quantities (0−13 g), and COF quantities (0−30 mg). The results revealed that the initial salinity concentration had the most significant impact on the reduction of EC, Na+, K+, and Mg2+. Conversely, the quantities of COF had the greatest influence on the reduction of Ca2+. Regarding Cl−, the interaction between HDTMA and salinity exhibited the most notable effect. Overall, this study highlights the potential of utilizing GO and HDTMA-modified Iranian zeolite for desalination purposes, offering a promising approach for addressing water scarcity and salinity challenges in arid regions.

This research was conducted using pozzolans produced from date palm leaves at the nanoscale and some mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. The studied properties are compressive strength, tensile strength, elasticity, and durability of concrete containing date palm leaf pozzolans in a sulfated environment. The results of this study showed that in concrete made with pozzolan at low ages, the amount of compressive strength of concrete is less than control concrete, and at older ages over time, the amount of compressive and tensile strength increased; to the point that at 128 days these parameters were approximately 12.35 and 5.8 times higher than that of seven days. The modulus of elasticity values in the treatments containing pozzolan were significantly reduced by nearly 18 percent compared to the control concrete. The performance of treatments containing palm leaf nanoparticles in a sulfated environment was better than control concrete. Finally, according to the cases studied, it can be concluded that the use of 20 percent pozzolanic palm nanoparticles with a strain ratio of 318 compared to control concrete, has significant deformation values. Hence, the use of this makes the material as a filler possible for expansion and contraction joints.

Hydraulic jump is used for dissipation of kinetic energy downstream of hydraulic structures such as spillways, chutes, and gates. In the present study, the experimental measurements and numerical simulation of the free hydraulic jump by applying Flow-3D software in six different conditions of adverse slope, roughness, and positive step were compared. It should be noted that two turbulence models including k-ε and RNG were used for numerical simulation. Based on the results, simulation accuracy using the RNG model was more than the k-ε model. The statistical indices of NRMSE, ME, NS, and R2 for comparing the water surface profile were obtained at 34.3, 0.0052, 0.995, and 983 for the application of the RNG model, respectively. Also, using the RNG model, the values of these indices for the velocity profile were obtained at 14.92, 0.127, 0.9982, and 962, respectively. In general, the error of the simulated water surface and velocity profile were obtained at 5.31 and 12.4 percent, respectively. Moreover, the maximum error of the numerical simulation results of D2/D1, Lj/D2, and Lr/D1 was ±12, ±12, and 16%, respectively. Therefore, the use of Flow-3D software with the application of the RNG turbulence model is recommended for numerical simulation of the hydraulic jump in different situations.

The Severe shortage of surface and groundwater resources is the most important constraint on sustainable agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions. Frequent droughts in recent decades have also led to a significant drop in groundwater levels due to uncontrolled abstraction. In the present study, different irrigation scenarios are provided to reduce the withdrawal of water from the aquifer of Kavar plain in Fars province. The results of various studies show that due to climate change, water resources are reduced and irrigation requirements of plants will be increased during the growing season (Goodarzi et al., 2015; Zeinoddini et al., 2019). In this study, to simulate future climate parameters, the outputs of AOGCMs models and emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 of the Fifth Climate Change Report were used (IPCC,2014). Then irrigation requirements of the study area were calculated by Cropwat software considering the cultivation pattern for the future period. Finally, by defining irrigation scenarios, the simultaneous effects of climate change and cultivation pattern change in the development of irrigation systems (surface and pressurized) on groundwater resources were evaluated.

Considering the successive droughts and the importance of water in the agricultural sector, as well as the spending of government credits in construction projects, the importance of investigating the efficiency of water transfer in irrigation canals is determined. In this research, the transfer efficiency and water losses in 20 cases of concrete and stone and mortar canals in different areas of Khorramabad city were evaluated. For this purpose, the amount of water loss was determined by the field method and calculating the input-output flow. Based on the obtained results, the values of water transfer efficiency in the canals have been determined between 51% and 89.9% and on average 77.3% in the total length. The lowest and highest amount of total losses in the canals respectively equal to 13.7 and 168.7 with an average of 74.8 l/s per kilometer has been measured. Also, the lowest and highest efficiency are 31.5% and 89.1% per kilometer respectively related to Badeh Abestan and Tagh and Togh canals and the amount of loss is calculated from 1.4 to 6.3 m3/m2 per day. The very low efficiency in two cases of the canals shows the large volume of water loss. According to the results of this research, special arrangements should be made to increase the quality of implementation in water supply canals and training of users by the relevant institutions and organizations, including the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, which is in charge of the implementation of water supply canals in this research.

Accurate estimation of water infiltration into the soil is important for the design of irrigation systems. Therefore, calibration of different models is necessary to estimate the permeability in different regions. The aim of the present study was to calibrate and evaluate the models of Kastiakov, Kastiakov modified, Philip, SCS, Novell, and Horton in different soil textures. To evaluate the accuracy of the models, error indicators including RMSE, MAE, MR, PE, and R2 were used. The models were calibrated using an Excel software solver. Evaluation of evaluation indicators showed that the Novell penetration model with average RMSE, MAE, MR, PE, and R2 equal to 0.021, 0.068, 0.999, 0.126, and 0.98, respectively, has better performance than the five models. The other is in the whole range of studies. In contrast, the analysis of the variance of different models showed no significant difference between the calculated and measured values. The performance of the models in different textures showed that Horton, Novell, Kastiakov, and Kastiakov models were less sensitive to changes in soil texture.

The increasing population and development of agricultural and industrial activities have put excessive pressure on freshwater resources. As a result, wastewater treatment has received growing attention in recent years. It seems more necessary in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, where we face climate change and a lack of rainfall (Mohammadi Moghadam et al., 2015; Nikmanesh et al., 2018). However, wastewater is one of the most critical environmental pollutants. If the microbial quality of the effluent and its hygienic aspects are not taken into account, its reuse poses a severe risk to human health and the environment (Abedi-Koupai et al., 2021). Therefore, the primary purpose of disinfection effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants is to reduce the concentration of water-borne pathogens to less than the amount of infectious. Disinfection is done by physical and chemical methods. In most parts of the world, chlorine is the premier option for disinfecting effluents. That said, the adverse effects of chlorine effluent disinfection on humans and the environment have led to the possibility of using phytoremediation to improve the biological properties of water (Keddy, 2010). The Vetiver (VS) system for wastewater treatment is an innovative phytoremediation technology that has fantastic potential. This plant can grow in saline environments (Sanicola et al., 2019). Moreover, it can significantly improve the water quality parameters (Abedi-Koupai et al., 2021). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the possibility of using Vetiver in urban wastewater hydroponically to evaluate its efficiency in removing and refining pathogens, especially gastrointestinal coliforms. Our purpose is to use the treated water in the agriculture sector for irrigation.

In recent decades, the ever-increasing population, human needs, and changes in the consumption patterns of societies require the planning and management of water resources more than ever. Among the management strategies of underground water resources, we can point out the compensation of these resources through artificial nutrition and exploitation according to the capacity of aquifers. The studied area is located in the Qorve watershed with an area of ​​232.17 km2. In this research, which was carried out in Qorve plain in Kurdistan province, nine parameters of the slope, land use, the thickness of unsaturated alluvium, hydraulic conductivity, distance from the river, geology, electrical conductivity, aquifer transfer capability, and vegetation were investigated. The research method was based on the weighted-linear combination (WLC) method. The weights entered in this method were extracted by the AHP model in Super Decisions software. The results of this method showed that about 23.4% of the total area of ​​the plain and 54.4 km2 have a great value for feeding, and about 19% of the total area of ​​the plain is considered unsuitable.

Phytoremediation is one of the innovative, economical as well as eco-friendly desalination methods. The current study was aimed at investigating the amount of uptake and removal of some contaminants and nutrients from saline waters by vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Roberty). This research was performed as multi-factorial in a completely randomized design including three different levels of saline effluent (1, 10 and 14 dS/m) and two planting densities (10 and 20 vetiver plants) with three replications.  The vetiver grass was cultivated in 220-liter tanks with a cross-section of 0.23 square meters located in the educational farm at Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran. Moreover, parameters changes including electrical conductivity (EC), cations (Ca, Mg and Na) as well as nutrients (N, P, and K) were measured with a residence time of 3, 7, and 14 days. The obtained results indicate that the vetiver grass can reduce EC (14-15.88%), cations (Ca (32.94-41.67%), Mg (29.51-57.14%), and Na (5.59-14.36%) as well as nutrients N (31-44.03%), P (44.15-51.54%), and K (24.37-56.32%)) from different salinity levels during 14 days. Furthermore, there is no significant difference between 10 and 20 vetiver plants in terms of uptake of contaminants due to high plant growth.

Today, accurate and scientific study of archaeological findings and historical and cultural property in many studies, especially in the field archeometry and restoration, relies on the use of experimental methods. The ability to replicate and generalize the results of applying experimental methods using laboratory methods on the statistical population makes researchers more confident by analyzing the results of objective experiments to achieve reality. However, access to scientific and standard laboratory methods is one of the most important requirements use of experimental methods that can be employed to accurately measure and evaluate the various physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of historical and cultural samples. The purpose of this study is to find a standard test that can use to measure the permeability and insulation properties of materials used in historic buildings against moisture. In this study, to achieve this goal, for the first time was used to measure the permeability and insulation of traditional and ancient Kahgel plaster against moisture in historical buildings and architectural heritage, a test to determine the Hydraulic conductivity of water with falling head. In order to measure and evaluate the efficiency of this laboratory method to investigate the insulation and permeability of historical materials, this important feature was tested in samples of Kahgel plaster improved with different additives compared to the typical Kahgel plaster samples as a control sample. Results of the study showed that using the laboratory method, reconstructed the conditions and behavior of water during adsorption and penetration into historical samples materials are largely represented and their actual performance in the face of moisture and rainfall, therefore, it is possible to measure their permeability and insulating properties against water ‎quantitatively‏ ‏in saturated conditions with this method‏.‏

The river is one of the most important water sources for drinking and agriculture. Therefore, evaluating and modeling the water quality of rivers and examining its qualitative effects on human life, living things, and the environment is undeniable. In this study, the water quality of the Beheshtabad River was simulated using the QUAL2Kw simulation model. The water quality of this river in its two tributaries was analyzed by designing two scenarios to improve it downstream. The simulated qualitative parameters (temperature, Ec, TS, DO, BOD, COD, pH, nitrate, orthophosphate, ammonium, and fecal coliform) were simulated in two scenarios with different flow rates. The results show that by preventing the discharge of water from the upstream rivers (Kiar and Juneqan) due to high pollution and also the addition of water from Bagh-e-Rostam spring along the route, the water quality of this river will improve downstream. Including BOD concentration will improve from 7.32 to 4.23 mg /L, COD parameter concentration will improve from 19.30 to 12 mg/L, DO parameter concentration from 4.9 to 5.9 mg/L, and fecal coliform parameter concentration from 1500 to MPN/100 mL160.

Due to the severe water scarcity in Iran, using treated wastewater for irrigation purposes is an effective method to meet the water requirement of plants. One of the methods is phytoremediation. In this field, Vetiver Grass has received growing attention. The aim of the present study is to improve the quality of municipal wastewater by hydroponic Vetiver grass, for applying in irrigation. This research was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Fiberglass tanks with a volume of 1000 liters were prepared, and then filled separately with two types of raw and treated wastewater. Treatments included 4 and 8 plant densities, control, aerated and non-aerated wastewater. Retention times of 3, 7 and 14 days were used. The results showed that the optimal density in the treatment of municipal wastewater by Vetiver grass is a density of 4. Moreover, the aeration and non-aeration process of the treatments does not have much effect on the measured parameters. It should be noted the retention time of 7 days (except for BOD5) had the best performance with no significant difference with 14 days. The results indicated that BOD5, COD, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and potassium were reduced by 42, 55, 91, 66, 89 and 97 per cent, respectively.

There are several methods for desalination which could be divided into two classes of membrane and thermal processes. Other methods are also existed, of which, bioremediation (including phytoremediation), is the most important method. Halophytes are recognized as plants associated with the capability of tolerating those amounts of salt concentrations that could not be tolerated by other plants. Current investigation utilizes Atriplex Lentiformis plant as the purifier and solution of 15000 μS/Cm as the saline water. Three levels of plant density (0, 12, 24 plants) and four retention times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) were considered in this study. This experiment was carried out without and with the presence of zeolite. Different parameters including; electrical conductivity (EC), concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride ions were measured before and after the treatment and the average reduction percentages of the proposed factors were measured. It was found that the zeolite treatments with 0, 12 and 24 plants reduced the EC 4.1, 13.4and 15.9%, respectively. Also, the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride ions were reduced 35.9, 25, 18, and 16.9%, respectively.

Due to low efficiency of fertilizer use, nitrogen fertilizers result in environmental problems. Therefore, use of soil amendments such as zeolite becomes important. The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of size (mm and μm) and usage (20 and 60 grams per kilogram of soil) of natural zeolite of clinoptilolite (Cp) and surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) on soil nitrate and ammonium leaching and on wheat plant performance using soil columns and applying wastewater for irrigation at Greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology in 2015-2016. The experiment was factorial with completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that these amendments simultaneously improved wheat plant growth and increased the amount of nitrogen uptake by plants. So that, the concentration of nitrogen of the grain and nitrogen harvested by the plant in Cp receptor columns were significantly (1.45 and 2.49%) higher than SMZ receptor columns. Also, with the increasing level of modifier usage, the amount of nitrate-nitrogen in the output decreased significantly (at 5% level). Still, the type of modifier had no significant effect on the amount of leached nitrogen.

Considering the severe shortage of water resources in Iran, the utilization of treated municipal wastewater in the agricultural sector is an effective way for supplying water requirement of plants and reducing environmental pollution. Phytoremediation is an environmentally- friendly method to eliminate many pollutants. Vetiver (Vetiver zizanioides L. Nash) and reed plant (Phragmites australis) are two special plants for phytoremediation because of their unique physiological and morphological characteristics. The present research was carried out to improve the quality of leachate by vetiver and reed plant and, using hydroponic system evaluate their efficiency in the removal of contaminants. For this purpose a pilot study (containers containing 200 L leachate) was conducted including two plants, two densities, four retention times (3, 7, 14, 21 day) and control (with no plants). All experiments were performed with three replications. At the end of each period, BOD, COD, nitrate and phosphate were determined and evaluated. Results showed that the amount of COD, BOD, phosphate and nitrate was decreased by 68, 60, 82 and 83%, respectively, for the vetiver grass after 21 days. Also, results showed that the amount of COD, BOD, phosphate and nitrate was decreased by 65, 30, 60 and 63%, respectively, for the reed plant after 21 days. Finally, the results indicated that the best density for the treatment of vetiver grass and reed plant was a density of 4 in a closed environment. According to the results of this study, the vetiver plant and the reed plant have good potential to reduce pollutants.

Waste production is a natural consequence of human life and mismanagement of solid waste can result in environmental hazards. Determination of an appropriate location to sanitary landfill site is one of the most common ways to deal with this crisis. The purpose of this research is to find an appropriate location for landfill site in Qorveh city due to its specific location in terms of agriculture and mining.

The research method in this study was descriptive, analytical and quantitative. In order to locate the landfill, firstly effective information layers in landfill site study (land use layer, rivers, roads, conservation areas, soils, groundwater, morphology, …) were identified and developed using the collected data from organizations and information centers. Finally,(GIS), (AHP) and (WLC) were used to integrate the maps.

The Analytical Hierarchy Process is one of the most efficient techniques designed for multi-criteria decision making, as it enables the formulation of complex problems. Due to limitations, appropriate landfill site options were identified using GIS and used as input data for the hierarchical analysis process. Distance from population centers (towns and villages), distance from surface and groundwater sources are the most important indicators.

By combining two methods of multivariate Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) model, the most priority areas were determined with concentration on distance from population centers (towns and villages), distance from surface and groundwater resources,. After extracting the criteria information layers from the maps and prioritizing the 4-storey location ranges, it became clear that the northern direction of Qorveh city with an area of ​​210 hectares is the most suitable area for sanitary landfill of solid wastes.

The control of speed and pressure oscillations along the stream, as two critical parameters in designing hydraulic systems, is vital since they have to be set within an acceptable range in order to prevent damages to hydraulic structures. Ead and Rajaratnam (2002) studied the hydraulic jump characteristics on the corrugated bed and calculated the thickness of dimensionless boundary layer to be 0.45. Pourabdollah et al. (2015) investigated the effect of roughness and adverse slope of the bed on the velocity profile and determined the mean shear force coefficient to be 11.5 times more than that of the classical condition. Fiorotto and Rinaldo (1992) stated that in hydraulic jump the pressure is oscillating around the mean pressure value, which is almost equal to piezometric head at each point. Also Lopardo and Solari (1980) determined the pressure oscillations equal to 0.084 for hydraulic jump at downstream of valve. Accordingly, although various studies have been carried out on hydraulic jump characteristics under different conditions, the simultaneous effect of end positive step, bed roughness and adverse slope on hydraulic jump characteristics have not yet been explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the velocity profiles, flow surface and pressure oscillations in hydraulic jump within the stilling basin at defined conditions.

The water movement in the aquifer is studied using the basic equations of flow, i.e. Darcy, continuity and mass survival equations, which are differently analyzed in the case of confined and unconfined aquifers. In these equations, hydrodynamic coefficients and other characteristics of the aquifer are used. Therefore, the determination of hydrodynamic coefficients of aquifer is necessary for groundwater studies. The most important characteristics of the aquifer i.e. hydrodynamic coefficients can be determined across the aquifer using modeling. If the aquifer model is properly provided, it can be a useful tool for better recognition of aquifer characteristics and also predicting the impact of different management plans on the water resources of the region. In this study, groundwater modeling was performed to determine the hydrodynamic coefficients in the unconfined aquifer of Kermanshah plain using GMS 7.1 software. The results showed that the amount of hydraulic conductivity in the Kermanshah plain aquifer varies from 0.1 to 30 meter per day and the amount of specific yield varies from 0.02 to 0.4. The amounts of computed water table by the model and the observed water table in the piezometers have high correlation and the root mean square error value is always less than one, which indicates the acceptable accuracy of the model for simulating the aquifer status.

In recent years, researchers have considered new methods such as dry drainage, to control the soil water and salinity of the irrigated area of the fields in the arid and semi-arid regions because traditional drainage methods are expensive and need more water. Investigation of water and salts transport in these systems is essential for studying their function. In this study, effect of dry drainage on the soil water content, salinity, nitrate and chloride ion concentrations in a loamy soil was investigated using a physical model under the barley cultivation. Based on the results, dry drainage led to transport a significant part of the salts entering in the irrigated area to the non-irrigated area that accumulated on its soil surface, in addition to controlling soil moisture in the irrigated area. Based on the results, at the end of the experiment, maximum increase of salinity, nitrate and chloride concentrations on the soil surface of the irrigated area were 145, 384 and 135%, respectively, and for the soil surface of the non- irrigated area were 270, 1070 and 160 %, more than of initial values at the start of the experiment. Therefore, dry drainage system was able to control the soil salinity of the irrigated area by transporting the salutes to the non-irrigated area for proper barley growth

In recent years, decreasing water resources stimulated researchers to consider dry drainage in dry area due to less cost and water requirement. Understanding mechanism and the amount of different salts transportation from the irrigated area to the non-irrigated area is necessary to evaluate the performance of this system and the pre-implementation of purification and recovery projects of the salt collected from the non-planted surface area. In this study, the effect of dry drainage on the transportation of important cations and salinity changes (EC) in a loamy soil were investigated using a physical model under barley cultivation in 2017. The physical model was made of galvanize and had useful length, width and height of 2, 0.5 and 1 meter respectively. On the basis of the results, changes in sodium and calcium concentration profiles were similar and they were different from changes in potassium and magnesium concentration profiles. Sodium, potassium and calcium ions were accumulated in the upper soil layer, but magnesium was accumulated in the lower soil layer of the non-planted area. At the end of experiment, sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium concentrations and SAR at the soil surface of non-irrigated area were 210, 410, 125, 115 and 126 percent of their initial values respectively. At the end of experiment, the soil surface salinity of the planted and non-planted areas was increased up to 145 and 270% of their initial values, respectively.

Each patient has renal failure in any dialysis with high water volume, which is in direct contact with the patient's blood. The presence of any chemical and microbial contamination in water used in homodynamic devices can be very dangerous for these patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of reverse osmosis open systems in improving the water quality used in the preparation of liquid dialysis.

In this cross-sectional study, a descriptive study was carried out to evaluate the microbial and chemical parameters of the dialysis center of Shahid Beheshti Hospital Qorveh and three times at the end of each season in 1396 on 18 samples including reverse osmosis and the resource is done. The method of conducting the tests from standard book and independent t-test was analyzed for data analysis in SPSS version 20 software.

Reverse osmosis system significantly reduced the amount of sodium, magnesium, calcium, nitrate and sulfate. The average of chemical parameters is significantly less than the standard limit. The results of the test for reverse osmosis efficiency showed that there is a significant difference in water quality before and after the purification system in the hospital...

The average of all compounds measured in two laboratories inside and outside of the province was lower than the standard for evaluation of microbiological and chemical indices. It does not have microbial and non-clinical chemical and is a standard AAMI radar standard.

Control of hydraulic jump to reduce damage to the structures of downstream is one of the issues of interest to researchers. Although several researches have been conducted on the application of rough bed to control submerged jump but, any study has not been published on the simultaneous application of the adverse slope, bed roughness and the positive step. In this research, the effect of different adverse slopes, bed roughness and positive step height were simultaneously investigated on characteristics of submerged hydraulic jump in Froude numbers from 4 to 10 and submerge ratio from 0.1 to 1.5. The results showed that in each special Froude number, the length of submerged jump and its relative energy loss are more and less than these specifications for free hydraulic jump; respectively. In addition to, with increasing the submerge ratio, the average energy loss and the submerged jump length decreased 10 and 33%; respectively as compare to the classical state. Also, the thickness of the dimensionless boundary layer of submerged jump was 0.37. On the other hand, the shear force coefficient (ε) was calculated 4.44 times more than the classic condition.