javad fatahi moghadam

Existence of various types of biotic and abiotic stresses has made necessary to investigate different rootstocks in different climatic and soil conditions. In this study, the effect of three important citrus rootstocks of the region on vegetative growth, quantitative and qualitative yield and harvest time of Thomson navel orange was investigated during seven years. The results showed that the affinity between the rootstock and scion decreased in all three rootstock during experiment. With the training of young trees and annual pruning, the maximum volume of canopy was about five m3 and the height of the trees maintained at about 2 m. The characteristics of orange fruit on three rootstocks did not show any significant difference. The canopy of trees on citrumelo rootstock was higher than the two citrange, but the yield efficiency of trees on rootstocks was not significantly different. The fruit harvest index reached more than the acceptable standard level in early November. The weight of the fruit increased until the end of December. The percentage of fruit decay in normal storage was the lowest during early November harvest and the highest during the late November and December harvest. By performing annual pruning, the planting intervals of Thomson orange can be reduced to half the intervals of traditional gardens. Also, to prevent the fruit from growing too large, and reducing fruits marketability, and to reduce the drop before harvesting and the rotting of the fruit in the store, the time of fruit harvesting can be started from early November.

The aim of this research was increasing quality and storability of Unshio and Page mandarin fruits. Therefore, harvested fruits were invited to 5 groups (120 fruits) with three replications (40 fruits per replicate). The treatments were including: Britex Ti wax (18 wt% wax, 0.2% w/w Imazalil, 0.5 wt% thiabendazole), polyethylene pack (25mm×35cm, 0.01mm thick), thiabendazole fungicide (Tecto 60), Polyethylene pack with Tecto 60 and control. The treated fruits were kept for 60 days (Unshio) and 40 days (page) in cool storage (5°C and 85% RH). Six fruits were randomly selected from each treatment every 20 days intervals, and then measured some quality indices. The results showed that polyethylene pack alone or in combination with fungicide prevented weight loss, kept the peel thickness and reduced the juice percentage, TI and TSS. Also, TSS/TA and pH were significantly increased during storage in both cultivars. The amount of peel lightness decreased during storage. Peel lightness in page fruits which were treated by wax and fungicide was 60 (mean 58). It was significantly less than other treatments (mean 61). The amount of a* increased in Unshio (from 14.77 to 19.83) and Page during storage, but in Page fruits that were covered by polyethylene pack was the highest (34.9) at the end of 40 days storage period. The range of hue angle in Unshio was between 65.54 (wax) and 92.61 (control) at the end of storage. Page fruits had the higher hue angle when treated by polyethylene pack alone (67.25), or in combination with Tecto 60 (65.79). According to sensory analysis, the fruits were treated by Tecto 60 and covered by a polyethylene pack, had significantly the better appearance during 60 (Unshio) and 40 (page) days after beginning of storage.

The diversity of cultivars is very important for the sustainable production of citrus. Also, there is little information about the effect of common sour orange substitute rootstocks on new cultivars. The present research was conducted to investigate the vegetative growth of six navel orange cultivars ('Fucumoto'; 'Navelina'; 'Navelate'; 'Thomson navel'; 'Cara cara' and 'Lane late navel') on three poncirus hybrids rootstocks ('Carrizo citrange'; 'Swingle citrumelo' and 'C-35 citrange'), during seven years. Traits related to vegetative growth such as tree volume, rootstock and scion morphological compatibility, leaf nutrient concentration and tree survival were measured. All measured vegetative traits were affected by year, rootstock and cultivar. The rootstocks affected the concentration of all nutrients in the leaves. Tree height and volume and the required area for orange trees on the 'Carrizo citrange' were less than the other two rootstocks. 'Navelate' and 'Lane late navel' cultivars had the highest and 'Fukumoto' had the lowest tree volume. The compatibility of the graft union decreased with the increasing age of the trees. In the last year, there was the lowest compatibitity between 'Fukumoto' cultivar and 'citrumelo' rootstock (0.60) and the highest between 'Navelate' cultivar and 'Carrizo citrange' rootstock (0.77). One tree of 'Fukumoto' and 'Navelina' with 'C-35' rootstock declined in the last year of the experiment, but other rootstocks and cultivars did not show any signs of yellowing. The maximum area required for seven-year-old trees of 18 studied rootstock and cultivar combinations with regular annual pruning was about 9.5 m2, which was recorded in 'Navelate' cultivar on 'C-35 citrange' rootstock.

Using of postharvest treatments in citrus fruit is important due to maintaining of antioxidant compounds during cold storage. In this study, Thomson and Moro fruits after coating (Polyethylene, Shine, Storage and Britex Ti waxes, Polyethylene pack, Tecto 60 fungicide and Control) were stored for three months in cold storage (5°C, 85 RH). Antioxidant compounds changes were evaluated with sampling each 30 days interval. The results showed total phenolics increased during 30 days of storage and then decreased, significantly. Pulp phenolics in both cultivars increased using Polyethylene pack and Storage wax than other treatments. Peel tissues of Moro variety which treated by Polyethylene, Shine and Storage waxes had higher levels of total carotenoid in the second month of storage. Thomson fruits that covered with Shine and Storage waxes had the highest and the lowest ascorbic acid, respectively. The amount of ascorbic acid in Moro fruits covered with Britex Ti decreased during storage. In the end of storage, just fruits coated by Shine wax had higher total anthocyanin, significantly. Based on the total antioxidant capacity, it was found that fruits treated with Storage, Britex Ti waxes, and Polyethylene pack had higher inner quality and antiradical potential during storage.

A prevalent problem in pomegranate fruit is sun damage that decreases the quantity and quality of fruit. This study's objective was to evaluate the effect of different photo-selective shade net colors and shading percentages on growth traits and pomegranate fruit quality during two-years (2019 and 2020). Plots of pomegranate trees (cv. Malse Saveh) were covered to full canopy with two colors photo-selective shade nets (White and Green) and with two shading percent (30 and 50%) compared to uncovered plots (control) at Saveh region in the same orchard at the time of fruit set (10 June) and maintained on the trees for four months. The findings showed that shade nets increased relative leaf water content while decreasing temperature and light intensity in the canopy and fruits as compared to the control. Pomegranates maintained under nets had much higher fruit weight and yield than those uncover trees. The percentage of sunburn fruits was dramatically reduced when a shade net was used. In uncovered trees, the percentage of sunburn was 27.85 %, whereas in shade treatments, the percentage of sunburn was at 0 - 4.5%. The white shade net 50% PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation) had the highest fruit weight, juice percentage, aril weight and yield, maximum color of fruits and arils, as well as the lowest level of proline content among the shading treatments. The highest amount of total anthocyanin (55.13 mg/100 mL), total phenolics (34 mg GAE/100 mL) and vitamin C (21.32 mg/100 mL) was observed under white shade net 50% PAR.

One of the most important problems in the field of cultivation and production of garden products, especially oranges, is the irrigation of the plant and its amount. Iran has many challenges in growing and producing orange fruit due to its diverse climate and being located in a dry region.  Based on, in the present study, the effect of water stress and storage time of the product in cold storage (fruits of Thomson Novell cultivar after harvest in cold storage at 5 ° C and 85% humidity for 90 days and Valencia oranges at 20 ° C for Stored for 30 days) on chemical properties (antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid content), physical (weight, width, length, volume, volume, weight and weight of the extract), color characteristics and sensory properties were evaluated. The physical changes of Thomson and Valencia oranges in the samples without water stress on the first day were not significantly different, although minor reduction in storage time. According to the results, the highest weight loss, extract weight, antioxidant, ascorbic acid and volume of orange varieties during storage were in samples under dehydration stress. The color components include brightness, a * and b * decreased in Thomson orange samples under water stress and during storage, but the Valencia orange but did not significant difference was observed. Sensory properties of bad taste and bitterness were higher in oranges under water stress and scored lower in terms of sensory evaluators.

In order to evaluate the effect of different preharvest fertilization methods on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of kiwifruit (var. Hayward) at postharvest stage, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments in four replications in Citrus and Sub-tropical Fruits Research Center during three crop years (2014- 2016). Fertilizer treatments included broadcast application (control), localized placement, strip, foliar, fertigation, broadcast application + foliar, fertigation + foliar and localized placement + foliar. Then in the first of November in each year, sampling of the treated fruits was carried out to measure the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruit at postharvest stage during three years. Harvested fruits were kept cold storage at 0.5 ° C and 90% relative humidity for three months. The results showed, the fertilizer method had a significant effect on the fruits weight loss. So that the fruits fed by strip (6.08%), fertigation (6.74%) and combination of fertigation and foliar application (6.61 %) methods had less weight loss during cold storage, respectively. L * and chroma content of flesh were affected by the fertigation method. Result also showed that the control fruits had the lowest amount of antioxidant capacity and strip fertilization treatment had the highest antioxidant capacity during cold storage. Sensory attributes analysis showed that the amount of aroma, flavour, off-flavour, sweetness, sourness and overall fruit acceptability in fruits treated by broadcast application + foliar method obtained the most desirable scores.

In this study, qualitative traits and bioactive compounds of edible oil that extracted from three olive promising genotypes (T2, T7, and T18) and two cultivars (Zard and Koroneiki) from Tarom olive collection in Zanjan province were evaluated during two crop seasons (2017-2018). Edible oil quality traits including free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and extinction coefficients (K232 and K270), total chlorophyll, total carotenoids, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were measured. The results of analysis of variance of year Í cultivar / genotype on oil qualitative traits showed that their interactions on all traits except K270 were significant at 1% probability level. The results showed that edible oil of T7 genotype (0.79% as oleic acid) and Zard cultivar (0.43% as oleic acid) in 1997 had the lowest and highest FFA contents, respectively. Edible oil of T7 in 2018 (17.22 m Eq / kg of oil) and T2 in 2017 (96.67 m Eq / kg) showed the highest and lowest PV levels, respectively. The K232 extinction coefficient of T18 oil was the lowest in both years (0.8 and 1.03 for 2017 and 2018, respectively). Edible oil of Zard cultivar had the highest amount of total phenol in 2017 (243.94 mg gallic acid per kg of oil). T7 genotype had the highest amounts of total flavonoids in 2018 )21.45 mg of quercetin per kg of oil(. Koroneiki cultivar with 90.55% had the highest antioxidant capacity in 2017 and T7 genotype with 41.65% had the lowest value of this index. T2 genotype in both years in terms of antioxidant capacity was in a statistical group with commercial cultivars.

Citrus fruits contain numerous beneficial bioactive compounds including vitamin C, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, and sugars which have high nutritional and antioxidant value. Some factors such as the canopy position of the fruit and fruit size affect the quality and quantity of these compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of canopy position and fruit size on morphophysiological and biochemical properties of Thomson orange fruit. In the first experiment, fruits with medium and uniform size were harvested from inside and outside canopy positions of the tree. In the second experiment, after harvest the fruits were grouped into three sizes of small, medium, and large. Traits such as weight, volume, length, and width of fruit, skin color, skin thickness, extract content, dry matter percentage, TA, TSS, TSS/TA, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, phenolic acid content, vitamin C, total sugars, and reducing sugars were evaluated on the peel and pulp of fruit along with a panel test. Results revealed that fruit volume, peel thickness, TSS/TA, a* value, CCI value, peel antioxidant capacity, and peel total sugars were higher in the fruits from the external canopy position while TA, L*, C*, h°, and b* in the fruits from internal canopies were significantly higher. Fruit size had a significant effect on physical parameters of fruit, CCI, h°, juice, and dry matter while it did not affect the quality and chemical traits of fruit. The results of this study showed that orange fruit with a position outside the crown and a large size has a significant increase in extract content, actual volume, average fruit diameter, aroma, taste, and sweetness compared to the position inside the crown with a small size.

In this study, with the aim of final evaluation to introduce the cultivar, the fruits of Khoram mandarin (Citrus reticulata ‘Clementine’ ×C. sinensis ‘Hamlin’) were used as a new cultivar and Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tanaka) as the control. Fruits were evaluated at harvest time and 20 and 40 days of cool storage for two years. Results showed that the size and weight of Khoram fruits was less than Clementine (control). Khoram was more spherical with easy to mid peeling. Weight loss of Khoram fruit during storage was lower than control. Color indices as L*, a*, b*, hue, and CCI of peel in both cultivars were not changed significantly during storage. TSS and TA levels in Khoram fruits were higher than control. The juice percentage of Khoram fruit was higher (48.45%) than Clementine (40.12%). Khoram fruits had the highest antioxidant capacity (34.29%) after 20 days of storage. Phenolic content of Khoram peel at harvest time and at the end of the storage was lower than control. The vitamin C content of both cultivars was not changed significantly during storage. Sensory traits such as taste, sweetness, peel and pulp appearance, and overall acceptance were dominant in Khoram fruits. In general, Khoram cultivar is suitable for freshness, moderate storability, good taste, high juice percentage and optimal nutritional value.

Proper harvesting time plays an important role in maintaining fruit quality during storage. Early or delayed harvesting results in unpleasant taste, inability to store and inappropriate appearance. In order to evaluate the effects of harvest time and storage period on physiological and biochemical parameters was conducted with three replications. Tests were carried out with four harvesting time (Based on the total soluble solids (TSS) index), i.e., 5, 6.5, 8 and 9.5 °Brix and four storage time, i.e., 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. Based on the experimental treatments, traits such as fruit juice, TSS, TA, TSS/TA ratio, starch and protein content, fruit pigments, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, total sugar content and reducing sugars content in fruit were measured. The results showed that in all harvesting treatments, increasing the storage period significantly increased TSS, TA, protein content, total phenol, vitamin C, total sugar content, reducing sugar and antioxidant capacity. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents increased significantly with increasing harvest index and storage period. The results of this study showed that 60 and 90 days storage periods play an important role in increasing physiological and biochemical indices of kiwifruit (except traits such as fruit juice, starch content, TSS/TA ratio and superoxide dismutase activity) in all harvest treatments.

In this research, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of two varieties of lemon (Cook Eureka and Khoushehi) were evaluated during two years by sampling from October 17 to November 16, every 10 days (four times) from trees and at the end of shelf life period. The results showed, generally, the size and volume of fruit of Cook Eureka was large and Khoushehi lemon was small. The fruit weight and juice percentage in Cook Eureka did not change significantly (p<0.05) during harvesting time and shelf life. The TSS/TA ratio also increased during ripening and shelf life, with the exception of the Khoushehi fruits which harvested on November 16. Although the technology index in Cook Eureka was not significantly change during harvesting times, but the peel thickness of Khoushehi fruits decreased during shelf life. In general, the values of L*, a* and b* color indices in both varieties and experiment were high from first to last harvest times. Also, amount of Chroma and CCI showed an increase pattern during shelf life. Fruits picked at the last harvest (Nov. 16), which had the highest amount of vitamin C (28.31 mg/100gFW), also had the highest vitamin C levels at the end of shelf life (42.64 mg/100gFW). Totally, the total phenol and antioxidant content of fruit were increased during shelf life period in both varieties.

Kiwifruit requires a high quantity of nutrients that must be supplied through fertilization to obtain an optimum yield on a sustainable basis. This research was conducted to evaluate different fertilization methods including broadcast application (as control), deep placement of the fertilizer and fertigation, alone or in combination with foliar application and their effects on the yield, leaf mineral contents, and some quality properties of kiwifruit (A. deliciosa cv. Hayward). Results showed that fertilization methods had a significant effect on yield and the highest level of yield (76 Kg tree-1) was obtained in the combination of fertigation with foliar spray. In addition, foliar application significantly increased leaf mineral contents of kiwifruit in all treatments. Furthermore, the fertilization method had significant effects on phenol, ascorbic acid contents, and antioxidant capacity of fruits. The highest levels of antioxidant (70.9%), phenol (103.6 mg 100g-1), and ascorbic acid (54.2 mg 100 g-1) in fruits were recorded in ‘soil application’ method. Total soluble carbohydrate and starch contents of the fruits were reduced following foliar nutrition in all treatments. However, foliar nutrition significantly increased fruit crude protein. In conclusion, based on obtained results, fertilization method directly influenced the yield and leaf mineral status and indirectly influenced the fruit chemical composition of Hayward kiwifruit. In fact, the supplemental foliar application reduced some fruit quality attributes (lower antioxidant activity and carbohydrate content) but enhanced the yield of kiwifruit.

 Calcium is a key plant nutrient with significant functions including reducing fruit senescence; calcium deficiency has been involved in several physiological disorders in fruits. Pre-harvest foliar application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) is an efficient and safe strategy to maintain or improve the fruit quality during storage. Also, calcium significantly increases the membrane and cell wall density and reduces the physiological disorders of the fruit. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest CaCl2 sprays of citrus trees at three fruit development stages on improving fruit quality and antioxidant capacity during storage. To conduct this research, citrus trees of three different varieties (‘Thomson’, ‘Moro’ and ‘Page’) were sprayed with different concentrations of CaCl2 (0, 1, 2 and 4%) at three fruit development stages (120, 140 and 160 days after full bloom). After harvesting, citrus fruits were stored at 5°C and 85% relative humidity for 60 days. Then, weight loss and juice percentage, total carotenoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (IC50 content) of the fruits peel and pulp were determined on 0 (harvesting time), 30 and 60 days. Data were analyzed using SAS (Ver.9.1) and significance of the differences between the means was computed using Tukey test.    Results showed that weight loss percentage in fruit treated with CaCl2 (especially in 2 and 4% treatments) of all three cultivars was significantly less than control during storage. Total carotenoid of pulp of Thomson and Moro cultivars increased with increasing of CaCl2 concentrations compared to control during storage. In Page mandarin, the carotenoid content of pulp was not affected by calcium chloride treatment. Results also showed that SOD activity in peel and pulp of treated fruits was higher than control at harvest time. At the time of harvesting, the peel APX activity of Thomson and Moro cultivars (control) was higher than those treated by calcium. Antioxidant capacity (based on IC50 content) of peel and pulp varied depending on the cultivar and the treatment. That is, the highest antioxidant capacity was determined in ‘Thomson’ at harvest time and in treated fruits with high level of CaCl2. In the present study, the CaCl2 pre-treatment was sprayed on the citrus trees and the results indicated that pre-harvest calcium chloride significantly decreases weight loss percentage and increases antioxidant capacity, SOD activity and total carotenoid contents in citrus fruits during storage. It seems that the accessibility of sufficient CaCl2 during plant growth has a strong influence on concentrations of bioactive compounds and overall antioxidant properties of citrus fruits. Overall, it is suggested that an appropriate CaCl2 pre-treatment of citrus tree can help improve or maintain pulp and peel quality during storage. It is further suggested, using chlorine-free calcium sources in southern Iran with alkaline soils.

In this study, some fruit physicochemical characteristics of two lemon varieties (Lisbon and Cook eureka) were investigated to determine the changes in bioactive compounds according to physicochemical properties during maturity until ripening stages. Fruits were evaluated every 10 days interval for one month (15 October to 15 November). The results showed that Cook eureka fruit with 131.04 g weight, 60.84 mm length, 115.12 mm3 volume and 39.22 percentage of juice was significantly larger than Lisbon. The highest amount of titratable acidity of varieties (13.51 and 10.95 percent in Lisbon and Cook eureka, respectively) observed at late October. Technological Index of varieties was the range of 3.40- 4.51 percent. The highest amount of pulp phenolics observed with 1.85 mg.g-1 at late October and 1.48 mg.g-1 at early November in Lisbon and Cook eureka, respectively. Ascorbic acid content of Lisbon lemon was high (57.05 mg.100g-1) at early November. Inversely, Cook eureka showed exceeding antioxidant activity with 65.33 % at mid November. In addition, the lowest amount of total chlorophyll in peel and pulp of Lisbon was 0.69 (early November) and 0.42 mg.g-1 (late October), respectively. The amount of total carotenoid (6.85 mg.g-1 at late October) in Lisbon was higher than other examined varieties. Therefore, it is better that fruits to be harvested before beginning of internal metabolism or at the full ripening stage to have higher bioactive compounds.

According to a breeding program that was carried out in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Noushin (C. reticulata cv Clementine × C. sinensis cv. Salustiana) and Shahin (C. reticulata cv Clementine × C. sinensis cv. Hamlin) mandarins were released by using crossing method in 20-year program. In general, mandarins do not have the ability of being kept in common or cold storage for long time compared to oranges. The main problem is the change of fruit taste during storage, therefore, it is an attracted subject for researchers. Furthermore, storage temperature plays an important role in the quality of the taste of mandarins. The new released mandarins, which hve not been yet studied completely for their storability, need to be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate fruit physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of Noushin and Shahin varieties in common and cold storages for two years.
In this study, fruits of Noshin and Shahin mandarins were harvested at seasonal harvesting time and then placed in could storage (5 oC and 85% RH) and common storage (7-10 oC and 60-70 %RH) based on completely randomized design with three replications for 60 days every year. Fruits on days 0 (at harvesting time), 20, 40 and 60 of storage were sampled. Various physico-chemical and sensory characteristics were evaluated including iuice percentage, weight loss, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), skin disorder index (SDI), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total phenolic, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and sensory parameters during experiment. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using statistical software MSTAT-C. Analysis of variance combined in a randomized complete design (two years) with three replications for each variety.
The results showed that the amount of fruit weight loss and juice percentage did not show significant changes during storage. The ranges of weight loss in Noushin and Shahin varieties were 7-8% and 3.45-5.1%, respectively. Generally, peeling in Shahin was harder than Noushin but it gradually decreased until the end of storage. With the exception of citrus color index (CCI) in Noushin that was high at the beginning of storage, other color indices had no significant differences according to the type of variety and storage. Totally, TSS: TA ratio increased during storage depending on the type of storage, so that the ratio was higher (Noushin with 39.64 and Shahin with 13.34) in common storage than cold storage (Noushin with 31.04 and Shahin with 13.62) at the end of storage. Amount of electrical conductivity (EC) and technological index (TI) increased significantly in both varieties and storages. Shahin variety with 3.74 and 26.19% was so sensitive to rind disorder index and rind disorder percentage, respectively. Phenolic compounds in both varieties declined during both cold and common storages. The amount of reduction depends on the type of mandarin, with Shahin showing higher decline than Noushin variety. Besides, the content of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity in both peel and pulp showed a decreasing pattern with the passing of harvesting time during storage. According to sensory analysis, Noushin fruit can be stored in common storage for 20 days and in cold storage for 40 days. Moreover, results revealed that Shahin fruits did not have storability more than 40 days in common and cold storages.
Generally, Noushin variety was sensitive to low moisture of the storage and fruits lost extra moisture during storage. Since Noshin was an early ripening variety, TSS: TA ratio increased rapidly at the end of storage. Although Noushin had the lowest ascorbic acid content but its fruit antioxidant capacity was higher than shahin at the end of storage. On contrast, Shahin was a mid-ripening variety with higher ascorbic acid content. On the other hand, shahin peel was so sensitive to skin disorder index (SDI), therefor it should not be maintained in low moisture and temperature storage. Based on sensory analysis and physicochemical measurements, Noushin can be stored for 20 days and shahin for 40 days in common and cold storage. Finally, we found that Noushin and Shahin cannot be maintained in storage longer than other mandarins.

Citrus tolerate low temperature and weak drainage. Growing citrus in warm regions, expose them to drought. This research was conducted to investigate drought effect on relative water content, ion leackage, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, potassium and calcium nutrients in nucellar seedlings of citrus natural genotypeswith two susceptible and tolerant rootstocks in factorial test based on randomized completely design with three replications in glasshouse conditions. Factors included commercial Citrus genotypes and two level of irrigation (optimum irrigation and withholding irrigation). The results showed that Poncirus because of lower ion leakage (31.85 %), lower malondealdehyde accumulation (134.4 nm/gdw) and higher calcium content (57 mg/gdw) compared with other genotypes was more tolerant to drought. Rough lemon because of higher malondealdehyde accumulation (356.9 nm/gdw), high ion leakage (69.43 %) and lower calcium content (32.63 mg/gdw) compared with other genotypes, was susceptible to drought. Genotype of Shelmahalleh because of high ion leakage (77.17 %) and slight total soluble carbohydrate accumulation was susceptible to drought after Rough lemon. Therefore, we could consider ion leakage as a proper physiological marker for drought tolerance with regard to means comparison and its good correlation to survival time.

Citrus fruits have different characteristics and properties consisting of physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential. In this study physical, quantitative and qualitative characteristic and bioactive components of four citrus varieties in the north part of Iran are studied for their possible use in the fruit juice and concentrate processing factories. Some characteristics and properties consisting of fruit length, diameter, spherical coefficient, volume, peel thickness, pulp percentage, juice percentage, TSS, sugar, TA, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and anti-oxidant capacity were determined according to the defined standard methods. The results showed that fruits were different in shape. The highest and lowest length and volume have been found in Thomson orange and Unshiu mandarin respectively. Siavaraz orange and Unshiu mandarin had the maximum and minimum spherical coefficient (0.97 and 0.91) respectively. The Thomson orange with highest peel thickness (4.82 mm) and pulp (9.53%) had the lowest percent juice extracted in the Laboratory (31.15%) and in the production line (26.78%). There was the highest amount of total sugar and TA in Unshiu mandarin (9.19 g.g-100) and Siavaraz orange (1.85 g.g-100) respectively. Considering the bioactive compounds, the results revealed that there was the highest concentration of ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds in Siavaraz orange (58.3 mg.g-100) and moro Blood orange (55.25mg.g-100) respectively. Furthermore, there were a positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid (R2= 0.91) and total phenolic compounds (R2= 0.71). The lowest antioxidant capacity was related to Unshiu mandarin with 38/19%. Thomson orange was not a suitable variety for juice production due to high peel thickness and pulp, low juice percentage and also bitter taste after juice extraction. Inversely, Siavaraz orange had more industrial indices including high juice percentage, balance pulp and the highest spherical coefficient. Unshiu mandarin and Moro (Blood orange) might be consumed as fresh or be used for industrial juice extraction.