kakoolaki

The covid-19 disease caused millions of people in the world to face a food supply crisis. This research was planned and implemented to investigate the impact of the spread of this disease on the fisheries activities of Iran as one of the branches of food supply. The operation of collecting research data through (1) designing general and specific questionnaires, distributing them throughout the country and completing them by fisheries activists in the areas of shrimp farming, coldwater and warmwater, fishing communities, and seafood processing centers of different provinces, (2) gathering information, directives, and necessary data such as the production statistics of the Iranian Fisheries Organization, and (3) a review of the research and actions carried out in other countries. The average reliability of 1044 completed questionnaires was determined as 0.81 based on Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that during the outbreak of the disease, providing inputs and raw materials for growers and processing factories was more difficult (with an average of 65±3%) and more expensive (with an average of 56±5%). The domestic and international restrictions imposed during the quarantine period can be considered as one of the main factors for the difficulty in providing raw materials. In this context, 79% of these people believed that the transportation of raw materials was more difficult these days and affected the supply of the product. The decrease in demand and the increase in the cost of production increased the amount of storage of the manufactured product, which increased the risk and cost for the producers. 70% of the respondents have observed and announced the concern about disease transmission by fish and the decrease in demand among consumers. In the field of employment and economy, the increase in the cost price of the produced product was observed to a higher extent in aquaculture sectors and seafood processing factories. Instead, the fishing community reported the highest rate of job loss among the research target groups. 80% of the production sectors announced that their income decreased during the outbreak of the disease. Also, the results of this research showed the reduction of workers and employees of the production sectors in all groups during the outbreak of the disease. In general, about 78% of the audience announced that the fisheries activities of the country were affected by the negative effects of the coronavirus disease. According to these results and the short-term impact of this disease, among the strategies to deal with crises, the strategy of endurance for similar crises is proposed. To increase the resistance of the country's fisheries sectors in similar cases in the future, solutions and measurements have been proposed such as classifying fisheries activities as vulnerable businesses, developing assistance programs and emergency operational packages, implementing promotion and information measures, regional management in the provinces to meet the needs of the markets, extending, automatic renewal of farm exploitation licenses, the strengthening and development of cold storage plants and processing factories, the necessity of immediate support for local fishermen, and the expansion of online methods of selling aquatic products.

Probiotics are widely used in modern aquaculture. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of probiotic bacteria of Bacillus subtilis strain on growth parameters of rainbow trout and to determine the best application rate of this bacterium. The results of this research will be widely used in improving the production of this valuable species and creating new perspectives in breeding conditions and increasing its nutritional value. In this study, the effect of Bacillus subtilis IS02 in a completely randomized design with four different treatments including: T1 probiotic supplementation- free, T2 containing 106, T3 with 107 and T4 with 108 CFU/g of B. subtilis in diet for 30 days on some growth parameters (WG, SGR, FCR, PER, LER, PPV, LPV, CF, VFI, FE, DGI) was investigated. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test. The results showed that T4 treatment with a concentration of 107 CFU/g had a significant effect (p=0.001) on the increase of protein value (PPV), but no significant effect was observed in other parameters of growth (p> 0.05).

The objective of this survey was to provide a software ecological model to predict the incidence of WSSV in Litopenaeus vannamei ponds of Gwater area located in southeastern of Iran. The coding and grouping of effective factors, which were involved in the occurrence of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) including temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, ammonia, silica, pond preparation and management and water phytoplankton with the critical-to-optimal ranges had being applied. The data were originated from a national research plan named epidemiological study of the effect of environmental and management factors affecting the incidence of WSSV of Fenneropenaeus indicus and L. vannamei. The type and quality of processes in the emergence of the effect of each exposure in the appearance of the outcome of WSSV were designed. In this design, meaningful effective factors directly contributed to the development of the process, and other factors merely assumed as complementary form of disease prognosis. It is concluded that the ecological model can shows the role of the physicochemical and management factors in incidence of WSSV in the area where the disease was already encountered with.

In traditional Chinese human medicine, herbs have been used as immunostimulants for thousands of years. Herbal medicines enhance the immunity level to resist more against the diseases. Among these herbs, Falcaria vulgaris a member of Apiaceae family, which is domestically known “Paghazou” and Ghaziaghi in farsi is traditionally has been used as dry powder in west and south-west of Iran, to accelerate skin wound healing for centuries. The major components of volatile oil Paghazeh were Spathulenol and carvacrol, which respectively belong to Sesquiterpene and Monoterpene and have antimicrobial activities. sickleweed (F. vulgaris) with 10% enriched diet feed has good effect to decrease the area of epidermis injuries experimentally formed in Cyprinus carpio. These herbs can be used as alternatives to common medicines, which have been confirmed to carry side effects.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of propolis and pollen extract on biochemical and haematological parameters of Onchorhynchus mykiss. One hundred and eighty healthy fish, O. mykiss (mean weight 20.57±4.48 g) were used for growth performance and haematological assays. They were randomly selected, and distributed among fifteen 600-L fiberglass tanks as three treatments (1% Pollen, 1% Proplils, 0.5% Pollen 0.5% Proplils as groups 1-3, respectively), negative control as group 4 in triplicates at density of 30 fish each. After 8 weeks of the experiment, which the fish fed supplemented diets, final weight of all treatments showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) as well as WG and DGI. Definitely, all the treatments of the mentioned criteria showed a significant increase (p

Yersinia ruckeri is one of the most important causative agents of economic losses in fish farms in Iran. During April-August 2012¡ sampling was done from 285 unhealthy rainbow trout weighing from 1 to >200 g up¡ from 19 coldwater farms that located in west-Azerbaijan province in order to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacterium Y. ruckeri, as causative agent of enteric redmouth disease. Samples from the fish's mouth, kidney tissue and the last third of intestine were cultured on Yersinia selective agar media and then incubated at the 25°C for 48-72 hours. Using gram staining, biochemical tests and molecular assay (PCR) from 285 studied samples, 110 samples were infected to Y. ruckeri in the intestine (with an average of 59.38% contamination), 76 in mouth (with an average of 25.66% contamination)¡ and 25 in kidney tissue (with an average of 8.77% contamination). Moreover, Y. ruckeri were isolated from 12 farms out of 19 studied farms so the contamination rate about 36.84 percent was estimated. The results show that the average amount of contamination in west-Azerbaijan is higher than other provinces in the country. Regarding different weights, the samples in finger size weighing 1-20 g were the most infected ones (52.63%) and the market size weighing up to 200 grams (24.56%) had minimal contamination with bacteria. This result revealed that fish with fingerling size are the most sensitive compare to higher weights. Also, significant correlation was observed between high rate of nitrite and disease occurrence (r=870 and p=0.03). It seems that amount of nitrite more than 0.1 ppm in water of farms could be played important role as susceptibility factor in occurrence of ERM disease. So, proper health management could control the rate of disease outbreak in west-Azerbaijan’s fish farms.

In the present study, the effects of Chlorella vulgaris on blood and immunological parameters of Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) before and after exposure to Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) virus were examined. In this regard, four treatments in triplicate were chosen. Groups included one control and 3treatments (T1, T2 and T3). Fish in control group, T1, T2 and T3 were fed diets supplemented with 0, 1×108, 2×107 and 3×106 chlorella/450 g of food respectively, for sixty days. In addition, a virus supernatant was prepared from infected wild golden grey mullet (Liza auratus) and used for virus challenge of S. trutta caspius. Virus was injected intraperitoneally and blood samples were collected before and 14 days after the challenge. Immunological (IgM, C3, C4, total protein, respiratory burst, albumin and lysozyme) and changes in blood parameters (RBC, WBC, Htc, Hb, MCH, MCHC and MCV) were also measured. Results showed that C. vulgaris could act as a natural immunestimulant. Also, the alteration trend in hematological and immunological parameters showed that experimental fish could be considered to be resistant to VNN virus after exposure and fish treated with C. vulgaris were more resistant in comparison to those in the control group. The dose used in T1 (1×108 chlorella/450 g food) was the most effective approach with significant differences.

The present study tried to investigate the effects of probiotic, Pediococcus acidilactici in concentrations of 1× 109, 2× 109 and 3×109cfu kg-1 diet on growth and survival rate of oriental bream fry (Abramis brama orientalis, Berg 1949) in comparison to control diet (devoid of probiotic) for 60 days. In so doing, 180 specimens of oriental bream with initial weight of 2.69± 0.22 g were divided randomly into12 fiberglass tanks (capacity 110 l).They were fed at 3-5 percent body weight daily. A the end of the trial, growth and survival rates were measured. The best growth performance was viewed in treatments rather than the control because of the improvement of gut microflora balance, which performed by probiotic P. acidilactici, following by the enzyme secretion for increasing nutrient digestibility and fish appetite. The best bodyweight gain, specific and daily growth rates, and the lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in treatment, feeding with diet containing 2× 109cfu kg-1 diet (P

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different levels of Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) methanol extract on the growth performances (final weight (FW), daily growth ratio (DGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), voluntary feed intake (VFI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) and some of hematological parameters (hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 360 of larvae (with average weight of 0.75±0.03g) in 4 treatments: control group without using Echinacea extract, an another groups (treatment 2, 3 and 4) the amounts of this extract were 50,100 and 200 g/kg food. The highest FW (4.22±0.11g), DGI (1.72±0.50%) and the lowest FCR (0.95±0.05) and VFI (1.77±0.05%), were observed in treatment 4. But treatment 4 in all of these growth parameters did not show a significant difference compared with treatment 3 (P> 0.05). After 60 days, treatments 3 and 4, showed significantly higher RBC, WBC, Hb and Hct than those fed the control diet. Finally, the present results suggest that diet containing 100 and 200 g kg-1 extract could improve growth and hematological parameter of M. cephalus.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of anolyte on saprolegniasis in comparison with green malachite in rainbow trout hatcheries, in the northern part of Iran, Tonekabon. Nearly 5000 green eggs of Oncorhynchus mykiss (equivalent to 300 g) were obtained from a private farm in the north of Iran. The study was designed in 5 treatments, 0.25, 0.5, 25, 30 and 100 ppm of neutral anolyte and 2 ppm of green malachite and two controls including positive control, meaning that the green eggs were purposely infected with saprolegnia but without any disinfectant, and negative control, which was implied to as the untreated group, all in triplicate. There was no significant difference (α>0.05) in hatchability percent between 2 ppm of green malachite and the group treated with 0.25 ppm of neutral anolyte, contrary to other anolyte concentrations. It is concluded that constant use of 0.25 ppm of neutral electrolyzed oxidized water (NEOW) is a more effective anti-fungal solution with the least side effects in comparison with 2 ppm of green malachite.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent responsible for huge-shrimp viral epidemics in shrimp farms throughout the world. Our study was aimed to determine the effect of WSSV Gamma-vaccinated Litopenaeus vannamei on the occurrence of apoptosis. One thousand and twenty PL15 were randomly distributed among 2 treatments and two control groups. Gama-Vaccinated shrimp and non-Gamma-vaccinated ones were our treated and untreated groups. Based on our results significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in survival percent between vaccinated-exposed group (82.33±2.51) and non-vaccinated exposed group (26.00±10.00). It is concluded that apoptosis can be a helpful process in enhancing the immune response in shrimp especially against WSSV.

Development of shrimp farming has been associated with the incidence of fatal diseases including viral, bacterial and protozoan parasites of shrimp. Our study was aimed to present an status of several important protozoan parasites of F. indicus in cultured earthen ponds in Iran during the period of 2011 to 2012. One hundred live shrimp were randomly prepared from the Shrimp Helleh Station in south of Iran. Prevalence and intensity were two important indices that calculated in our research. They were scraping, putting on clean slides and examined under microscope to observe the protozoan parasites. Zoothamnium sp. is more prevalent pathogen among peritrichous ciliates (88.66% to 79%) in pleopods. Acineta sp. was less prevalent in our isolations neither in pleopods nor in gills. It is concluded that, peritrichous ciliates are more frequent ciliates causing mortality in cultured shrimps at high density in higher temperature and ammonia.

Shrimp aquaculture has expanded rapidly in many countries and this rapid development resulted diseases outbreaks and further considerable utilization of antibiotics. Use of natural products as antimicrobial has been reported as a resolution problem. The crude extract of a red seaweed (Laurencia snyderiae) collected from the Persian Gulf was evaluated for shrimp growth performance and to determine in vivo efficacy of this seaweed to prevention of shrimp Vibriosis. The ethanol extract of Laurencia snyderiae was not toxic to the Artemia in star- I when it was fed to them for enrichment. The white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Juveniles fed with these enriched Artemia at 0 mg mL-1 (Control group), and three treatments of 200 , 400 and 600 mg mL-1 for a 30 days period. Results showed an increase in survival rate in treatment groups compared with control group but wasn’t significantly (P

In this research, the effect of different water temperature on THC (Total hemocyte count), variety of hemocyte cells and histopathological differences in Crayfish Astacus leptodactylus were studied. This study was designed in three groups in triplicate with 20 Crayfish in each glass aquarium. The rate of temperature in three groups were 10,15, 20, and 25 °C, respectively. The results indicated that the differences of THC value between Group1 (69± 19.00) and Group 3 (18± 12.49) were significant after 48 h . After 168 h, also the differences of THC value between Group 3 (9± 6.24) with Groups 1 & 2 (35.33± 7.02 &32.33± 8.73) were significant. The highest and lowest density of hemocyte cells were belong to semigranular cells (SGC), granular cells (GC) and hyaline cells (HC), with estimated values of 59-64%, 28-36% and 3-8% respectively. The result of histopathology in heaptopancreas, gill and heart in Group 3 affecting of high temperature showed the distribution of hemocyte aggregation and pyknosis of nucleus within vaculation of hepatopancreas. In Groups 1 and 2 the differences of hepatopancreas and gill lamella were lower and no pathological changes of heart were observed. No significant changes of digestive tract were observed in all treatments.

The Astacus leptodactylus specimens were collected from four sites of Aras reservoir, North-West of Iran and examined for the epibionts during 2009. Protozoan epibionts from ciliophora (one genus and seven species) and tracheophyta were isolated from the cuticular surface of different body parts of narrow-claw crayfish, A.leptodactylus. Seasonal prevalence of infestation was determined in 394 individuals of A.leptodactylus. The facultative ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis was identified on the gills and gill haemocoel with 0.5% prevalence. Futhermore, epibiont fouling organisms such as Epistylis chrysemidis (52.3%); Vorticella similis (45.9%); Cothurnia sieboldii (68.5%); Pyxicola annulata (66%); Chilodonella spp.(0.5%); Zoothamnium intermedium(57.1%); Opercularia articulate (20.6%) and Podophrya fixa (8.6%) were also isolated from 13 body parts of A.leptodactylus. The presence of Chilodonella infestation is the first record of this genus on freshwater crayfish species. The comparison of biometrical data of the epibionts showed no significant differences in prevalence of seasonal infestation between sampling sites. The current work represents the first documentation for the presence of protozoan epibionts on A.leptodactylus in Aras Reservoir, Iran.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the causative virus of disease, is found in most shrimp farming areas in Iran, and it cause large economic losses to the shrimp farming industry. Shrimp aquaculture is an important industry in Iran and plays an important role in aquaculture production. The shrimp production in 2012 was more than 12000 metric tonnes and it is estimated it will reach 20000 tonnes in 2013.White spot syndrome virus is highly virulent in shrimp farms and can spread quickly and - cause up to 100% mortality within 3-7 days. The virus is a very large, enveloped, double stranded DNA (ds DNA) and assigned by ICTV to a new genus Whispovirus and belong to Nimaviridae family. In Iran WSSV first appeared in Khuzestan Province in the south of Iran and later on it appeared in other provinces such as Bushehr, and Sistan and Baluchestan. The aim of this review is to give current information of WSSV in Iran, host ranges, carriers, biology, clinical signs, histopathology, PCR, with emphasis on the effects of WSSV in shrimp aquaculture.

In this study, the effect of ethanolic extracts of Sargassum angustifolium on growth and survival of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile was investigated under challenge with shrimp pathogen bacteria Vibrio harveyi. Powder form of the extract was bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to L. vannamei juvenile reared as 5 groups inclouding C- (unenriched Artemia, without bacteria), C+ (unenriched Artemia, with bacteria), T1 (enriched Artemia with 200 mg l-1 SA extract, with bacteria), T2 (enriched Artemia with 400 mg l-1 SA extract, with bacteria), T3 (enriched Artemia with 600 mg l-1 SA extract, with bacteria). One week after culture all groups except C- were inoculated with V. harveyi at the rate of 1.5 × 108 CFU ml-1 for 15 minutes then after every water exchange 10 ml of V. harveyi at the rate of 1.5 × 107 CFU ml-1 was added to aquaria. Shrimps at group C- showed maximum survival (86.6%), specific growth rate (SGR, 11.33%) and less bacterial load (0.5 ± 0.03× 102 CFU g-1 tissue). While (C2) exhibited lowest survival (33.3%), SGR (9.90%) and more bacterial load (3.4 ± 0.05× 105 CFU g-1 tissue) and the difference was significant (p<0.05). In treatment groups survival and SGR were significantly (p<0.05) more than C+ and less than C-, also bacterial load were less than C+ and more than C-. Among treatment groups T2 that fed with enriched artemia with 400 mg l-1 SA extract gave better results.

In this study, the hematological and growth performance of beluga (Huso huso) fed with herbal supplemented diet were studied. Dietary treatments were control (normal diet), 1 g garlic(Allium sativum)and 1 g nettle (Urticadioica) per 100g feed for 60 days. No significant difference was observed in growth performance between the groups(P>0.05). MCV increased significantly in nettle group compared to control group after 60 days (P

To assess the hygienic conditions of market rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss ), the residuals of three antibiotics consisting of oxytetracycline (OTC), enrofloxacin (EN) and erythromycin (ET) were measured in the muscles of freshly caught fish obtained from 17 trout farming in Charmahal-va-Bakhteyari (CVB) province using high performance liquid chromatography. Totally 266 fish samples were randomly obtained and 798 muscle samples were used for detection of the above antibiotics. The obtained results showed that OTC was detected in one fish farm (5.8%) having a residual of 0.75 to 7.13 µgg-1. EN was detected in 6 fish farms (35%) with a residual of 0.5- 0.73 µgg-1. Also, the lowest and highest residuals of ET were 23.38 and 181.38 µgg-1, respectively in 5 fish farms (29.4%). The obtained results showed that the residual of these antibiotics in trout muscles of some fish farms were higher than the acceptable levels and therefore, requires a serious attention of both the environment and the consumer health care. Also, the detection limit of 0.05 µgg-1used for these antibiotics shows that application ofhigh performance liquid chromatography method used here in this study is a useful tool for a routine screening of these antibiotics in trout farming.

Many shrimp farmers were suffering from White Spot Disease (WSD) onset in last decades. Oscillation of environmental factors could lead mortality in susceptible hosts. Our study was aimed to investigate the effect of different temperatures on juvenile Fenneropenaeus vannamei experimentally exposed to White Spot Virus (WSV). Five hundred and forty juveniles were distributed among 3 treatments in triplicates, 22, 25 and 30°C and experimentally WSV were injected in the shrimps. Our results showed mortality started at 36 h post inoculation (hpi) in the treatment at 25°C (T25), meanwhile the mean value of mortality percent at 54 hpi in T25 (71.10±17.35) showed the significant difference (p=.045) with T22 (3.33±3.33) and T30 (Not Observed, NO.). Our results suggest that in site selection, in primary stage of farm designing, water temperature at more than 29°C, should be considered as key environmental factor. This finding can lead us that why the White Spot Disease occurred with high mortality in some area when the days of shrimp culture were prolonged until mid autumn.

Certain parasites can cause severe diseases in shrimp. Among these, protozoa are very important. The objective of our study was to describe the signs, prevalence, and intensity of hemocytosis, a new disease in shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus. The experimental design included three groups, one treatment as infected shrimp or group B and 2 controls with non-infected but exposure to White Spot Syndrom Virus (WSSV) shrimp as group A and non-infected non- exposure to WSSV shrimp as group C in triplicate. The results revealed that Hemocytosis associated with a decrease in hyalinocytes and large-granulocytes (less than 8%) and a considerable increase in semi-granulocytes in group A and B in contrast to group C that Hyalinocyte increased. This infection made the shrimp susceptible to WSSV disease. It is believed that Hemocytosis causes a condition which can result in a rapid mortality among susceptible species, F. indicus when exposure to WSSV is occurred.

We are no longer able to detect the toxins produced in food products using the traditional techniques. This is due to the fact that the isolation time for food products is not cost-effective and even in most of the cases. Hence with the advent of nanotechnology، the design of selective and smart sensors is one of the greatest industrial revelations of the quality control of food products. The aim of this study was to Methods and Materials: This was an laboratory experimental study. In this technique، based on the bacterial antibody connection to nanoparticle، a sensor was used. In this part of the research، as the basis for absorption for the recognition of bacterial toxin، medium sized silica nanoparticles of 10 nano meter in form of solid powder were utilized with Notrino brand. Then the suspension produced from agent-linked nanosilica which was connected to bacterial antibody was positioned near the samples of distrilled water، that were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacterial toxin with the density of 10-3، so that in case any toxin exists in the sample، a connection between toxin antigen and antibody would be formed. Finally، the light absorption related to the connection of antigen to the particle attached antoibody was measured using spectrophotometry. The results indicate that the sensor، up to 10-4 of density is detectable. Additionally، the sensitivity of the sensors were examined after 60 days، the sensor by the 56 day had confirmatory results and started to decrease after those time periods. This research revealed that the nanoparticles have specialized characters for bioanalysis. More accelerations and sensitivity and less costs are important characters for biosensors in comparison to routine and classical laboratory techncs in food control laboratories. These kinds of sensors are recommended for food control in crisis.

Diazinon is commonly used for pest control in the agricultural fields in north of Iran. This study was conducted to determine the chronic toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide (Diazinon) in vaccinated fish and its effects on some hematological parameters and biochemical blood plasma profiles of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).This experiment was carried out in three groups. The first group was vaccinated and exposed to diazinon (group A) while the second group was vaccinated and bathed with PBS bath (group B). The remaining fish were used as unvaccinated fish and were kept in clean water separately (group C). Diazinon was applied at concentrations of 2 mg/L for 12 hours since the experiments were initiated. The experimental groups(A and B) showed significantly lower values (p < 0.05) of erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit, leucocytes, Lymphocyte, myelocyte and monocyte, as well as in alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and, lactate dehydrogenase compared to the control group(C). Values of MCV, MCH and MCHC of experimental species (A and B) were compared to the control group(C). The results of examinations of the biochemical blood plasma profile indicate a marked neurotoxic effect of diazinon in fishes. Changes in values of both erythrocyte and leukocyte profile after exposure to diazinon-based preparation may be referred to disruption of haematopoiesis as well as to a decrease on non-specific immunity of the fish.

The effects of whey protein (12%) and sodium alginate (0.5%) on chemical, microbial and sensory changes and shelf life in kilka during frozen storage are investigated for up to 6 months. Total bacteria count and Staphylococcus bacteria counts(2 / 51 and 1 / 44 log CFU/g) in coated samples showed decrease in comparison with control samples(3.21- 2.28 log CFU/g). Moisture of coated samples had significant increase than control treatment (p<0.05). protein, lipid, ash and calorie were higher in test samples as compared with the control samples. Free fatty acids, TBRS, peroxide value, TVN and pH in coated samples showed significant decrease in comparison with control (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation of coated samples showed significant difference in comparison with control (p<0.05). It is suggested that whey protein edible coating incorporated with sodium alginate can enhance quality and increase shelf life of kilka fish in storage of freezing up to 6 months.