فهرست مطالب kamaleddin niknami

Copts are famous artists that are responsible for producing woven fabrics with warm and brilliant colors. During this period, we see the effectiveness of textiles as a means of expressing social status, communication and aesthetic values, which arises from their widespread integration into daily-life from a practical, social and economic-political point of view. Generally, the most important role of Coptic textiles was clothing, which in addition to the functional aspect in burials, provides a clear picture of the diversity of products, weavers skills and social status of individuals. Due to the importance of this fact, the method of covering and a strong desire for fashion is noteworthy. Meanwhile, change in style and weaving techniques follow the reflection of economic and industrial needs, in addition to supplying domestic and foreign markets, it served military needs as well. In this regard, a thorough understanding of the political as well as the import or export of the textiles, requires examination of the many occupations such as the weaving centers, economic factors and aspects of social life that lead to their production and use of the textiles at all levels of society. Therefore, what we are discussing with a historical-analytical approach in this essay is not restricted to the functions, finding place of the textile and the export of the textiles produced beyond the borders of the province but also the multilateral exchange of cultures are considered too. It can be clearly seen in the widespread popularity of some motives and decorative tapestry. This is because in the continuously evolving their production, coptic weavers not only managed to link the heritage of antique, late classical style in Egypt and Sassanian Persia to what the Arab conquerors brought, but also succeeded in leaving an enormous influence in the region of the Roman Empire and thus through the trade of textiles, succeeded in offering their art and textiles industry far and wide.

During the Qajar period, relations between Iran and European countries expanded. Since the commercial and political highway, from the capital of the Qajar state in Tehran to Bandar Anzali on the northern border, was considered a strategic passage in the communication network of Iran with Russia and Europe, fundamental changes in the implementation of road construction operations, including the repair, development, establishment and equipping of inter-road places was necessary. Among them, the oldest and most important service places for travelers have been caravanserais. The main purpose of this research is the typology of architecture, the influence of the role of climatic conditions and geographical location in the process of architectural formation of caravanserais on the Tehran Anzali route.The findings have been researched based on library sources and field archaeology. The method of data analysis is qualitative. The results of the data show that the largest number of caravanserais were out-of-town in terms of typology. The variety of climatic conditions of the route has not been adapted to the form and architectural features of caravanserais. Although the different geographical location has caused minor differences in the architectural elements of some of them, all these types of caravanserais were built following the same architectural pattern as the four-porch caravanserais with courtyards of the Safavid period.A small number of other caravanserais were of the inner-city type. Their architectural structure and form was in accordance with the geography and climate of the regions where they were located.

The present paper involves the investigation and identification of the insignia of 240 Achamenid shekels, from the collection of the Mazandaran Museum. Investigation of law enforcement indicates that the collection was seized from looters in the Asalooyeh region (ambiguous locality). Subsequent preliminary work suggests these are typical coins of seven kings who reigned for around 184 years between 522 BC to 338 BC. Some 195 coins of the total 240 have signs, mostly with one sign, while rare samples present up to 9 signs. Numismatists and archaeologists have assigned them various functions, including mint sign, finesse, and weight affirmation. Do the definitions include the studied collection? Why do some of the coins have no signs? The investigations led to the discernment of 567 signs, typically from plain to geometrical and zoomorphic ones. There are many signs in the collection that are similar to known samples in many ways, however, there are unique signs unsimilar to any other marks thus far identified, which are not necessarily mint marks, because they are more obvious than the king’s figure that is eroded in most of the cases. Obviously, they are later engravings, whereas, 45 coins lacks any signs. The other conclusion is the transition of concepts of the signs as hidden mysterious messages such as a king death and reign of a new king.

We are justlfied in our study of  Iran’s historical period by the invisible and clear vestiges of the mysterious Parthian empire, which has piqued the interest of a lot of historians and intellectuals. Parthian history has been disproved in numerous dimensions such as political dimensions, social dimensions, and cultural dimensions using contemporary research based on Greek, Roman, Armenian,Syriac, Middle Persian, and Islamic sources, as well as archeological evidence. On the basis of ancient historical writings, it is now possible to recreate a portion of the Parthian Empire’s history. Chronicles, written in Syriac, are among the most important historical sources for reconstructing ancient Near Eastern history. These sources are especially vital for refining pre-Islamic Iran’s history, as it would be pointless to write the history of Iran during the Sassanid era without utilizing Syriac resources. With these contexts in mind,the goal of this paper is to follow the Parthian rulers’ history through a variety of sources. When all of the available Syriac chronicles are taken into account, it becomes clear that these sources were mostly neglected by all of the Parthian rulers, and that no names or addresses can be located in them. At first glance, the absence of Parthian kings, history in Syriac sources suggests that there is no need to study these sources in relation to Parthian history; however, the opinion of this essay is that such a void to depict forgetting of the Parthian kings was not accidental in the Syriac sources, but rather was influenced by the tradition of Iranian historiography in the Sassanid (Sassanian)epoch,and since then the historical has been influenced by.

Architectural heritage with its natural foundations is the bedrock of its establishment in complete continuity, and this connection creates values that have been neglected in the evolution of recognizing the values of architectural heritage, and the emphasis on identifying and explaining them will ensure the integration of the work with its context. The present study aims to enhance valuation knowledge and develop a value-oriented perspective in the field of architectural heritage conservation by seeking to calculate place values to complete the existing classification. On the other hand, in order to protect the architectural heritage, in addition to identifying all the values related to the work, the continuity of these values in the context of time is also an undeniable necessity. The present study with a qualitative approach and logical reasoning strategy and case study method, first by reading and analyzing related texts and theories, refines the concepts of "place values" and "continuity" in architectural heritage and then by analyzing data, components of "continuity”, "Place value indices" and the dimensions of their occurrence have been extracted as research findings and used to formulate the conceptual framework of the research. Finally, a set of data obtained from theoretical foundations and field studies in order to . The findings of this study show that "dynamics of elements" and "permanence of relationships" are components of continuity and the relationship between "natural foundations", "human presence" and "architecture" as indicators of place value in landscape, structural, functional and semantic dimensions.

Human groups have considered the Behshahr plain of Mazandaran in the past Due to its particular geographical shape, location between the Caspian Sea and mountains, and the existence of some rivers in the region. However, our knowledge of this area is limited to several published surveys and archaeological investigation of its ancient sites. No detailed research has conducted on the formation of the settlement and the impact of geographical factors on it. Therefore, it is necessary to study the structure of the settlement pattern of this region. In the present study, new methods in archeology and a combination of archaeological data and remote sensing science were used rather than the traditional methods. Archaeologists need to know the advantages and disadvantages of using satellite remote sensing as a powerful tool for visualizing past perspectives. Applying remote sensing in archeology is one of the purposes of this study. Aerial photography, geophysics, laser scanning, geographic information analysis in GIS, and satellite imagery analysis are all aspects of remote sensing. They are all valuable for ancient research and promote non-destructive archeology, where using satellite remote sensing in archeology is the focus of this article. From a practical perspective, there can be an advancement over the traditional archaeologistchr('39')s research works with research using remote sensing satellite techniques. The use of satellite remote sensing for discoveries in archaeological studies, environment, and research programs, will be very usual and perfect and give us a fantastic insight into the social landscape of the past. This article discusses the types of satellite imagery with their advantages and disadvantages available to archaeologists and their applications in various archaeological projects to select the most appropriate images and provide information on other image types. To better understand the cases mentioned above, the settlement pattern of Behshahr evaluated with a combination of field methods and remote sensing techniques, GIS, spatial analysis functions, and multivariate regression methods. In this study, a sentinel-2 satellite image with a spatial resolution of 10 m noted on 2017, Topographic maps, 1/25000 maps and spatial data of the study area used after necessary preprocessing and correction, information layers including forest land cover, water zones, fields, coastal lands, elevation, and waterways classified as effectual environmental factors (independent parameter) in the formation of ancient settlements. In the next step, using buffer function to the spatial value of the settlements as a dependent parameter, linear regression modeling was used for spatial modeling and analysis. Therefore, the relative importance of the information layers and the potential spatial map of the ancient settlements obtained. As a result, the distribution of the settlements specified in each information layers. In addition to extracting and grading environmental information, their impact on the settlement formation in the research area was investigated. Access to water resources had played a significant role in this regard while distance from farms was the next priority. Attention to the importance of elevation factor in the formation of ancient sites, it is worth noting that the elevation factor has been less considered due to all sites situated in the plain of Behshahr, and has the least role in the formation of these settlements.

Sar-e Pol-e Zahab region in the western of Central Zagros is located between Central Zagros highland and Mesopotamia and Khorasan high road as only western- eastern road passes from that. In other hand this road after passing Sar-e Pol-e Zahab enter to Qasr-e Shirin and Mesopotamia low lands. Therefore, this region is very important in archaeological studies of Central Zagros and Mesopotamia. However, unfortunately, a few archaeological researches have been done in this region. The present study aims in representing a perspective about the Sar-e Pol-e Zahab during the Akkadian period as well as reviewing the written documents regarding the mutual relations and Akkadian cylinder seals discovered in archeological excavations in order to help the interpretations about the presence of Akkadians in this region. In this paper we will discuss about the  Mountainous Passage of western Central Zagros and Khorasan High Road on the Akkadian Seals and will explain the loucation of Sar-e Pol-e Zahab on the Akkadian Seals.

Iron Age is one of the key and important periods of the humankind evolutionary process in the world. This period is representative of crucial changes of human life. New citied were erected and urbanization took on a new dimension by large numbers of urban dwellings. Social hierarchies were stabilized and new cultural traditions in human societies emerged by technological, industrial, literature and ideology. But the case in Iranian Plateau is not the same. No region in the Iranian Plateau had experienced an integrated power and literature except the Elamites, unlike neighboring regions such as Mesopotamia and Anatoly. While despite all these lacking and differences the region can’t be disregarded in figuring out the general overview of the Middle Eastern Iron Age puzzle. As the region’s specific geographical characteristics as well as its strategic position made it share an important part in the formation and replacement of the Iron Age cultures in the Middle East. In this regard studying the Iron Ages in Iran and their formation both from geographical and theoretical would be of great importance in knowing this period changes. However, because of geographical complexity of the western Iran knowing the Iron Age cultures, their emergence and develop is not complete and there are many theories on the issue. In order to explain the evolutionary process of the Iron Age societies in the region, this article aims to review and reevaluate the various theories on Iron Age emergence and development through western Iran and

This paper will suggest a hypothesis about the Early Bronze Age administrative organization of Chogha Maran and the Mahidasht in the West Central Zagros based on administrative evidence retrieved from the Early Bronze Age trash deposits excavated at the site of Chogha Maran and previous researches and fieldworks carried out in the region. Based on this hypothesis, in order to adapt to the socio-economic and political developments of the Late Forth and Early Third Millennium B.C. and trying to diversify their subsistence strategies, communities of the region developed a village based mixed economy involving settled farmer groups and mobile pastoralist groups who could exploit pastoralism potential of the mountainous environment of the region as well as reorganizing regional and interregional trade around the Khorasan Highroad. Administrative organization of the communities had to be adjusted to the absence of mobile groups in the village during some periods of the year, therefore, they constructed a communal administration in which each group of people could store their products, foodstuff and properties and access to them when they need. As a result, different groups of people, especially the mobile ones had the assurance that they could protect and control their belongings in the village. Testing the hypothesis requires further studies on the administrative evidence excavated at Chogha Maran as well as museum research and fieldworks.

Considering the boom in the agricultural productions in the plains of Susiana, it seems that the proto-Elamite economic system is similar to that of feudal societies. In such a system, chiefdom organization and religious power had maintained a large part of capital resources such as land and water. But there have been evidence indicated that the exploitation of these resources have been awarded to other peoples. At the beginning of the Proto- Elamite texts some signs are visible but they may not convey a specific meaning, most researchers describe them to have been symbols for the economic enterprises. Firms that were related are partly to the system of production, distribution, service and trading systems. Some economic texts contained documentary signs indicating that economic activity is evidence and signs might be implemented by the above mentioned financial authorities. This may parallel with governmental institutions of Proto- Elamite, but as were witnessed from the texts in the beginning of this period these institutions coordinated the economy of the society. In this paper, the economic texts of Proto-Elamite on the tablets were studied and the evidence of corporation’s activity is investigated by providing some related examples.

The diagnostic Zagros highland MC I ceramic assemblage is called Dalma, after the type site of Dalma Tepe in the southern Lake Urmia basin of Azerbaijan. The remarkable issue about this period, however, is the widespread distribution of these ceramics. Chronologically, the Dalma tradition is dated back to fifth and fourth millennium B.C .in west of Iran. The Dalma type sites in northwest of Iran bearing four Dalma diagnostic wares but in central Zagros especially in interaction spheres with other pottery traditions Dalma contexts experienced more pottery types. For examples to the more eastern areas in Abhar plain or Sojasroud valley, besides these Dalma wares, small samples of Central Plateau painted wares also appeared. In this context potteries sub-divided into two main original Dalma wares and peripheral wares classes. In contrast to the more southern parts, Dalma diagnostic type turns into secondary pottery tradition. In this article XRF analysis was carried out on Soha Chai Tepe Dalma assemblages, to better understand the nature of their distribution and to further the understanding of interaction between two adjacent pottery traditions.

The appearance of animal images on the archaeological remains is always considered as an evidence to determine their natural living and their role in human's cultural and ritual life. Animal imagery is found in every medium of art in the Proto Elamite period include stone statuette, pottery, metalwork and finally seal impressions. The glyptic art and pottery through their diversity and the nature of their symbols provide the researchers with the basic information with which to piece together the iconography and the social and economy history of the Proto Elamite period. This paper examines serpent, turtle and feline imageries and related pastiches on two media at Tepe Sofalin, including seal impressions and pottery fragments.

Izeh Plain is a sedimentary plain situated at northeastern part at Khuzestan Province, Iran where according to some partial investigations carried out in 2007, 54 settlements from Epipalaeolitic and early Neolithic ages were discovered there. Henry Wright, who had explored throughout this settlement before Islamic Revolution, implies that only 30 percent of piedmonts were completely investigated and as a result it was not possible for them to access Settlement Pattern in Epipalaeolithic age in this area. After Islamic Revoultion, within several explorations that conducted in areas surrounding Izeh Plain, some of settlements from Stone Age were discovered. Topographical analyses done on the discovered settlements during exploration in 2007 and looking at ecological perspective of this region indicate that the presence of two lakes that have formed within internal basin in Izeh Plain as well as all seasonal streams which flow into these two lakes from outskirt of Izeh Plain plus geological characteristics of this region that led to formation of several caves and dales in this area are considered as very important factors in formation of settlements from Stone Age.