فهرست مطالب kazem borhani

Urban land-use changes are taking place in third-world metropolises with unsuccessful management and planning in favor of owners and developers, leading to instability and unfairness of the urban space. The existing studies show the spatial representation of the changes, causes, drivers, processes, and structures of these changes. Few studies with a prescriptive approach deal with a solution to make these changes fair and sustainable. This research aims to use the principles of the right to the city approach as a trans-structuralist approach to present a solution-oriented prescriptive model on the issue of urban land use changes centered on Tehran metropolis. In fact, after analyzing and explaining the causes and drivers of land use changes in third world cities (centered on Tehran metropolis), there is a need to use a prescriptive approach (the right to the city approach), a suitable solution for plans Provide an urban strategy in line with urban land use changes. The right to the city, as one of the rights of citizens, which is the result of their social relations and urban life, goes far beyond individual freedoms and access to city facilities. In this research, in order to provide a prescriptive model of urban land-use changes based on the right to city approach, the factors affecting urban land-use changes are calculated, and the prescription of the right to city approach for each of these factors is one of the principles of this statistical approach. Finally, a coherent theoretical prescriptive model has been presented, which theoretically prevents damage to the city and aligns with a sustainable and just city.

In this research based on qualitative strategy, the descriptive-analytical research method has been used to conduct the research. In order to present the effective factors of changes in urban land-use, the method of review and content analysis of resources has been applied. In order to collect the information needed for the theoretical basis of the research and in order to extract the effective factors on the land use changes as well as the prescriptions of the right to the city approach, documentary and library methods and the review of the latest scientific articles and relevant original books have been exerted.

In realizing the ideal of the right to the city, the share of agents also changes. It has been analyzed, and according to the facts of the economic-political-spatial approach, the role of government and capital in urban changes is more prominent than other factors. However, from the view of the right to the city, the contribution of the social factor should be greater than the contribution of the political factor. According to the principles of the right to the city approach, the prescriptions of this approach have been extracted for each factor affecting urban land-use changes. The right to the city approach based on these prescriptions for land-use changes is in pursuit of a just and sustainable city. It claims that if in the plans and programs, Urban authorities should act according to these regulations regarding the factors affecting land use changes (including social, economic, political and physical), land-use changes will move towards fairness and sustainability. Fair and sustainable land-use changes lead to the generation of urban space. The increase in the added value of space resulting from the generation of space leads to the fair distribution of city costs and benefits among citizens, and this leads to the increase of the economic power of the public sector and, finally, the implementation of the right to the city for citizens. Increasing participation of citizens in decision-making makes an increase in the share of the lower classes of society in the space, leading to the socialization of the space. The socialization of the space also leads to the implementation of the right to the city for the citizens.

As a post-structuralist approach, the right to the city approach assigns a right to citizens that goes beyond equality in enjoying urban benefits and asserts the right to change the city at the hands of the citizens in line with their change. The purpose of this research is to present a prescriptive model based on the right to the city approach for urban land-use changes, which can provide a solution for urban land-use changes in urban plans and programs in a prescriptive manner, which other land-use changes not only should be done by the citizens, but its benefits should be for all the citizens living in the city. The benefits of urban changes should not only include the owners and developers, and finally, a fair and sustainable city will be created with the participation of the citizens and for the benefit of the citizens. In this regard, the prescriptions in charters and scientific texts related to the right to the city approach were calculated based on factors affecting urban land use changes and presented in the form of a prescription model. This research shows that the prescriptions from the right to the city approach for the factors and indicators affecting land-use changes prevent the commodification of space and lead to the creation of space. Finally, in a process, two main results will be achieved, which include the socialization of space and increasing the economic power of the public sector. The realization of these two results actually provides the conditions for creating a fair and sustainable city. The presented model based on the right to the city approach was validated with the fuzzy inference system, and the experts acknowledged that the presented model has an acceptable level in terms of the criteria of consistency with the approach, proportionality, effectiveness and efficiency, legitimacy and continuity, and the ability to measure.

Sense of security is one of the most important features in an urban place. Concept of sense of urban security has been always at the center of attentions in understanding urban studies. The principle objective of this research is to examine possible scenarios of scense of urban security and propose the desired ones for the future of Tehran Metropolitan by strategic foresight model. This study first conducted the survey based on literature review to identify major factors on the sense of urban security in Tehran metropolitan. Researchers show that eight main criteria are important in assessment of sense of urban security in Tehran metropolitan. Mic-Mac and Scenario Wizard software were used for analysis. Based on the point of view of 30 experts, four factors belong to the cause group and four factors are the effect group. The results showed that four factors including 1) that faith, spirituality ، values, and religious beliefs 2) justice, equality and non-discrimination 3) material welfare (sustainable income and employment) and far from poverty, unemployment and expensiveness and physical sustainability were identified as a strategic driving forces. Finally, 6 scenarios were selected with the highest consistency based on favorable, static, and critical conditions. Scenario analysis does not depict a favorable future of the Scense of Security in Tehran Metropolitan on the vision of 1404.

National convergence, as one of the main dimensions of national security. affected by various factors, including the economic factor, and if there is no convergence in different regions of the country; National integration is threatened and ultimately national security is harmed. Dimensions of economic convergence include balanced development between provinces, balanced development of communication and information technology, as well as the rate of relative deprivation among the provinces of the country. Sistan and Baluchestan province is one of the less developed and so-called disadvantaged regions of the country in terms of economic growth and development, and despite the allocation of special funds and investments in recent decades, it still has the lowest economic and social indicators. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of economic convergence in national convergence with emphasis on the border provinces of the country and the study area of this research is Sistan and Baluchestan province. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library method and questionnaire have been used to collect data. Spss software was used to analyze the research data. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the provinces of the country are ranked based on the components of economic convergence. It has the highest rank among the provinces of the country. The results also show that there is a significant relationship between the components of economic convergence and the rate of national convergence in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Strengthening national convergence requires balanced development between the regions of the country, strengthening and developing communication and information technology and reducing the feeling of relative deprivation among different regions of the country. Strengthen national convergence and ultimately achieve the ideal of national security.

Intraurban land-use change and factors affecting it are critical subjects in land-use planning. If unplanned, such changes can reduce the quality of life and spatial justice and ultimately lead to urban unsustainability. This paper aims to identify factors influencing unsustainable land-use change and analyze the intensity of such changes based on those factors. The artificial neural network analysis was employed to model the significant factors. The results indicated that the dynamics of the economy and the capital markets, a boom in the land and housing market, government interventions in the urban texture, gardens, and infill land have a dominant role in determining the rate of change in urban land use. According to the results, relevant indexes of the land and housing market and political and economic factors play a crucial role in Tehran's unsustainable land-use change.

Urban security concerns have come to forefront since the late 1980s as the adverse effects of globalization, such as unplanned urbanization, irregular migration, poverty and unfair distribution of wealth and income, organized crime, soaring population, insufficient physical infrastructure, and social unrest have undermined daily lives of ordinary people at urban areas. Urban security approach has been developed as a response to those challenges. It seems that the existence of structures and content of the value systems in any society is essential because they are able to form insights and attitudes. In this regards, the type of insights and attitudes can play a high role in defining and conceptualizing security as well as explaining the criteria for measuring urban security. On this basis, in the secular school value propositions and principles have a limited role in urban security, but in the Islam school, where all political and social phenomena are influenced by value components, values and normative aspects play an important role. In the transcendent school of Islam, urban security has a special place and it is measured by value criteria. Islam as a religion and complete way of life has provided a divine guidance for the safety, protection, peace and stability of individuals and society which if properly followed, the society and its individual members become safe and well protected. Urban security is a theme which is accompanied with man’s life and is considered as necessary needs of citizens. Hope to having better life, progress and development in all areas including cultural, economic progress and reaching technology and industrial achievements is only feasible through security. On other hand, when the security coefficient of a country is at a high level, the people residing in such country will lead a peaceful life and will continue their collective attempts to build and develop their country.

Researchers have used documentary studies based on analysis of the content of more than 35 sources by word cloud software in the process of explaining the criteria of urban security in the Islam school. Also, three methods including Rank Order Centroid (ROC), Rank Sum (RS) and Rank Reciprocal (RR) have been used for weighting to urban security criteria. Due to the consistency of urban security criteria, the method that had the lowest standard deviation in weight was selected. Based on this, the rank sum method with the least standard deviation has been selected.

Analysis of the content of more than 35 sources in the field of security and urban security with an Islamic approach through word cloud software shows that eight main criteria are important in assessment of urban security. Faith, spirituality ، values, and religious beliefs; Justice, equality and non-discrimination; Material welfare (sustainable income and employment) and far from poverty, unemployment and expensiveness; Spiritual and physical health; Safe from threats and fears of violence and crime; Safe from immorality such as lying, administrative corruption, distrust, lawlessness and disloyalty; Safe from all natural and man-made hazards; Having a sustainable physical space. In this regard, weighting the urban security criteria based on the rank sum method shows that faith, spirituality, values, and religious beliefs with 22 percent in the first rank; justice, equality and non-discrimination with 19.44 percent in the second rank; and material welfare (sustainable income and employment) and far from poverty, unemployment and expensiveness are in the third rank with 16.67 percent.

The recent research tried to focus on urban security and discuss it from an Islam perspective. The research indicates that Quran has paid much more attention to the issue of urban security. Urban security is a main priority in security policies of Islam, which aims to make human settlements safer for development, revolves around the causes of insecurity in urban spaces. However, security requires to be handled in terms of inequality. In view of Islam school, unequal distribution of security at urban areas should be examined based on a comprehensive conceptual framework for analysis. To realize the Islamic utopia in the Quran mentions to eight main axes, including Islamic principles, global principles, divine attributes and actions, principles based on nature and natural elements, principles of social relations, principles based on dos and don’ts and finally, principles based on urban and architectural elements. In Islam perspective, the ideal city has two principles of monotheism and justice and in its pillars, there are three spaces including, intellectual space, practical space and physical space. So paying attention only to the physical space without emphasizing the other spaces for realization of urban security is insufficient. Thus in the transcendent school of Islam, both immaterial and material criteria are necessary for measuring of urban security.

Sense of security is one of the most important features in an urban place. Concept of sense of urban security has been always at the center of attentions in understanding urban studies. The principle objective of this research is assessment of effective factors on the sense of urban security by application of Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) as a comprehensive and integrated method. This study first conducted the survey based on literature review to identify major factors on the sense of urban security in Tehran metropolitan. Researchers show that eight main criteria are important in assessment of sense of urban security in Tehran metropolitan. According to the result, material welfare (sustainable income and employment) and far from poverty, unemployment and justice, equality and non-discrimination are factors which have the maximum effect on other factors. Based on the result of research, four factors belong to the cause group and four factors are the effect group.

Spatial planning has two developmental and defense-security dimensions which, in view of the great importance of defense-security dimension in the national security of countries, should pay special attention to large-scale territorial development plans. One of the most important strategies in this dimension in land use planning is to consider passive defense considerations that play a role in reducing the physical-military vulnerability of cities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the security-defense preparedness of Zahedan using spatial analysis of military-physical vulnerability and this was done by integrating multi-criteria decision-making models and geographic information system (GIS). The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical and the AHP technique in Expert Choice software was used to weight the research vulnerability criteria. Also, fuzzy technique in ArcGIS 10.5 software with 13 criteria has been used to map Zahedan vulnerability. The results of the spatial analysis of the maps show, on the one hand, the highest vulnerability in the central areas and the least in the northern part of the city. On the other hand, according to the research criteria, the vulnerability of the western boundary of the city is lower than the eastern boundary.

Emergency shelters built based on multifunctional spaces are one of the main components of crisis management, which is carried out for various purposes by transferring people from hazardous or damaged areas to safe areas. Providing suitable spaces for the accommodation of refugees, establishing safe routes, warning and informing people about the possibility of danger, transfer and return planning and supporting are the main components of multi-purpose spaces. These components are defined according to the dimensions and scope of danger. Building multi-purpose land uses and paying special attention to them in urban development projects will help in optimization of crisis management processes, and create mechanisms to guarantee citizen security and achieve sustainable urban development. Paying attention to emergency shelters built based on multi-purpose land uses in military towns is of more importance and should be planned during peacetime. In fact, special attention should be paid to selecting and organizing multi-purpose spaces in these cities. Saravan, the center of Saravan city, is a town in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. It is a military town in southeastern Iran with a strategic importance from security and military point of view. Given its strategic location, the necessity of security and defense planning of the city based on the principles of passive defense is quite clear. Aspreviously mentioned,utilizing multi-purpose land uses as a strategy based on passive defensecan be considered an appropriate solution for defense planning of the city. Due to the spatial nature of data as well as multi-objective and multi-criteria nature of decision making, spatial analysis and site selection of multi-purpose land uses needs to be performed using a combination of geographic information system and multi-criteria decision making methods.  

The presentapplied studyis performed using descriptive-analytical method. Data was collected from library and documentary sources and land use maps. Some information was also collected from the Statistical Center of Iran. ArcGISwas used to analyze collected data and produce relatedmaps including land use maps, mapsof sensitive urban centers such as military barracks, etc. According to the nature of the research and its field of study,geographical information system (GIS) was integrated with fuzzy multi-criteria decision making methods in the information analysis phase.

In order to analyze collected data, various criteria and indicators were first determined for selection of spaces and multi-purpose land uses based on studies conducted. Then, a special weight is allocated to each criterionusing verbally generated fuzzy methods andaccording to experts’ opinions and then SAW model was used to combine related GIS layers. Finally, the zoning map of Saravan city has been presented as an appropriate example for creating multi-purpose spaces and land uses. Indicators of site selection for multi-purpose land uses have been scored by experts to determine their effect and importance in spatial analysis of multi-purpose spaces in Saravan city. The opinions of 26 experts have been collected to determine this weight. The indicators were converted to GIS layers and presented after the integration of the final map.  

Due to its strategic location and security-related issues, Saravan needs defense planning. Undoubtedly, shelters are needed to protect people againstthe enemy’s attacks in case of war. The necessity of paying attention to this issue has increased the importance of research on defense planning and passive defense in the field of urban planning. Passive defense in border towns focuses on defense planning and reduces the number of casualties. Shelters and multi-purpose spaces are also of this type. With the aim of spatial analysis and site selection for multi-purpose land uses, and in order toutilize existing land uses for urban defense planning, the present study has identified multi-purpose land uses in Saravan. Using geographic information system and multi-criteria decision making methods, these land uses have been located and appropriate situations have been identified for creation of multi-purpose spaces. Results indicated that usingexperts’ views, along with geographic information system, and multi-criteria decision making methods could be an appropriate way fordefense planning and site selecting for multi-purpose land uses. According to the final map which is produced using SAW model for locating and planning multi-purpose land uses, different appropriate areas exist for the location of multi-purpose uses. These areas are specified in the final map of Saravan. According to this map, northeastern areas of the city is considered to be suitablebased on all criteria. It can be concluded that the areas obtained fromGIS are scattered throughout the city and responsible organizations can use the final map for site selection. The largest area with the most suitable condition is located in the northeasternregion, and the southeastern, southern and southwestern regions seem appropriate. A vast region of the city (beginning in the northwestern region and reaching southeastern region) is in poor condition in terms of the criteria examined. Due to the 10 levels of classification used in the final map, the map shows different conditions even in this region, and more suitable situationscan be selected for multi-purpose land usescompared to other regions.

Changing the use of land is one of the most important challenges in land use planning and has a direct impact on many issues in metropolitan communities. Due to land use changes in cities, patterns of land use patterns vary, and these patterns have different forward forces in different regions. By identifying and measuring the level of influence and the impact of these forces, it is possible to prevent urban problems resulting from the unplanned use of the plan by correctly planning land use changes based on sustainable land use development. Considering the role of forces in urban land use changes and changing the way these forces are influenced by the differences in spatial-temporal conditions, political systems and socioeconomic conditions, and the impact of these forces on each other, this research seeks identification of forces Investigating changes in urban land use and investigating the impact and impacts of propulsion forces on each other in the process of land use change in metropolitan areas of Iran (case study: Tehran metropolis). By identifying and measuring the level of influence and the impact of these forces, it is possible to prevent urban problems resulting from the unplanned use of the plan by correctly planning land use changes based on sustainable land use development. Land use change can also be the result of the growth and development guiding and the lack of guidance for growth and development. The desirability of urban land use improves the efficiency and effectiveness of space-based space and is one of the ways to conserve sustainable resources and prevent the loss of these resources in the city. This process also helps to reduce environmental and airborne contamination, air, noise, water and soil pollution and, by decreasing traffic pressure, helps to reduce social disturbances and it is introduced as an effective factor in human health. . In order to achieve the objectives of this research, firstly, the identification of the forces of land use land use change has been addressed. Also, in order to determine the effect of these forces on each other and to analyze the mechanism of relations between these forces, based on the knowledge of experts, the structural analysis method has been.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of its purpose. The data gathering method is descriptive survey and statistical population of urban experts in Tehran. In order to analyze the collected data, structural analysis method has been used. The method of structural analysis is a method used to analyze the relationships between variables, especially in large-scale systems with multiple dimensions. MICMAC software is one of the best software tools designed and developed to implement structural analysis.

The purpose of using structural analysis in this research is to determine the forces driving the urban land use changes in Tehran metropolitan area and to identify the type of relationship between them and the total system relations of these factors. Identifying the drivers of urban land-use change, as well as determining their relationships, helps us to provide a strategic planning model for urban land use change. With the help of structural analysis results, it is possible to determine the hypotheses to be tested and, if necessary, change. In cross-matrix analyzes, the software has been developed in six steps including system perception and observation of system stability or instability, identifying indirect effects of variables, identifying key factors and drivers, general understanding of the system, and avoiding partial analysis. Identifying the system's unstable factors, identifying the environment to the interfacing of the impact measure. In the first stage of implementation of the model, in the present study, 49 factors causing urban land use changes in the Tehran metropolis entered the software and were considered for each short indication.Then, based on the data extracted from the questionnaire (a total of 41 experts), the effect of each factor on the other development factors was measured. In order to determine the final number of experts opinion from the statistical survey and use 49 extracted factors as the primary identifiers And analyzed with the help of the MICAMMOCK software. The dimensions of the 49 * 49 matrix are ranked in eight, and according to the results of the analysis, the degree of matrix filling is 63.14%, which indicates that the factors selected on more than 63.14% had an effect on each other. A total of two types of analyzes and graphs and analytical graphs, including one direct effect and the other indirect effects, are shown in the software. The direct effect analysis is in fact the result of the interaction of the initial matrix data, and the indirect effects analysis is the result of calculating higher powers and repeating the initial matrix, which is selected based on the initial proposal of the software of four replications.

This paper has been designed with the aim of identifying the forces that drive urban land use changes in Tehran metropolis based on structural analysis method. For this purpose, 49 agents were identified in eight environmental groups, policies and laws, socio-demographic, economic, cultural, spatial / physical, institutional, and infrastructure facilities - through a review of past and external studies. Factors in the software have been introduced and using experts from urban issues, the effectiveness of the factors has been determined by analyzing the effects of the cross-sectional matrix. Based on the results, among the factors that have the most impact and influence, the factors of urban management goals, comprehensive plan, access to the network of roads, population growth, land prices, economic development situation in the region, price Rents, features of parts, have zoning regulations that are known as key factors in land use land use change. Among the 49 factors involved in the analysis, these factors include urban management objectives, comprehensive Plan, access to the street network, population growth, land prices, economic development status, land use rights, rental rules zoning regulations has the most impact on urban land use changes. These are known as key driving forces in the changes in Tehran's urban land use.

Climate change is one of the brightest examples of human activity. With changes in their environment, humans create conditions that can change the climate and temperature of the air. The clearest indication of human impact on the climate can be seen in cities. Urban development can change in the local and regional climate. The most important impacts of climate change in cities include the urban heat islands. It is well known that urban advancement and development causes climate change, including the creation of a city heat island in metropolitan areas. In fact, urban heat islands are separate units whose temperatures have increased throughout the urban areas and the warmth of which has increased in recent centuries. Despite the heat island, the number of warm days per year also increases. The urban heat island was first introduced in 1819 by Lockheavard in London. Subsequently, this phenomenon was recognized in small and large cities around the world. There are several reasons for the heat island. The main reason for the increase in night heat in buildings in flat, overnight and evapotranspiration nights in urban areas is generally due to asphalt and cement used in urban areas. Modern urban areas usually have dark and no-cost areas over the suburbs. This difference affects the climate, energy consumption and urban habitability. In sum, the dark levels and the lack of vegetation will warm the air of urban areas, which will result in the creation of urban thermal islands. In a summer afternoon (in the air), the weather in a city is about 2.5 degrees Celsius warmer than the surrounding rural areas.The city of Tehran has faced the problem of the thermal islands in the last few decades, due to the concentration of population and economic activity in it. From 1303 to last year, the minimum temperature in Tehran was negative by 15 degrees, which has now reached a negative 5 degrees due to climate change, which means a rise in Tehran's temperature, which has led to a decrease in precipitation and a temperature increase of 2 to 3 degrees. . According to meteorological statistics during these years, the minimum temperature of Tehran and maximum temperature in Tehran have increased and precipitation has decreased by at least 10%. These are the result of climate change due to the excessive use of fossil fuels. In Tehran, about 100 million liters of fossil fuels consumed at a time when most of these fuels become carbon and pollutant gases. Hafteir Square, Enghelab Square, Shoosh Square, Azadi Square and Ghaytrieh Areas are the thermal islets of Tehran. Considering the presence of thermal islands in Tehran and the negative effects on urban society, it appears that using adaptation strategies and reducing the impact of urban planning and management in order to increase the resilience of urban communities seems to be appropriate. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of adaptation strategies on urban heat and waste in Tehran. To do this, we first understand these strategies and then, using the viewpoint of experts and managers, the feasibility of their implementation in the city of Tehran has been addressed.

This research has been conducted on the basis of an analytical descriptive method and its type has been essentially applied. In the first part of the descriptive study, theoretical foundations and scientific literature have been studied and in the analytical section using the fuzzy verbal technique (FMCDM), the feasibility of using strategies Adaptation and reduction of impact against urban islets. In order to implement this technique, a questionnaire designed by experts is being developed. Many experts often cannot use precise numerical values to express their opinions. Therefore, the use of verbal assessments seems to be more realistic. Grades can be transmitted through verbal data such as (very much, much, etc.). ) To fit the theory of fuzzy sets seems to be more appropriate. Therefore, the problem under consideration is a fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (FMCDM) problem. The statistical population of the research is urban planners, designers and managers, a method for determining the sample size of a snowball model.

In order to rank the reduction strategies in terms of the possibility of implementation, the results of the questionnaires were analyzed and the results were obtained based on verbal fuzzy method and digitalization of the numbers. According to the results of the analysis of the questionnaire by fuzzy method, the strategies for changing the colors of the roofs and changing the colors of the urban walls into more reflective colors can be implemented more than other strategies. The strategy of using modern technologies in the architecture of buildings with the least possible use of cooling systems and the use of green roofing technology for residents in the region also have the least possibility of implementation.Adaptation strategies have been less feasible due to their long duration and the need for more planning and budget than some of the strategies to reduce the impact. Civic education strategies aimed at adapting to more temperatures, promoting and educating citizens in the field of saving energy and gas, using methods of attracting participation of citizens in this problem from the possibility of implementation more than other strategies They have adaptation.

According to experts, it can be acknowledged that whatever strategy has been considered to be easier to implement, it has gained more privilege in implementing ranking, while strategies that implement stringent conditions And the need for planning and budget has been remarkable, it has got lower ratings in terms of implementation. In general, it can be concluded that the effect reduction strategies are more likely to be implemented in Tehran. Of course, among the reduction strategies, there are some issues that due to the high cost and the need for specialized work and the appropriate field of study, some of the adaptation strategies are in the possibility of implementation in the lower ranks.

Growth rate of urbanization has led to significant changes in land use, resulting fragmentation of urban land, each of which allocated to specialized purpose. In spatial planning, fragmentation is a known phenomenon whose initial advent can be found in urban land use. Fragmentation space is often perceived as a negative phenomenon in the fundamental of policy spat, but the aim of this study is to assess the balance of spatial function using the concept of space in urban neighborhoods. The research method in this study is combination of descriptive-analytical and comparative methods. In order to measure the fragmentation of urban functions, Rff and Aff indexes have been used. The results indicate that these two indicators are an appropriate tool for measuring the spatial and functional integration of land usage in the neighborhoods. The two indicators were studied in District 1 neighborhoods of region 14 of Tehran. the results indicate that all the neighborhoods are in high level of spatial and functional integration in terms of indicators Aff and Rff, except Dojkam and Ahangaran.

The process of urbanization is a global phenomenon around the world, wherever that person is resident, is taking place. The world's urban population increased 15-fold from 200 million in 1900 to about 2.9 billion in 2000 and increase to about 5 billion by 2030 experience is estimated.In developing countries, urbanization with natural population growth, rural-urban migration, rural and urban lifestyle convergence of political and economic processes associated with globalization. While urbanization is a major challenge in the development of sustainable social, economic and environmental, there has been appeals to the study of urban systems in the past few years. Urbanization upgrade rapid socio-economic development, But at the same time leads to many problems Such as strong population density, heavy traffic, lack of housing, lack of resources, loss of biodiversity, the islands of heat, noise and water pollution and air. Today urban sustainable development with different aspects has been a major challenge. However, from the perspective of the concept of sustainability more generally to reduce the consumption of resources and prevent pollution and ecological aspects are emphasized, but other aspects of sustainability, such as quality of life and well-being of human life today is perhaps more important. Urbanization growth rate of significant changes in land use method. This growth will not only damage the development of the area around, but also its outside the city from symmetrical shape. To be sustainable urban land use must meet current needs and future citizens together. The city managers, to the demands of today's citizens, land use change, without compromising the needs of future generations, take note. Most cities in developing countries lack the resources to effectively manage their land, while some governments have tried to balance socio-economic development and environmental issues, but the evidence shows that such efforts have not been effective. Sustainable development and land use planning concepts are valuable, but the real challenge comes when we want to put them in practice. Ideally have a comprehensive framework to guide decisions daily, personal, business or political decisions are incorporated in one place, but these targets given the complexity, ambiguity and thinking at the same time based on different scales display and are difficult to implement. So considering the information presented, providing a sustainable development model that accurately show the effects of changes in land use in urban sustainability required to appear. The purpose of this article using DCA (analysis and decision) in urban land use planning, using four indicators, land use change (LUC), LUM and HHI indices mixed land use and land use diversity index LUF is. Here benefiting from abilities geographic information system (GIS) explains to spatial analysis specified criteria within the study area 1 in 14 municipal districts of Tehran. This study combines descriptive and analytical methods and comparative tried to influence urban land use changes in sustainable urban development will be analyzed. With the aim of using this model, after explaining the circumstances and causes of the problem statement and objective performance indicators in this study has been determined. Three indicators of performance changes in land use, land-use mix and diversity of land use performance indicators considered in this study. Finally, the status quo is presented in placement decisions. In this study, analysis of land use maps of the area under study in order to investigate changes in land use in the study area, a data comparison and land use maps in 1375 and 1385. The percentage change any of the user's specified range . For the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of land use changes in urban sustainability, the incorporation of land use in the area using LUM and HHI index has been measured. Because each of these criteria in a way users can measure mixing is not necessarily the two criteria used. Incorporation index of land use degree to which land use activities have been separated from each other is measured. DCA model indicators measured in the neighborhood District 1 District 14 of Tehran. The purpose of this model is the expression of speech and objective conditions and performance indicators have been determined in this study. Performance indices: changes in land use, land-use mix and diversity of land use performance indicators considered in this study. Finally, the decisions of the status quo alternative has been proposed. Finally, based on the DEA model using the results of changes in land use and land use mix index and benchmark multiplicity of alternative land uses or plans to replace the status quo to achieve the ideal situation is presented. The results after three indices measure change, mixing and diversity of land use has shown that the northern areas of the study of land use change on the stability and mixing and many more users than the other areas have been stable area. Many urban elements are effective in urban sustainability, according to the concept of urban sustainability Pasion 5 Indexs may be considered, including natural stability, economic stability, political stability, social stability, and stability is physical. What has been considered in this study, the concept of urban sustainability is the next body. In addition, it can be concluded that the use of DCA model aimed at sustainable land use planning due to its ability to model was proper In the analysis of macro issues and problems combined with different sizes. In this context, urban design assist with must consider the land use sustainability criteria to the ideals expressed in the neighborhood at the community level to achieve aspirations of the central neighborhoods of urban sustainability objectives. In general, it can be concluded that the user changes their neighborhoods to urban sustainability and the incorporation of user and multiple user types and more, in terms of urban sustainability are more suitable conditions.

In Iran، the rapid growth of urbanization is in a way that it fits into the appropriate location for urban spaces are not switching. The main consequence of this is failure of service delivery and service system to citizens. One of the most important public services that hospitals provide most of the citizens'' health. The purpose of this study، “Optimal locating of hospitals in region 7 in Tehran city”. This research is descriptive - analytical study has been done. For collecting information and data is used field studies and According to information obtained، To review the study area in terms of access to communication road، green space، away from industrial centers، military، and the fault، as well as for weighting the criteria، is used the AHP model. Then، using a decision model of TOPSIS in GIS software، valuation of criteria has been studied and appropriate maps is prepared، finally map that represents the best location for the construction of hospitals in this area is extracted. with combination and overlaying of data layers، the final map was obtained and determined that the northeastern section (Cross Resalat Street and cabli)، central (martyr Motahari streets and Miremad) and southeast (Bakhshi fard and part of Damavand street) in district 7 are have priority and more points to construct hospitals. System of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) with GIS can be used as effective tool in site selection of hospitals. Being located of hospitals، near to green spaces and comunication road and its distance from the industrial and military areas as well as the fault، capability of this model in this study is prove.