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The use of underground structures, particularly tunnels and shelter, is one of the most basic defensive measures of each country. However, studying the possibility of detecting underground structures is one of the most complex issues in the field of passive defense. Today, electrical resistivity and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) geophysical methods have been greatly developed to identify structures and underground cavities. In this study, the ability of these methods to detect tunnels has been investigated by conducting a case study. The results of both methods show abnormalities in the tunnel under test. However, estimating the location of the tunnel by combining the results from both methods gives reliable results. Also, in this study, geo-electrical abnormalities of a rectangular block through various simulations have been examined and defensive strategies to reduce the probability detection of buried structures have been provided.

In 1930's first whole cell pertussis vaccines became available to the public heralding a dramatic success in overcoming the global burden of the disease. To date only a handful of B. pertussis strains have been used by international/local pertussis vaccine manufacturers. Inevitable well-documented genetic changes in the world population of this pathogen have prompted serious questions on suitability of traditional vaccine strains protect human against currently circulating wild isolates of Bordetella pertussis.
Analyzing the genetic diversity within the most frequently-used vaccine strains of B. pertussis in the world
A recently developed multi locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) genotyping system along with a bioinforamtic piece of analysis was conducted on 11 strain/sub-strains of B137, B203 (10536), C393, Cs, E476, Tohama I, J445 (134), B202 and J446 (509) plus 2 sub-strains of 134 and 509 that are used at Razi institute for preparation of pertussis vaccine. In this study have used 6 individual loci of VNTR1, VNTR3a, VNTR3b, VNTR4, VNTR5 and VNTR6.
Findings: Six distinct genotypes were recognized among the examined strains by comparing our data with the Dutch MLVA databank. These were all new and not reported before in the database.
This observation reiterates on necessity for detection of predominant native strains to include in vaccine preparations suitable for different countries.

This study was conducted to compare three herbal extracts (thyme, yarrow and garlic), antibiotic, and organic acids to reduce Campylobacter jejuni colonization in digestive tract of broiler chickens. A total of 336 one-day old male broilers (Cobb 500) were randomly allocated to 7 treatments, 4 replicates with 12 birds in each replicate with a completely randomized design. The experimental groups included negative control (basal diet without challenge), the positive control (basal diet with challenge), organic acids (1 mL per liter in drinking water for first 14 days of age, then 8 hours each day until end of the experiment), antibiotic (oxytetracycline 100 ppm in feed), yarrow extract (1 mL per liter in drinking water), thyme extract (1 mL per liter in drinking water), and garlic extract (1 mL per liter in drinking water) throughout the experiment. Except for the negative control group, all chickens were orally challenged with (109cfu/mL) C. jejuni suspension on day 21. The negative control group was inoculated with 1 mL of saline solution. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. At end of the experiment (day 42), the blood samples were taken from the wing vein to determine serum biochemical parameters. The effect of treatments on the morphology of the small intestine, lymphatic organs weight, and colonization of C. jejuni were measured. The results of statistical analysis showed that treatments had significant effect (P>0.05) on Campylobacter jejuni colonization,so that, the highest and lowest levels of the bacterial colony were observed in positive control and antibiotic treatment. The negative control and yarrow treatments had a significant difference (P0.05). According to the results of this experiment, the use of above mentioned treatments had positive effects on decreasing serum cholesterol and triglyceride, as well as reducing the colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in digestive tract of broiler chickens.

Etant donnée la circulation des souches de Bordetellapertussisau sein des populations avec une couverture vaccinale élevée, une bonne compréhension de la nature de cette bactérie provoquant la coqueluche est nécessaire. Une variété de techniques ont été mises en place afin de faciliter la caractérisation des souches de Bordetellapertussisau sein des différentes populations. Une analyse génotypique a été menée sur une collection de deux souches vaccinales utilisées entre les années 2000 et 2014dans la production de vaccins inactivés de la coqueluche à l’Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et les Sérums Razi (Karaj, Iran). Au total, 10 isolats cliniques et 2 souches de références (Tohama 1 et 18323) ont été analysés par électrophorèse en champ pulsé (ECP). Selon nos résultats, le profil génétique de la souche-mère et des semences actives ne montre aucun changement significatif dans la fréquence des types d’empreintes observée avec les souches vaccinales. Ceci reflète donc la bonne homogénéité des profils étudiés. De plus, un sérotypage a été effectué avec des antisérums monoclonaux des agglutinogènes 2 et 3. L’analyse des fimbriae a révélé que les 10 isolats cliniques exprimaient Fim3.

The adoption of methods for increasing the shelf life of dairy products by using natural preservatives is necessary. This study was done to determine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel and its effect on the shelf life of flavored milks.
In this descriptive –analytical studty the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel was investigated by using disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by successive dilution of culture broth and then its impact on the shelf life of milk.
In disk diffusion method and MIC the antimicrobial effect of aqueous extract of orange peel was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and less effective on Escherichia coli. The growth diameter of disk diffusion method in aqueous extract of orange peel was 7.11, 29.06 and 50 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively. The inhibitory concentration in the aqueous extract of orange peel was 15, 2 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Also 0.17 g/ml of aqueous extract of orange peel in milk reduced the growth of microorganisms at the time of 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Temperature affected the growth of Candida albicans in the milk, so that the growth of microorganisms reduced with decreasing temperature (P This study showed that the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in vitro and in the milk.

La leptospirose est l’une des zoonoses les plus courantes à travers le monde. Actuellement, la protection contre la leptospirose peut être induite par un vaccin constitué de germes leptospiraux entiers. De ce fait, la préparation et la formulation d’une nouvelle génération de vaccins capable de favoriser une immunité à long terme sont essentielles pour le contrôle de cette maladie. L’objectif de cette étude était de préparer et caractériser un nouveau système de délivrance composé de microsphères d’alginate pour l’immunisation contre la leptospirose. Pour la préparation des antigènes, 5 sérotypes de Leptospira interrogans à savoir Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Serjo harjo, Pomona, et Canicola on été utilisés. Les microsphères d’alginate contenant les antigènes leptospiraux (AL) ont été préparées par émulsification et ensuite analysées en termes de morphologie, granulométrie, efficacité de chargement (EC), capacité de chargement (CC) et profil de libération. De plus, l’influence des concentrations en alginate et en émulsifiant a également été étudiée. Enfin, les conditions optimales de préparation pour les microsphères d’alginate chargées d’AL ont été déterminées. Selon nos résultats, les concentrations optimales de préparation étaient respectivement de 3,65% p/v (pourcentage de poids par volume) d’alginate dans l’émulsifiant, 0,24% v/v de Span 80 et 3,85% v/v de Tween 80. De plus, le taux d’homogénéisation approprié a été obtenu à 500 rpm. La taille moyenne des particules générées était de 200 nm avec un EC de 97,41% et un CC de 8%. Les testes de libération des AL à partir des microsphères d’alginate montrent un profil de libération étendu sur une période prolongée de 216 heures. Pa conséquent, sur le plan technique, les microsphères d’alginate semblent représenter un système de délivrance prometteur pour le vaccin leptospiral.

Avian infectious bronchitis is an important pathogen in poultry industry, which commonly induces respiratory diseases, with tropism to other organs based on strains. The aim of this study was to investigate the tissue lesions and tropism of avian infectious bronchitis virus strain 793/B in experimentally infected broiler chickens. In this study, tissue lesions and dissemination of 793/B serotypes of IBV in different organs of broiler chickens was studied. Ninety-one-day-old chicks were divided randomly into two groups (45chicks per group). At the age of 10 days old the chicks in group1 were inoculated intraocularly with 103EID50 of the 793/B isolate, and group2 was kept as control. The samples from various tissues were collected at 2 till 16 days’ post-inoculation (PI) for virus detection and histopathology. The chicks of infected group exhibited depression at 2 to 8 days PI. The IBV virus was detected in the cloaca and kidney through the study, in trachea virus was detected on days 2 to 8 and in lung samples on 2-6 days PI. In trachea virus causes deciliation, epithelium hyperplasia, mononuclear and heterophils infiltration. Lung tissue was hyperemic, hemorrhagic, and edema and fibrinous exudate with mononuclear infiltrations was seen. In kidney tissue hyperemia and hemorrhage with necrosis of tubules was recorded. The results of this study indicated that the 793/B serotype of IBV cannot cause mortality, clinical signs or gross lesions in infected chickens.

Salmonella infections are the second leading cause of zoonotic bacterial foodborne illness. Main source of infection in human is contaminated food products. The aim of this study was sub typing isolates of Salmonella entericaobtained during our previous study byPulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) technique. All 46 Salmonella isolates were serotyped and then subjected to PFGE. Total isolates were analyzed by means of the molecular technique XbaI PFGE. In this study, PFGE and serotyping were used to subtype 46 Salmonella isolates belonging to 27different serovars and derived from human and different food origins. Among these isolates, S. Typhimurium was found to be the most predominant serovar. 40 PFGE patterns out of 46 isolates were obtained. The Discrimination Index obtained by serotyping (DI = 0.93) was lower than PFGE (DI = 0.99). Subtyping of Salmonella enterica is very important and shows that animal origin can be one of a reservoir that potentially could be transferred to human through the food chain. In addition, results of this study also revealed that this procedure is a golden standard for genotyping of such salmonellaserotypes.

In order to investigate the fauna and bio-diversity indices of syrphid flies in Arak region, samples were taken from April to November 2012. The indices were calculated using the Shannone Wiener index. Totally 21 species belonging to two subfamilies, six tribes and 13 genera were identified. Results showed that the highest diversity was in the second week of October, fourth week of June and the first week of October. The least index was in the third week of June, August and November. Sphaerophoria rueppeli is the ecologic dominant species in Arak and neighboring regions.

Orange peel extract has been used in Iranian traditional medicine since the long past. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of orange peel, Sangynla species, on the microorganisms of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans as an alternative for conventional chemical preservatives.
In this study, the effect of 31 mg/ml orange peel extracts was investigated by using disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Also the effect of orange peel extract on the biochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of milk was studied during 7 days in 4, 25 & 37°C. The controls were milk samples without extract.
The research showed that orange peel extract has an antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. In MIC method, the growth inhibitory activity of the extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was more than on Candida albicans. At 0/15 g/ml concentration of orange peel extract, the growth of all microorganisms in the milk was reduced at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. There was a significant correlation between temperature and growth of Candida albicans. In comparison, the orange peel extract is more effective on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus than on Escherichia coli.
Results and In this research, the inhibitory effect of orange peel extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans has been proven; therefore, it can be used as a herbal combination to inhibit the growth of pathogens in milk. According to the research results, in addition to the orange peel extract, pH and temperature have more bacterial inhibitory activity simultaneously.

Salmonella enterica is recognized as one of the major food-borne pathogens with more than 2,500 serotypes worldwide. The present study addresses antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates in Iran. A collection of 151 Salmonella spp. isolates collected from poultry were serotyped to identify Salmonella Enteritidis. Sixty-one Salmonella Enteritidis were subsequently tested against 30 antimicrobials. A high frequency of antimicrobial resistance was observed against nitrofurantoin (n=55, 90.2%) followed by nalidixic acid (n=41, 67.2%), and cephalexin (n=23, 37.7%). Multi drug resistance were observed in 35 (57.4%) out of 61 isolates. Twenty-six antimicrobial resistancepatterns were observed among the 61 Salmonella Enteritidis. All isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin, imipenem, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. In conclusion, our results revealed that implementing new policies toward overuse of antimicrobial drugs in Iranian poultry industry are of great importance.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution that caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Accurate diagnosis for differentiation of leptospirosis from other pyrogenic infections prevailing in the same locality and is imperative for proper treatment. Therefore a molecular diagnostic test with high specificity and sensitivity such as PCR is essential. Gene encoding of outer membrane proteins of Leptospira are potential candidates that may be useful as diagnostic and analysis of the disease. In this study, lipL21 gene was used for detection and differentiation of pathogenic from saprophytic leptospiral serovars in PCR assays. The leptospiral lipL21 gene expressed only in pathogenic Leptospira spp. The bacteria were inoculated into the EMJH (with 5% rabbit serum) and extraction of the genomic DNA was done by standard Phenol-Chlorophorm method. The specific primers for proliferation of lipL21 gene were designed. The lipl21 gene was observed in pathogenic leptospira and was not in saprophytic leptospires. The specificity and sensitivity of PCR was evaluated. PCR assay with high specificity and sensitivity may prove to be a rapid method for diagnosing acute leptospirosis and designed a positive control to optimize this diagnostic test. The results showed that molecular detection of pathogenic leptospiras based on lipL21 gene can be used for laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Salmonellosis is a very important disease of avian species because of its huge economic impact، worldwide distribution and difficulty posed in its control. Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease، is caused by Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum and Pullorum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. A total of 13 Salmonella isolates، identified by biochemical tests and specific antisera including Salmonella gallinarum (n=10) and Salmonella pullorum (n=3). All were found to be susceptible to gentamicin. Also 7 (53. 8 %)، 6 (46. 1%) and 5 (38. 4%) isolates were resistant to streptomycin، cephalexin and nalidixic acid respectively. Multidrug resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 6 (46. 1%) isolates and overall 9 antibiotic resistance patterns were recorded. The results showed that poultries as a source of antimicrobial resistance could pose a serious risk to public health via food chain transfer. Hence more epidemiological surveillance programs and antibiotic susceptibility investigations are advised.

Leptospirosis caused by infection with pathogenic leptospires، which is the most prevalent zoonotic disease in the world. The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of pathogenic leptospires such as LipL41 play a crucial role in pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore a major challenge to develop an effective vaccine against leptospirosis is application of basic research on the OMPs of leptospires to improve vaccine development. The aim of this study was cloning and analyzing of the lipL41 gene from vaccinal serovars of leptospires in Iran، in order to identify genetic conservation of this gene. Three vaccinal serovars of Leptospira were used in this study. The lipL41 gene of these serovars were amplified and cloned in the pTZ57R/T vector. The recombinant clones were confirmed by colony-PCR and sequencing. The sequenced genes were analyzed for their homology between them and other submitted sequences in Genbank database using the BLAST and MegAlign program. PCR amplification of the lipL41 gene resulted in the 1065 bp gene product in vaccinal serovars tested. In our study، nucleotide sequencing results showed high similarity (>94%) within the leptospiral vaccinal serovars. The genetic conservation of the lipL41gene among different serovars of Leptospira indicated the capacity of utilization of this gene for development of recombinant vaccine against leptospirosis.

Local and regional values with scholars and artists than it is very important that the growing interest in globalization can make them. Sustainable architecture in Iran's traditional buildings, with due regard to climatic factors such as economic factors, socio-cultural factors are intertwined. The traditional architecture of the building is based on Iranian culture and ethnic identity and the type of plan, unlike religious beliefs and belief has never been established. Over time away because of social adversity own social values and indigenous communities, other architectures were dominating. The whole problem, the cause and solution to the problems of the communities in search of stability and sustainable architecture has proposed. Perhaps the best examples of vernacular architecture and pleasing for sustainable architecture. The aim of this study is that vernacular architecture with components of sustainable architecture principles and methods of implementation of rehabilitation and re-employing them should be developed. Research method This article is based on a descriptive analysis and library studies. The results of this study sustainable architecture and optimal use of this principle is to achieve sustained for home. Finally, to provide useful guidelines for the design of "sustainability" and "sustainable development" achieved.

abiding with ethical discipline in nursing leads to improving nursing services and promoting the patient’s health. Due to the fact that patients are the most critical elements in health care organizations, this study was carried out with the aim of determine compliance with professional ethics and its relationship with associated demographic factors from the vantage point of patients in 2014.
This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted with the cooperation of 210 patients in different sections of five selected Shahid Beheshti hospitals in Tehran using simple sampling. Gathering data was done using a questionnaire including two sections of individual characteristics. The validity and reliability of the professional ethics questionnaire was approved. The SPSS 16 software and descriptive statics were used for analyzing data.
48/78 percent of patients evaluated nurses’ compliance with ethical discipline in a good level, 44/8 percent of them in average and 6/9 percent in a weak level. According to independent T test, there was a meaningful correlation between compliance with professional ethical discipline and sex (P The professional ethical discipline has been abided by nurses in a somehow satisfactory level. So it is recommended that through periodical evaluation of professional ethics with a client-centered method to remove the obstacles and establish reeducation courses, we witness a yet better compliance with professional ethics in the health system.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is accompanied by myocytes and connective tissue changes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in cardiac remodeling. It seems that the gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) are effective enzymes in cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy was confirmed in 22 dogs (patient group) including 11 female and 11 male by clinical examination، auscultation، thoracic radiography and echocardiography. 17 healthy dogs (control group) with similar weight and breedto patients were also selected from referred cases to Small Animal Hospital of the Veterinary Faculty of Tehran University and the same diagnostic procedures were performed on them. After that، serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 of control and patient groups were measured by semi-quantitative zymography. Semiquantitative analysis of zymograms from canine serums with DCM showed that total MMP-9 in patients is more than control group، while there was no significant difference in total MMP-2 between the two groups. Pro-MMP-2 was not detected in patient group but its active form was present in both groups، of course MMP-2 activity inpatients was significantly more than control. Active form of MMP-9 was detected only in patients. Although pro-MMP-9 was present in both groups، its level in control group was significantly higher than patients. The heart enlargement was observed in the left، right or both parts. Statistically significant differences in active form of MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were observed between different groups of heart enlargement (right، left and both parts) compared to control but this difference was not significant considering chambers affected and VHS (vertebral heart score) groups. In conclusion، although there are some changes in serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels in canine DCM، it seems that increase of MMP-9 is more prominent than MMP-2 and neither of them were affected by heart enlargement or VHS grade.

The genus of Salmonella is very polymorphic and comprised of a number of genetically closely related serotypes. It is one of the emerging pathogen in food-borne disease which is often found in contaminated chicken eggs. Salmonella enterica is considered one of the major pathogens in public health worldwide. A total of 31 Salmonella isolates identified by specific antisera، which included Salmonella enteritidis (51. 6%)، Salmonella typhimurium (25. 8%)، Salmonella infantis (19. 4%) and Salmonella colindale (3. 2%). DNA was extracted using phenol- chloroform- isoamylalchol method. All the isolates showed fliC gene (1500bp) by using specific primers. PCR products were subjected to digestion using HhaI restriction endonuclease. PCR- RFLP results showed 3 patterns between all isolates. Our research gained in this study demonstrated that using HhaI restriction endonuclease could differentiate Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella colindale but there is similarity between pattern of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella infantis.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis infectious disease that is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and is caused by the pathogenic serovars of leptospires. Hence, we aimed at investigating the prevalence of antibodies against these bacteria in the blood samples of suspected leptospirosis. the human serum samples (N = 130) were obtained from patients clinically suspected leptospirosis. The Serum level of IgM antibodies were studied by ELISA kit (PrioCHECK) in Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (Karaj), 2011-2012. Anti-leptospira IgM class was observed in 21(16%) samples. The relative distribution of the disease was reported in men (80.95%), women (19.04%), and farmers (30.95%) and in 20-40-year group (57.14%). Contact with contaminated water was the most common cause of infection (52.38%) and fever was the most common sign of Leptospirosis (72.2%). Due to the occurrence of anti-leptospira antibodies in 16% of suspected cases, it is recommended that routine ELISA be done at least in major diagnostic centers.

Leptospirosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by pathogenic serovars of Leptospira. Development of reliable and applicable diagnostic test and also recombinant vaccine for this disease require specific antigens that are highly conserved among diverse pathogenic leptospiral serovars. Outer membrane proteins(OMPs) of leptospira are effective antigens which can stimulate remarkable immune responses during infection, among them LipL41 is an immunogenic lipoprotein which is present only in pathogenic serovars so it could be regarded as a good candidate for vaccine development and diagnostic method. In order to identify genetic conservation of the lipL41 gene, we cloned and sequenced this gen from Leptospira interrogans serovar vaccinal and field of Grippotyphosa. Leptospira interrogans serovar vaccinal Grippotyphosa (RTCC2808) and serovar field Grippotyphosa (RTCC2825)were used to inoculate into the selective culture medium(EMJH). The genomic DNA was extracted by standard phenol-chloroform method. The lipL41 gene were amplified by specific primers and cloned into pTZ57R/T vector and transformed into the competent E. coli (Top10) cells. the extracted recombinant plasmid were sequenced. And the related sequences were subjected to homology analysis by comparing them to sequences in the Genbank database. PCR amplification of the lipL41 gene resulted in the 1065 bp PCR product. DNA sequence analysis revealed that lipL41 gene between serovar vaccinal Grippotyphosa (RTCC2808)and serovar field Grippotyphosa (RTCC2825) in Iran was 100%. It was also showed that the lipL41 gene had high identity (96%-100%) with other pathogenic serovars submitted in Genbank database. The results of this study showed that the lipL41 gene was highly conserved among various pathogenic Leptospira serovars(>95.9 % identity). Hence the cloned gene could be further used for expression of recombinant protein for serodiagnosis and also can be a good candidate for vaccine against leptospirosis.

Part of what we know as the heritage of Iran and India has originated from the Indo-Iranian culture, and this heritage belongs to the East and the common life of Indo –Iranians in the past. We can consider the similarities between Arash-e Kamangir in Iranian mythology and Vishnu in Indian mythology as an original example in this case. In this research, we try to show the characters of Arash-e Kamangir, in the ancient, middle and Islamic periods, according to the comparative method in the French School and the method of content analysis. The results of the research show that Arash and Vishnu are two myths that have a common origin, and consequently, they have vast and widespread common aspects; and in making of mythological character, the subject of the attack between Good and Evil has a special place in the two cultures. Being warrior god of rain in creating the myths like Arash and Vishnu; being bodily and their connection with natural elements and heavenly realms are the other results obtained in this study.

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to Fluoroquinolone drugs affecting effectively on gram-negative bacterial infectious. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ciprofloxacin in the spermatogenesis period. The subjects were 20 male wistar rat randomly divided in to control (n=10) and experimental group (n=10), given 12.5mg/kg ciprofloxacin (soluble in drinking water) in spermatogenesis period. On the day of 28, the sperm was collected from cauda epididymis and sent for analysis. Based on light microscopic observation and statistical analysis, the majority of seminiferous tubules of control group were healthy, in Sc 8-9 stage. But in test group, sertoli cell degeneration and absence of sex cells were confirmed, and in some parts, just basal layer of seminiferous tubule was remained in Sc 3-5 stage. Sex hormones (LH and FSH) and spermatogenesis (sperm count, motility and viability) were significantly decreased in test group compared to those of controls (P<0.05). Ciprofloxacin has some adverse effects on sperm related variables in 28 day period.

Anaplasma ovis infections can cause severe anemia in the acute phase of the disease. In order to investigate the alterations of erythrocyte protective antioxidant mechanisms associated with anemia in sheep experimentally infected with A. ovis, 100 ml heparinized blood was collected from splenectomised sheep that showed 6% A. ovis parasitemia. Inoculums of 20 ml blood were administered intravenously to five male sheep without any blood parasite. Parasitological and haematological changes and the activities of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were studied in experimentally infected animals on the 0-38 post infection days. Parasitemia increased significantly with the progress of infection and reached its maximum level on day 15 of the experiment. From this point to day 38, there was a gradual decline in parasitemia. A significant decrease in PCV, RBC and Hb concentration was evident coincidentally with peak parasitaemia in the infected sheep. On post infection day 15, the activities of all enzymes increased, the changes being significant for SOD activity. There was a significant positive correlation among parasitemia and the activities of erythrocyte SOD (r = 0.644, P<0.0005) and CAT (r = 0.424, P<0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity declined significantly between post infection days 23-38. From the present study, it can be concluded that oxidative stress has an important role in anemia induced by anaplasmosis in sheep. It seems that SOD is a useful indicator of oxidative stress caused by A. ovis infection, due to its constant increasing means in the course of the disease.

In diagnostic and research bacteriology settings with budget and staff restrictions، fast and cost-effective genome extraction methods are desirable. If not inactivated properly، cellular and/or environmental DNA nucleases will degrade genomic material during the extraction stage، and therefore might give rise to incorrect results in PCR experiments. When crude cell extracts، proteinase K–treated templates and purified DNAs prepared by phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol method as well as a commercial extraction kit were subjected to the Salmonella enterica Enteritidis specific STM2 PCR، with exception of crude cell extract، PCR products from all other three methods saved their integrity for 28 days post-generation. This work aimed to find out whether improvement to boiling method can guaranty stability of PCR products. As results showed، treatment of crude cell extracts from S. Enteritidis with proteinase K offers an inexpensive، fast and effective DNA extraction method suitable for high-throughput laboratories.

In recent years, encapsulation of drugs and antigens in hydrogels, specifically in calcium alginate particles, is an interesting and practical technique that was developed widespread. It is well known that alginate solution, under proper conditions, can form suitable nanoparticles as a promising carrier system, for vaccine delivery. The aim of this study was to synthesis alginate nanoparticles as protein carrier and to evaluate the influence of various factors on nanoparticles properties. Alginate nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method. Briefly, various concentrations of CaCl2 were added to different concentrations of sodium alginate dropwisly by homogenizing magnetically at 1300 rpm. The effects of homogenization time and (-) rate were investigated on nanoparticle feature. Nanoparticles were characterized for their morphology and size distribution. Evaluation of loading capacity and loading efficiency of nanoparticles were performed by using various concentration of BSA. The concentration of 0.3%w/v sodium alginate and 0.1%w/v CaCl2 solution, homogenization time 45 min and homogenization rate 1300 rpm were observed as suitable condition - to prepare optimized nanoparticles. It can be concluded that the properties of nanoparticles are strongly dependent on the physicochemical conditions. The optimum concentrations of alginate and CaCl2and appropriate condition led to forming desirable nanoparticles that can be used as carrier for drug and vaccine delivery.