khalighi

Analyzing the accumulation of toxic elements in plants is considered essential and important for preserving the health and life of the living things. Due to the fact that the absorption of heavy metals by plants is effective in decreasing environmental pollution, the ability of two-year-old Thornless Honey Loccust Trees (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis), planted in borders of Tehran-Karaj highway, for refining Pb element as a heavy metal using atomic absorption was investigated in the present study which was carried out in randomized complete block design with six replications. The experiment treatments included: three times of sampling (the beginning of leaf growth i.e., the opening of leaves, late June, and before the autumn). The results indicated that Pb concentration significantly increased with the passage of time and near autumn. Total leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid significantly decreased near autumn, but leaf fresh/dry weight ratio increased with the passage of time.

Four explicit finite difference schemes, including Lax-Friedrichs, Nessyahu-Tadmor, Lax-Wendroff and Lax-Wendroff with a nonlinear filter are applied to solve water hammer equations. The schemes solve the equations in a reservoir-pipe-valve with an instantaneous and gradual closure of the valve boundary. The computational results are compared with those of the method of characteristics (MOC), and with the results of Godunov''s scheme to verify the proposed numerical solution. The computations reveal that the proposed Lax-Friedrichs and Nessyahu-Tadmor schemes can predict the discontinuities in fluid pressure with an acceptable order of accuracy in cases of instantaneous and gradual closure. However, Lax-Wendroff and Lax-Wendroff with nonlinear filter schemes fail to predict the pressure discontinuities in instantaneous closure. The independency of time and space steps in these schemes are allowed to set different spatial grid size with a unique time step, thus increasing the efficiency with respect to the conventional MOC. In these schemes, no Riemann problems are solved; hence field-by-field decompositions are avoided. As provided in the results, this leads to reduced run times compared to the Godunov scheme.

Assessment of bankfull discharge and stream power is very important for the restoration and river management. Due to the high level of correlation with acceptable accuracy between morphometric characteristics of the channel and bankfull discharge so in this study, first, the morphometric parameters of the channel was measured through surveying of the 12 cross-section of the Lighvan River and then bankfull discharge, flow velocity, bed roughness coefficient were calculated by Manning equations and stream power and stream power per river width unit were estimated and finally peak discharge with different return periods was obtained to determine the return periods of bankfull discharge. The results showed that bankfull discharge was varied from 0.92 to 35.83 cubic meters per second and also stream power in the 12 cross-sections was varied ranged from 216.65 to 7374.27. The most bankfull discharge and stream power were related to cross section 9 and 2 that has been due to the connection of two branches of the river in the place of these cross sections and located of these two sections in residential area. Lighvan River energy to make changes was ranging from high (A) and medium (B). Also return periods of bankfull discharge was very varied due to changes in cross sections dimensions and its amount was not increasing trend from upstream to the downstream that shows effect of unnatural factors such as changes in vegetation and human interventions in the channel morphology of Lighvan River.

The present state and determining the production problems and also presenting the guidance for quantitative and qualitative improvements of almond, walnut, pistachio and hazelnut, a research was conducted from 2004 to 2005. Firstly, using the statistics published by Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, 19 provinces of important fruit producing and a few cities in each province were selected. Then, using a questionnaire, all aspects of information from these centers were collected. Provinces selected were east Azarbayejan, west Azarbayejan, Ardebil, Isfahan, Tehran, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Razavi Khorasan, north Khorasan, south Khorasan, Fars, Kurdestan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kohkiluieh and Boyerahmad, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Markazi, Hamedan and Yazd. The results showed that in spite of some problems in cultivation of these fruits, especially early spring frost which damages early fruiting species, like almond, walnut and pistachio, average yields per hectare of these species are not less than average yields of important countries in Europe and in some cases they are higher. In the year of experiment, according to FAO report, average yields per hectare of almond were 0.84 in Iran, 4.25 in France, 1.84 in Turkey and 0.33 tons in Spain. Similarly, average yields per hectare of walnut were 2.31 in Iran, 1.66 in France, 1.85 in Turkey and 3.85 tons in Spain. Average yields per hectare of 0.63 and 1.13 tons for hazelnut and pistachio in Iran, respectively, 2.49 tons in France for hazelnut, 0.79 tons in Turkey for pistachio, and 1.00 tons in Spain for hazelnut were reported. These achievements are under situations that a number of reducing factors are present in Iran. The results of this investigation showed that in the years of the study, the production problems include lack of covering insurance or guaranteed market, low knowledge of fruit producers on orchard management particularly pruning irrigation, spraying against insects and deseases, fertilizing etc. It can be concluded that in Iran the potentials for increasing the yields of these crops for internal consumptions and export are available.

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) occurs when the dynamic water hammer forces cause vibrations in the pipe wall. FSI in pipe systems due to Poisson and junction coupling has been the center of attention in recent years. It causes fluctuations in pressure heads and vibrations in the pipe wall. The governing equations of this phenomenon include a system of first order hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) in terms of hydraulic and structural quantities. In the present paper, a two-step variant of the Lax-Friedrichs (LxF) method, and a method based on the Nessyahu-Tadmor (NT) are used to simulate FSI in a reservoir-pipe-valve system. The computational results are compared with those of the Method of Characteristics (MOC), Godunov's scheme and also the exact solution of linear hyperbolic fourequation system to verify the proposed numerical solution. The results reveal that the proposed LxF and NT schemes can predict discontinuity in fluid pressure with an acceptable order of accuracy. The independency of time and space steps allows for setting different spatial grid sizes with a unique time step, thus increasing the accuracy with respect to the conventional MOC. In these schemes, no Riemann problems were solved and hence field-by-field decompositions were avoided which led to reduced run times compared with Godunov scheme.

TDS parameter is the main factor in water quality assessment and it has many effects on the material movement، chemical alteration and ionization. Also، TDS density has important role in optimum water allocation for drinking water، agricultural and industrial uses. However، the aim of this study is TDS prediction in a case study in Lighvan Watershed using M5 and MLP models. The study area is one of the sub-basin or watershed in Urmia Lake basin and monthly data collected from two hydrometric stations during 1972 to 2010. Generally، based on the criteria which evaluate the models، M5 and MLP had the good performance in the TDS prediction and also mostly they had the same results. In the Lighavn station، among 6 scenarios، the fifth and sixth scenarios showed the highest correlation coefficient between observed and estimated series based on the inputs combination in two models. Due to these scenarios in the most errors criteria were closed together، the fifth and sixth scenarios introduced as the best scenarios. In the Hervi station the results showed that 5th scenario was the best scenario as model inputs. In general، 5th scenario with HCO-3، Ca2+، Na+، Mg2+ parameters showed the best results for the TDS prediction.

Karstic water resources are of the most important fresh water sources. Analyzing recession curve of Karstic rivers and springs is one of the common methods for determining Karstic aquifer characterizations. In this survey for achieving the best formula of Karstic recession curve، in three selected watersheds (Khersan، Gamasiab and Zymkan)، nine hydrometric gauges were selected and six index years in each station were chosen by using Standard Index of Annual Precipitation (SIAP). After separating recession curves، different formulae (Boussinesq (1903)، Maillet (1905)، double exponential function (Horton 1933) and Hyperbolic function (Drouge 1973))،were fitted to them. N coefficients were calibrated in Drouge and Horton equations by fitting estimated and observed discharges. Also we use RMSE and correlation coefficient. Results show that in 72. 22% of the cases hyperbolic function is the best formula and its N coefficient is between «1. 5 - 2. 1».

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum - graecum L.) is an annual medicinal plant belongs to the legume family and has anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, anticancer, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic and hypocholesterolaemic effects. Evaluation of growth and trigonelline /mucilage content in fenugreek under application of plant growth regulators (PGR). The experiment was conducted on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were consist of control (distilled water application), Giberrellic Acid (GA3) 25 and 50 ppm and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 25 and 50 ppm (for each concentration by soaking the seeds before planting, spray after planting, and soaking seeds before planting with spray after planting). Application of plant growth regulators significantly increased trigonelline and mucilage content of seed, shoots and pods dry weight per plant and 1000-seed weight. Application of plant growth regulators had no significant effect on the SPAD value. Mean comparisons showed that the highest shoot dry weight was related to NAA, GA3 50 ppm (soaking seeds before planting with spray after planting), and also the highest pods dry weight, 1000-seed weight, mucilage and trigonelline content of seeds were obtained from GA3 50 ppm (soaking the seeds before planting with spray after planting). Application of GA3 50 ppm as the soaking seeds before planting with spray after planting are effective to obtain maximum trigonelline and mucilage content in fenugreek.

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) is a perennial shrub belongs to the Fabaceae family. It is widely used in food; pharmaceutical products and tobacco industry because of its important secondary metabolites. Due to worldwide uses of licorice, it has significant role in export. One of the main bioactive compounds of the root is glycyrrhizic acid (GA) which is a saponine containing three carboxyl and five hydroxyl groups. Glycyrrhizic acid is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic remedy for the treatment of bronchial asthma, eczemas and other diseases. There are different methods for separation, purification, and analysis of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice roots. Most accepted technologies of them include using of solvents, water separation, polymeric macro porous resin and non-ionic surfactants. Also, high-performance liquid chromatography technique is the most important in analysis of GA.

For centuries, plants have been a major source for drug discovery. Some examples of anticancer agents developed from plants are the vinblastine, vincristine, taxol and camptothecin. Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among women and prostate cancer remains a considerable health problem for men around the world. The purpose of this study was cytotoxicity evaluation of Taverniera spartea on human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we determined the cytotoxic effects of total methanol extracts and their fractions of Taverniera spartea on MCF-7 and BT-474 human breast cancer cells and also PC-3 and Du-145 prostate cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis. The chloroform fraction of Taverniera spartea showed the highest toxicity MTT assay. The IC50 value of this fraction was 70.69 µg/ml for MCF-7 breast cancer cell line after 48 h of exposure. Chloroform fraction showed necrotic effects on MCF-7, BT-474 and PC-3 in contrast apopthotic induction on Du-145 in flow cytometry analysis Taverniera spartea has cytotoxic effects. Further investigation is needed to determine chemical characterization of the active principles and the molecular mechanisms mediated anticancer activities of Taverniera spartea.

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), is one of the safest medical imaging technologies and can be used in industrial process monitoring. In this method, image of electrical conductivity (or electrical impedance) distribution of the inner part of a conductive subject can be reconstructed. The image reconstruction process is done by injecting an accurate current into the boundary of a volume conductor (Ω), measuring voltages around the boundary (∂Ω) and transmitting them to a computer, and processing on acquired data with software (e.g. MATLAB).The image would be reconstructed from the measured peripheral data by using an iterative algorithm. A precise instrumentation (EIT hardware) plays a very important and vital role in the quality of reconstructed images. In this paper, we have proposed a practical design of a low-cost precise EIT hardware including, a high output impedance VCCS (Voltage-Controlled Current Source) with pulse generation part, precise voltage demodulator and measuring parts, a high performance multiplexer module, and a control unit. All the parts have been practically and accurately tested with successful results, and finally the proposed design was assembled on PCB. The quality of experimental results at the end of this paper, (reconstructed images by using the implemented system), confirms the accuracy of the proposed EIT hardware.

The estimation of instantaneous peak discharge is important for watershed management because there is a insufficient climatic and hydrologic data in countries such as Iran. Researchers have been forced to link constant parameters (geomorphology) and variable parameters (hydrology) to models with minimum dependence on climatic and hydrologic data for hydrologic estimation. The present study used a synthetic unit hydrograph at three drainage basins in the central Alborz watershed (Kan, Amameh and Mehran) and compared the results with peak discharge in the study areas to derive the best model. The results of the instantaneous peak discharge estimation were similar for each drainage basin. A comparison of the models using relative mean error (RME) and root of mean square error (RMSE) for the three drainage basins showed that the mean RME for GIUH was 21.31, for Snyder was 82.25, for SCS was 227.34, and for triangular was 231.27. The mean RMSE for GIUH was 12.76, for Snyder was 17.05, for SCS was 42.84, and for triangular was 43.62. This confirms that the best estimation was produced by GIUH, followed by the Snyder, SCS and triangular models.

Persian poppy or great scarlet poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is proposed as a new source of raw material for codeine production and addiction treatment. This species as a native plant is growing in North and West of Iran. As for possible of illegal cultivation of opium poppy, cultivation of Persian poppy in Iran was associated with restrictions and despite the being abundant biodiversity of this plant in Iran, this plant was not considered yet. However, Persian poppy is lacking in morphine and rich in the baine. It has appropriate potential for domestication, mass production, and industrial processing as a valuable medicinal plant. For this reason, in this study was investigated kind of traits in this plant.

For an indoor non-directed line of sight optical wireless communication (NLOS-OWC) system we investigate the optimized Lambertian order (OLO) of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We firstly derive an expression for the OLO from a conventional Lambertian LED model. Then, we analyze the indoor multi-cell NLOS-OWC channel characteristics including the optical power distribution and the multipath time dispersion for two cases of one-cell and four-cell configurations. Furthermore, we estimate the transmission bandwidth by simulating the channel frequency response. Numerical results presented show that, by using OLO a significant improvement of the transmission bandwidth can be achieved for an indoor NLOS-OWC system, in particular, for multi-cell configurations.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)، a member of the Lamiaceae family، has traditionally been used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of headaches، coughs، diarrhea، constipation، warts، worms، and kidney malfunctions. To investigate the foliar application effects of bio-stimulators and bio-fertilizers on morphological and phytochemical traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Bio-stimulators in three commercial formulations of aminolforte، kadostim and fosnutren (with concentration of 1. 5 L. ha-1) through foliar application، and bio-fertilizers in three commercial formulations of nitroxin، super-nitro plus and barvar II (with concentration of 0. 5 L. ha-1) through seed inoculation were considered as two studied factors. The results showed that the interaction effect of bio-stimulators and bio - fertilizers was significant (p<0. 01) on all of studied parameters except of chlorophyll content (SPAD value). The highest leaf fresh weight (25. 47 g/plant) and leaf dry weight (6. 48 g/plant) were obtained under fosnutren and nitroxin treatment، also maximum leaf number (206. 33) was recorded in aminolforte and nitroxin treatment. The highest leaf area (1302. 2 mm2/plant) was observed in kadostim and nitroxin treatment. Also results showed that the highest content of essential oil (0. 43%) was obtained in aminolforte and nitroxin، methyl chavicol (37. 13%) in fosnutren and super-nitro plus، geranial (29. 05%) and caryophylene (6. 66%) in kadostim and nitroxin، and carvacrol (31. 60%) in fosnutren and nitroxin treated plants. In general، the best treatment to improve growth and phytochemical traits of Ocimum basilicum were kadostim×nitroxin and fosnutren×nitroxin.

In order to investigate the effects of different forms of nitrogen in nutrient solution on photosynthesis rate and quantitative properties of rose cv. Dolcvita، an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with seven ratios of urea: NH4+: NO3- (0-100-0، 0-50-50، 0-0-100، 50-0-50، 25-25-50، 15-15-70 and 0-0-100) and three replications، in a hydroponic greenhouse which grows rose flower. The rooted plants of rose cv. Dolcvita were potted filled with perlite and cocopeat (50:50) substrates. Then، quantitative properties such as plant stalk height، bud length، diameter of bud and stem، leaf area index، vase life، fresh weight of stalk، leaf greenness and photosynthesis parameters were measured. The results showed that increasing the ammonium in nutrient solution reduced the photosynthesis rate، water use efficiency and leaf mesophyll efficiency. The highest stalk height was obtained from 25-25-50 and 0-0-100 treatments (88. 3 cm and 86. 9 cm)، respectively. The highest fresh weight of stalk was obtained in 0-0-100 treatment. Application of 50-0-50 treatment increased leaf greenness as compared to other treatments. When ammonium was increased in nutrition solution، the vase life was reduced. The highest and lowest vase lives were obtained from 25-25-50 and 100-0-0 treatments (17. 6 and 11. 1 days)، respectively.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L (Licorice) as native and pasture medicinal plant has most important export rule. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) or Glycyrrhizin as a main active component of licorice root and rhizomes، is a triterpenoid saponin claimed to be up to 30-50 times sweeter than sucrose and to be used in pharmaceuticals، food and tobacco industry. Licorice root is a traditional medicine used mainly for the treatment of peptic ulcer، hepatitis C، and pulmonary and skin diseases، although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it has several other useful pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory، antiviral، antimicrobial، antioxidative، anticancer activities، immunomodulatory، hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects. A large number of components have been isolated from licorice، including triterpene saponins، flavonoids، isoflavonoids and chalcones، with glycyrrhizic acid normally being considered to be the main biologically active component. Understanding of the limitations and challenges in the medicinal plant are need for planning principles for development activities and conservation in this field. In this review summarizes the phytochemical، pharmacological and pharmacokinetics data، together with the clinical as one of the most important herbs in exports and adverse effects of licorice.

Bidens bipinnata L. belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compositae) and genus of Bidens. In order to study the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of methanolic extract of Bidens bipinnata L., were investigated. For this purpose, after full identification of the species and determination of its habitat in Alborz province, aerial parts of the plant were collected at fruiting stage. In this research, three methods including DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP were applied to measure flavonoid and total phenolic content of the species. Results showed that for methanol extract of the aerial parts of Bidens bipinnata, percentage of radical inhibition was 82.13 μg/ml (IC50> 100 μg/ml). The amount of ferrous sulfate reagent was 112.66 μM/g based on the dry weight of plant in FRAP method. According to the results of ABTS method, the amount of Ascorbic Acid, total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds were respectively calculated based on the dry weight of plant as 9.15 mg and also the amount of total flavonoids in dry weight of plant using rutin reagent was determined 12.21 mg/g and the amount of total phenolic compounds of the extract using Gallic Acid reagent was determined 2.88 mg/g.

Some knowledge about medicinal plants is available in old references or books. But important point is, the information of traditional usage of medicinal plants from different parts of Iran be worthwhile and people is encouraged to use of them, another way it is a good background for future examination about medicinal plants. One of the most important sources of traditional medicine data collection is indigenous people. So the aims of the study are asking the knowledge from eldest and native people to accumulation the wealth and to guide interested people to use of medicinal plants. We started our investigation after prepared a map to distinction the area and different villages. Then we interviewed about medicinal plants in the region from eldest and native people. The specimens that were collected in the region were transferred to herbarium (ACECR) to recognition. In this investigation 14 medicinal species belong to 11 families were collected and identified. In comparison with another survey in some region in neighboring provinces, there are some differences between how to use of medicinal plants and traditional usage that it is due to mores of indigenous people in the each part. Considering that the region has a favorable weather and rich flora especially medicinal plants and also has a previous historical of traditional medicine, so it is needed to pay attention to protect them. Another way we found some new effects of the medicinal plants that can be subjected for investigations to more examination.

With regard to the importance of instantaneous peak discharge estimation for watershed management study, and due to the lack of and unqualified climatic and hydrologic data for estimation and measurement in countries such as Iran, researchers were obliged to establish a link between constant parameters (geomorphologic) and variables (hydrologic) to present models with minimum dependence on climatic and hydrologic data in hydrologic estimations. This research has made an effort to use synthetic unit hydrographs at the drainage basin of Kan (Soleghan River) and to compare these results with recorded peak discharge at the watershed outlet, in order to derive the best model. Comparison of study models using relative mean error (RME) and root of mean square error (RMSE) in the study drainage basin located in central Alborz watershed showed that RME for the Geomorphologic model was 17.99 and RMSE was 15.49, for Snyder RME was 59.66, and RMSE was 29.83, for SCS RME was 162.63 and RMSE was 76.002 and finally triangular RME was 165.82 and RMSE was 77.44. Therefore the best estimation belonged to the Geomorphologic model followed by the Snyder, SCS and Triangular models. Owing to the lack of recorded instantaneous peak discharges in the hydrometric station of the Kan drainage basin (11 events) at Kan-Soleghan, we are not able to derive an instantaneous peak discharge model. Hence by using factors in each of the studied models, other effective factors and 283 recorded events of daily peak discharges, the daily peak discharge model can be derived.

In order to study of two hormones effects of gibberellin and benzyl adenine on (Zantedeschia aethiopica cv.childsiana) pot plant characteristics, non dormant rhizomes dipped preplanting in gibberellin solution with concentrations including (0, 100, 200 and 500 ppm) and sprayed in two weeks once to flowering time with benzyl adenine solutions including (0, 100, 200 and 500 ppm). Interaction effect between these two factors was significant on number days from planting to emergencing in 1% Probability level. The max number days from planting to emergencing, occured in control treatment during 24 days, and also min of that, by application of 500 ppm gibberellin solution and 100 ppm benzyl adenine solution. Interaction effect between two hormones on chlorophyll content was significant in 5% Probability level. maximum of chlorophyll content related to application of 500 ppm gibberellin and 500 ppm benzyl adenine and min of that, was seen in control treatment. Interaction effect between was used hormones was significant on plant leaf number. Maximum leaf number was produced in application of 0 ppm gibberellin and 500 ppm benzyl adenine, also min of leaf number produced when we use 500 ppm gibberellin solution and 0 ppm benzyl adenine. The comparison of means of interaction effects between different levels on rhizome weight increasing after flowering showed that application of these hormones resulted that less increasing in rhizome weight after flowering. Respectively, with increasing of hormone concentrations, resulted decreased, rhizome weight increasing rather than control treatment.

In this research seed of twelve population of Iranian onion were gathered from different part of country (Horand Ahar, Germez Rey, Goligesa Zanjan, Germez Azarshahr, Sefid Kashan, Zard Neishabur, Sefid Gom, Dorche Esfahan, Sefid Neishabur, Germez Neishabur, Sefid Fathabad, Es hag abad Neishabur). The experiment was factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in Agricultural Reasearch and Natural Resources Center of East Azarbayjan with three replications. Analysis of variance showed different between cultivars in bulb pungency, dry matter, total yield, percent of fusi form bulbs, bulb diameter, bulb neck diameter and number of outer dry skin. Some of traits such as bulb neck diameter, number of outer dry skin are important in bulb storage. Variation of these traits according to vast diversity of Iranian onion population is important and helpful for culture and storage.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) as foliar application on growth and essential oil content and yield of lavender based on randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (T2=100, T3=200 and T4=300 mg/l), formulated (tablet) gibberellic acid (T5) and the control (T1=0). Essential oil of dried shoots and flowering stalks were extracted by hydro-distillation method using Clevenger type apparatus. Essential oil yield was calculated in milliliters per square meter based on the essential oil content. The results showed that the highest essential oil content and yield of both shoots and flowers belonged to the 300 mg/l GA3 application. Fresh and dry weight of leaves and stem attained their highest quantities at 300 mg/l GA3 application as well. In contrast, there was significant difference between treatments regarding flowering stalk (inflorescence) fresh and dry weight and the greatest amount for this trait was recorded in the control. GA3 application at 300 mg/l significantly (P<0.05) affected flower bearing plants and the highest number for this trait belonged to the highest level of GA3 i.e. 300 mg/l. Like with many of traits, the maximal plant height was also belonged to T4 treatment. Overally, considering the whole results it seems that 300 mg/l GA3 was the most appropriate treatment for foliar spray of lavender plants regarding growth characteristics, essential oil content and yield.

Mismanagement in rangelands and law deficiencies are among the reasons for destruction and illegal plowing of rangelands. These could lead to job insecurity of pastoralists and they experience the effects of this land conversion in their economy and living conditions. They are unable to express their wills because of poor communication skills, and not being involved in decision making processes. This study aimed to describe the most important social and ecological issues and challenges in laws and managements. Local community participation by facilitating approach and participatory action research is needed for presentation of pastoraliststo local and national decision makers. Invasion, destruction, and illegal plowing of rangelands were identified as the most concerns of pastoralists and experts in summer rangelands of Shesboloki sub tribe. In the process of surveying and analyzing these common phenomena in rangelands and with setting up social facilitating workshops, either in local communities or for natural recourses administrators and court officials, laws problems were identified as the first motive for this problem. For instance some problems in commission of the article one and its complaints, "Commission of the article 34, the religious law of cultivation".Incompetence of punishments laws in natural resources and then management and structure problems such as range survey and range separation in common rangelands of peasants and nomads. Procrastination in following the subject by natural resources administration and courts, inefficiency of court systems in natural resources subjects, the problems of low enforcement and sentences, and at the end, the general policies of government, unprofessional words of government officials and the interference of some local government officials. In this essay the second group of challenges (management and structure) are discussed.

One of the major causes of train accidents is derailment due to axial or lateralbuckling of the track. This problemis more prominent in continuously welded rails(CWR), which are now very common because of their advantages of reduced noiseand damage and more comfortable rides. As for the effect of earthquakes on trackbuckling, the axial force they induce seems to be much less than that of temperaturechange as well as those caused by tractive action and braking of locomotives. Thisdoes not mean that earthquakes cannot have a detrimental effect on railroad tracks.Their main cause of damage is the large reduction they may produce in the lateralresistance of ballast due to shaking of the ballast bed. This paper deals with theproblem of axial and lateral buckling of CWR and the effects of earthquakes andtemperature change on the stability of the track. A three-dimensional macro-elementis used to model the track. Aprogram, developed in Mathcad environment, isused to conduct a series of parametric studies. The results show that the simplesinusoidal formoften used for determining buckling loads of tracks is only valid fortotally homogeneous tracks, a rather rare situation. It was ascertained that thebuckled shapes observed in practice are due to local inhomogeneities of the track.