khanahmadi

Drought stress reduces growth and changes metabolites of medicinal plants. Mycorrhizal fungus in interaction with phosphorus can modify drought stress.
Study the effects of drought stress, mycorhiza and phosphorus fertilizer on growth indexes, quantity and quality of essential oil of medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L.
This study was done on the base of factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with five replications. The factors were consist of three level of drought stress 95% Fc, 65% Fc and 35% Fc, three level of mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculated, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradiceae) and two level of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 100 kg/ha).
Interaction effects were significant between drought stress, mycorhiza and phosphorus factors in all measured attributes at the 1% level. The highest fresh weight of plant and leaf were related to no drought stress condition (95% of field capacity), application of mycorhiza and phosphorus fertilizer treatments. The highest number of flowers, fresh weight of root, and essential oil percent were recorded in mild drought stress (65% of field capacity), mycorrhiza inoculation and application of phosphorus fertilizer. The lowest amount of all of above mentioned traits obtained in severe water stress, without Mycorhiza and phosphorus fertilizer treatments. The highest content of 6-methyl- 2-phenylindole and Z-citral in essential oil were obtained with no drought stress treatment. The mild water stress with application of G. intraradices increased the geranyl formate, geranyl acetate and caryophyllene oxide in essential oil.
Application of two mychorhiza strains in severe water stress can increase physiological yield and essential oil percent of Deracocephalum moldavica in about 45- 100%. The essential oil was increased even in no water stress with application of mychorhiza strains.

Hydroquinone used widely in industry. That is toxic for organisms, fish, plants, and humans. Its removal from industrial wastewater and water is a serious problem. The aim of this study was the investigation of the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation process (UV-Fe2O3) in removal and on the biodegradability of hydroquinone from aqueous solutions.
Oxidation process of hydroquinone was studied by adding Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the form of suspension in a 2.5- liter volume glass batch reactor. The influence of variables such as the concentration of pollutants (10-50mg/l), ultraviolet light intensity (12-20w/m2), and dose of iron oxide nanoparticles (0.5-2gr/l), reaction time (5-90min), and pH (5-7-10) on the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation process was studied.
The results showed that the highest removal efficiency of 60% was yielded at pH of 7.5 the pollutant concentration of 40 g/L, contact time of 60 minutes, the nanoparticle dose of 1 g /L, and light intensity of 16 w/m2. The ratios of BOD5/COD for the absence and presence of photocatalytic oxidation in optimum condition were 0.09 and 0.56, respectively.
Totally the results showed that the UV/ Fe2O3 process could be used as an effective method for the removal of the hydroquinone from aqueous solutions and to increase its biodegradability.

Population growth along with climate change will cause the water scarcity to become the main bottleneck of sustainable agriculture in the world. So as a rough estimation, by 2030 nearly 40 billion cubic meters more water is needed annually in our country. Saline groundwater and seawater are abundant and reliable water resources which need to be desalinated for use in most agricultural activities. Cultivation of most agricultural products is currently not feasible with desalinated seawater due to high energy and capital costs. Current seawater desalination energy consumption rate is 5 kwh/m3 which stand far above minimum theoretical limit namely 1 kwh/m3. Application of desalinated water in greenhouses cultivation is being investigated. Various routes which are being investigated to reduce the costs are dealt in this paper: Innovative nanotechnology and biotechnology methods are under development for abatement of energy loss in reverse osmosis membranes. Membranes containing carbon nanotubes or proteins extracted from salinity tolerant plants are fabricated in this regard. Appropriate combination of reversed osmosis (RO) with forward osmosis (FO) is under investigation. At the same time, design of desalination plants is improved to enhance energy recovery. Utilization of solar energy in desalination is also emerging.

Study of management and hygienic factors involved in mastitis and also offering appropriate treatment is very effective in lactating animals production.
This study was to investigate the conformity between organoleptic and microbial culture techniques to diagnose mastitis in industrial and traditional dairy herds in Daland city and to determine the kind of pathogens in milk samples and also antibiogram test for the common antibiotics.
Eight dairy cattle herds (four as industrial and four as traditional) were selected from the region. Three cows from each herd that seemed to be infected to clinical mastitis (according to visual, tactile and etc.) were selected and two morning milk samples were collected from each. Initially, samples incubated in general culture to observe colonies and then, differential tests were performed to identify Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antiobiogram test was performed to determine the sensitivity to oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and gentamycine.
Results of microbal culture showed the incidence of mastitis in the most of suspected cow. Staphylococcus aureus infection was observed in all industrial herd's samples except one, and in 100% of traditional herd's samples, while Escherichia coli infection was only observed in one-fourth of industrial herd's samples and in 100% of traditional ones showing a significant difference between them (P Results demonstrated the high conformity of organoleptic method with bacteriological method to diagnose clinical mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus in both industrial and traditional herds and also Escherichia coli mainly in traditional herds are mediated in dairy cows mastitis in this region. Udder pathogens in both kinds of herd in this region are relatively resistant to oxy- and chlortetracycline while gentamycine can be effective.

Aging is a great stage of development. Today, the population of old people in developed countries is increasing. According to the especial problems that occur during aging, it is necessary to pay more attention to the quality and quantity of life of old people. The more important factor in interaction with old people is ethical considerations. Also, there are some diseases that they are belonging to aging, like Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, attending to aging and its especial disease is increasing. This study aims to recognize the ethical considerations of aging, especially old people with Alzheimer's disease. Ethical considerations of interaction and caring patients with Alzheimer's disease are studied into three stages; primary stage, middle stage and final stage and three parts; caring, therapeutic and research. Since Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and capability of patients declines during stages, necessity of considering ethical considerations during stages is more attended.

vaccines is considered as a critical point and in-process of quality control (IPQC) test of vaccine production. Rapid tests, like real time PCR, are more appropriated when the production occurs at industrial scale because of the amounts of starting materials and the excess of consumed time required. In the current study, a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was developed for Rubella virus (RV) and tested on a commercially available MMR vaccine.
The primers and Taq Man probe were designed by Gene runner version 5.0.63 software. Concentrations, as well as reaction temperatures were optimized to establish an efficient qRT-PCR assay for RV RNA. A RV-specific PCR amplicon (109 bp), conserved in all species, was made as an external standard to evaluate the linearity, amplification efficiency, analytical sensitivity and reproducibility of the qRT-PCR.
The real time quantitative assay was shown to have good linearity (R2=0.998), high amplification efficiency (E=96.18%), and high sensitivity (7 × 10 2 copies / 7 µl) for tested vaccine.
The established qRT-PCR method is a simple, rapid, quantitative, highly specific and sensitive assay for quantification of RV RNA copy numbers in IPQC tests at industrial scale.

Dyes are one of the most widely used components in different industries. Recently much attention has been focused on the replacement of natural pigments instead of synthetic colors. One of the most important sources for the production of natural pigments are medicinal plants that small number of them used as industrial and some of them are traditionally used. The worldwide demand for natural dyes increases nowadays due to environmental and echo friendly of them. Many of the plants used for dye extraction are classified as medicinal and some of these have recently been shown to possess remarkable antimicrobial and antiinflamtory activities. The present review describes important information about dye-yelding herbs and their medicinal properties.

The present study was conducted on Kurdi ewes of Hossein Abad Sheep Breeding Station of Shirvan. In order to estimate genetic parameters, 1065 test day records of milk protein percentage from 245 ewes were collected. Data collection was started from April 2012 up to the end of lactation period. For genetic analysis of data, test day models with random regression coefficient were utilized. In random regression model, parity, litter size, month of recording as fixed effects and age at recording and days in milk as covariates were included. Random regression test day model was carried out using WOMBAT software. Genetic and environmental (co)variance components of milk protein percentage were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood. Orthogonal Legendre polynomials with different orders were applied for taking into account of genetic and permanent environmental effects. Legendre polynomial with the order of 2 was the best fitting model.In this research, the average milk protein percentage in Kurdi ewes was 6.69±0.70. The lowest and highest additive genetic variances were at the beginning) 0.058) and the end (0.114) of lactation, respectively. Phenotypic and permanent environmental variances were high at the beginning and at the end of lactation. Estimates of heritability increased over the lactation. Minimum and maximum heritabilities were estimated at the beginning (0.096) and end (0.178) of lactation, respectively. The higher the distance between days of lactation, the less were the genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Generally, results indicated that Shirvan Kordi ewes had high milk protein production potential. Moreover, higher heritability for this trait at the end of lactation probably indicated higher contribution of additive genetic variation to the total variation and selection of ewes in this part of lactation would be preferred.

Happiness is a common discussed factor in positive psychology and it leads to most studies in variable areas. One part of happiness assigned to consideration of the relation between happiness and ethics. Scientists focus more on effects of ethics on emerging happiness. Theories of happiness include two viewpoints: Hedonism and Eudemonism. Theories that discussed the relation between happiness and ethics divided into three Categories: Ethics oriented, Result oriented, Act oriented. In experimental research, the relation between ethical factors (i.e altruism, kindness) and happiness considered. This study aim to find an answer to this question: Are happier people more ethical? according to literature and experimental researches, it can be resulted that there is a positive relation between happiness and ethical behaviors. Happy people act more ethical. Also, it can be said that ethical behavior increase happiness. Therefore, there is a circle between happiness and ethics. Happy people act more ethical and ethical behavior increase happiness.

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) is a perennial shrub belongs to the Fabaceae family. It is widely used in food; pharmaceutical products and tobacco industry because of its important secondary metabolites. Due to worldwide uses of licorice, it has significant role in export. One of the main bioactive compounds of the root is glycyrrhizic acid (GA) which is a saponine containing three carboxyl and five hydroxyl groups. Glycyrrhizic acid is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic remedy for the treatment of bronchial asthma, eczemas and other diseases. There are different methods for separation, purification, and analysis of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice roots. Most accepted technologies of them include using of solvents, water separation, polymeric macro porous resin and non-ionic surfactants. Also, high-performance liquid chromatography technique is the most important in analysis of GA.

g-oryzanol is one of the strongest antioxidants. It inhibits oxidation and is only present in rice bran. This composition decrease cholesterol, which decreases the risk of atherosclerosis. Ther prestn study extracted antioxidant from two varieties of rice bran (Zayandeh Rood and Sazandegi) using methanol solvent and percolation. The extracts were added to edible oil without antioxidants in 100 and 150 ppm concentrations and incubated at 63°C at intervals of 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Chemical changes and thermal stability of the samples were examined using a Rancimat, and the acid and peroxide contents and radical scavenging percentage were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using a completely randomized design and Duncan's test at α = 0.01 using SPSS 16 software. All tests were replicated 3 times. The results showed that the effect of rice bran extract was greater for the Sazandegi variety for stable oxidation by oven aging of soybean edible oil for 72 h than for the addition of BHT and was significantly different from other extracts (p < 0.01).

Combat power is an indispensible component of military strategy of political leaders and superior commanders and includes physical factors such as number of combat units, supportive units of combat, supportive units of combat services and number guns and weapons, and non-physical (spiritual) factors such as faith, motivation, education, discipline, national and racial costumes, traditions and prejudices, experience, commandership, spirit, insight and etc. The questionnaire of this study included 25 questions, but because some of the questions were two functional and also reviewed two subsidiary questions of the research, this case resulted to increase the number of questions to 30. In this research Likert scale has been used in order to answer questions. The results of this article indicate that the strategic action of America's general diplomacy in confronting with I.R. of Iran has not reached an appropriate and effective result.

The use of antimicrobials and herbal preservatives has increased in response to increasing public awareness about the effects of chemical preservatives. No study has been carried out thus far on the antimicrobial effects of Ferulago angulata essential oil in dairy products. This study determined the effect of the essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus growth in the manufacture of Iranian white cheese using hurdle technology. Ferulago angulata was collected from the Dalahoo mountains in the province of Kermanshah and the components of this essential oil were determined by hydro-dilution and gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer. The antibacterial effect of Ferulago angulata on S. aureus was evaluated at concentrations of 0. 0075%، 0. 015%، and 0. 03%. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. Chemical analysis of the essential oil identified 60 substances (96. 84%) and cis-Ocimene was found to be the most frequent compound. Concentrations of 0. 015% and 0. 03% affected the growth rate of S. aureus significantly (p < 0. 01)، but the 0. 0075% concentration was not significant (p > 0. 01). It was found that the bacteria colony decreased at high retention times. The results showed Ferulago angulata essential oil at high concentrations had a high antibacterial effect and could be used to control S. aureus in dairy products in place of chemical preservatives.

The aim of this study was to investigate genetic diversity in Mazandaranian native cattle in compared to Holstein breed, using Inter microsatellite (ISSR) markers. A total of 175 animals, including 71 Mazandaranian and 104 cattle of Holstein breed were screened. The extraction of DNA samples were carried out using modified salting out method. (AG)9C was used as ISSR primer in PCR reaction. Analyzing of banding patterns showed 30 (93.75%) and 24 (75%) polymorphic bands in native and Holstein herds, respectively. Genetic variation indices, including observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles, Shannon index and Nei’s gene diversity in indigenous cattle were higher than in Holstein. Lower level of diversity in Holstein cattle may be of the consequence of applying intensive selection programs and artificial insemination; however native cattle have been less affected by artificial selection. Knowledge of genetic diversity in indigenous breeds provides important information for management of native resources in order to avoid inbreeding depression and maintain genetic variability.

The binding energy and Thermodynamic Parameters of cis- Platinum Di Ammino Chlorine (cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl]+) and trans- Platinum Di Ammino Chlorine (trans- [Pt(NH3)2Cl]+) complexes withGuanine has been studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations in water. The bindingenergies (Ebin) of cis- and trans-[Pt(NH3)2ClG]+ are calculated to be 79.38 kcal/mol and 74.98kcal/mol, respectively. The binding energy (Ebin) of cis-[Pt(NH3)2ClG]+ turns out to be energeticallymore favorable by about 1.88 kcal/mol than the trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl]+. At the point of thermodynamic,the formation of cis-[Pt(NH3)2ClG]+(aq)with
G (Solv) equal to -10.36 kcal/mol is more favorablethan trans-[Pt(NH3)2ClG]+(aq) with 16.21 kcal/mol.

The Japanese and English White quails are widespread strains and belongs to the Galliformes order, Phasianidae family, Coturnix genus and Japonica species. These birds are likely to be well-adapted to the hard conditions and resistance to diseases as it has attained economic importance as an agricultural species. In the current study, the genetic variation of Japanese and English White quail populations were studied. Frequency of polymorphic loci, polymorphic information content, heterozygosity, Shannon''s information index, number of observed and effective alleles were assessed using 4 microsatellite markers with high polymorphic information content value (GUJ0034, GUJ0049, GUJ0080 and GUJ0097). The Blood samples were collected randomly from 50 Japanese quails and 50 English White quails rearing in the research center of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The genomic DNA was extracted using DIAtom DNA Prep 100 kit, and its quality and quantity were determined using electrophoresis gel and spectrophotometery methods. The PCR reactions were successfully performed with four microsatellite markers. The results based on the chi - square and likelihood ratio tests showed a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The means of genetic diversity parameters such as number of effective alleles, the number of observed alleles, the expected and observed heterozygosity, Shannon''s information index and PIC in quail populations were 4.78±0.37, 7.50±0.57, 0.79±0.02, 0.60±0.16, 1.73±0.05 and 0.76±0.02 respectively. The results of the current study showed that the investigated quail populations have a relatively high genetic diversity with respect to the applied microsatellite markers and confirmed prior study’s findings on the ability of microsatellite markers in investigating genetic diversity.

The subject of spirit in the Holy Defense and the Future war which has been reviewed from the point of view of the senior commanders of the war, on the one hand, is influenced by the complexity of battlefield in using different political, military, economic, social, and cultural opportunities and capacities in success of the battle, and on the other hand, is influenced by the complexity of conditions, frequency of variables, diversity of threats, presence of challenges (international, regional, and national) in adapting decisions of the commanders. In this study, first by way of historical action-research, potential resources of national belongings of seven groups of Fars, Lur, Baluch, Turckman, Arab, Kurd, and Azery have been considered and then with reference to elites and use of Delphi- Fuzzy technique, the importance and effect co-efficiency of this factor in the happening of ethnic crisis or acceleration of convergent expansion process has been reviewed.

Lead as a heavy metal and chemical pollutant contaminates environment through naturally occurrence and anthropogenic activities. Nowadays, phytoremediation as a low cost and friendly environmental technique employs the use of plants to remediate contaminated soil. Since the resistance of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) has approved to oil components, the effects of different lead concentrations (0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1500 micro molar) on some physiological parameters of this species in hydroponic conditions, were investigated. Results showed that the root and shoot biomass, the chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b and total) and leaf area index of Artichoke decreased significantly with increasing the concentrations of lead to 1500 μM. Lead uptake and accumulation was increased with increasing its concentration in the medium. Plants treated with 1500 μM of lead, accumulate 411 and 217.32 mg/kg of metal in its roots and shoots, respectively. According to our results, Artichoke is tolerance to lead, and has a good lead accumulation and root to shoot translocation properties than normal plants studied before. Therefore it could be used in the rehabilitation of moderately lead contaminated sites.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L (Licorice) as native and pasture medicinal plant has most important export rule. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) or Glycyrrhizin as a main active component of licorice root and rhizomes، is a triterpenoid saponin claimed to be up to 30-50 times sweeter than sucrose and to be used in pharmaceuticals، food and tobacco industry. Licorice root is a traditional medicine used mainly for the treatment of peptic ulcer، hepatitis C، and pulmonary and skin diseases، although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it has several other useful pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory، antiviral، antimicrobial، antioxidative، anticancer activities، immunomodulatory، hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects. A large number of components have been isolated from licorice، including triterpene saponins، flavonoids، isoflavonoids and chalcones، with glycyrrhizic acid normally being considered to be the main biologically active component. Understanding of the limitations and challenges in the medicinal plant are need for planning principles for development activities and conservation in this field. In this review summarizes the phytochemical، pharmacological and pharmacokinetics data، together with the clinical as one of the most important herbs in exports and adverse effects of licorice.

This article is affected by role of security dimensions in various political, military, economic, social, cultural spheres, the complexity of the situation, different variables, variation of threats, transregional, regional and internal challenges, diversity of international and regional actors. Because of the inadequacy of security strategies in the existing schools, the present paper will try to extract dimensions of security on the basis of security strategy and current scientific model of security in security schools through exploratory studies. This paper that is result of a research project is an applied research in terms of its purpose, and its analysis level has descriptive and analytical nature, and its approach and method is based on library method. Also required data has been collected by library studies and use of note taking on cards or index cards. In process of the research, two main questions are discussed: what is the sustainable security strategy in the political system of Islam from the perspective of Nahjolbalaghe? And what are foundations, framework and principles of the securityin the political system of Islam from the perspective of Nahjolbalaghe? Accordingly, criterion and scale of the researcher for collecting data in order to answer the research questions logically and reasonably is some indicators such as fundamental values and ideals of security, security reference, security theories (security for whom or what, security vis-à-vis who or what, security or direction in what kind of context, security in what level or the amount). Dimensions of security provide five capacitiesfor the political system of Islam from the perspective of Nahjolbalaghe that is addressed in the section of conclusion.

Central composite orthogonal design was applied to quantify relations of xylanase production, loss of dry matter and change of pH with four critical variables during solid state fermentation of a mixture of wheat bran and wheat straw on which Aspergillus niger CCUG 33991 was cultivated. The studied variables included the percentage of wheat straw, wheat bran, temperature, moisture content, and fermentation time.The second-order quadratic model predicted the xylanase activity at a suitable set of conditions namely 29°C, 55% moisture content, and 50 hours of fermentation to be 1465 U/g of fermented dry matter which differed less than 6% from measured value at this set of conditions. Furthermore, the obtained models predicted dry matter loss and pH with less than 17% error for the same conditions. The results were used for xylanaseproduction in an intermittently mixed forcedly aerated pilot. Applicability of models for prediction of pilot scale SSF performance was investigated. The results showed considerable deviations of measured trends from model predicted ones. Presence of mixing, temperature and moisture shocks and better oxygen supply are of possible reasons of deviations.

Freeze drying is an effective method for drying of heat sensitive materials. In this paper an extended model was developed for both phases of this process. The heat required for drying was assumed to be supplied by conduction from under the sample, because the frozen layer conductivity is greater than the conductivity of dried layer. In addition to drying process, the process of vapor freezing in condenser was also included in the model. The latter makes it possible to investigate the influence of the condenser specifications on freeze dryer performance. Further, an experimental equation was developed for using in second stage model. The developed model could successfully simulate drying data of a suspension of 20% milk solids taken in a lab scale freeze dryer.

A mathematical model was developed for freeze drying in which the dimensions andspecifications of the condenser were considered for the first time. An appropriate programwas written using MATLAB to solve model equations and simulate the process. The software successfully simulated the drying data of a suspension of 20% milk recorded in a lab scale freeze dryer. The simulator was then used to investigate the effect of dryer specifications on the timing of primary and secondary drying stages. The results showed that primary drying time is proportional to sample thickness squared, but the secondary drying time is less dependent. Condenser temperature nonlinearly affects both drying times. Dependency weakens with an increase in drying chamber temperature and eventually disappears at chamber temperatures above 255K for primary and 330K for secondary stages. The results also showed that a decrease in the condenser heat transfer area from 2 to 0.5 m2 per kg of initial water will increase secondary stage drying time from 11 to 12 hours.