فهرست مطالب khoshnood nourollahi

Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major yield-limiting factors in chickpea, particularly in west and northwest of Iran. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) were used to determine genetic structure of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris populations from three infected areas located in west and northwest provinces of Iran during 2016-2017. A set of six microsatellite primer pairs revealed 35 alleles in each locus with an average of 5.83 per locus. The PIC value varied from 0.20 (FOAG11) to 0.39 (FODF7) with an average of 0.27 per locus. The average number of effective alleles (Ne), Number of private alleles (Na), allelic variability per locus (H), Shannon's Information Index (I) and percentage of Polymorphic Loci (%PL) in three populations were 1.33, 1.97, 0.2208, 0.357, and 74.29, respectively. The average genetic distance was calculated among the three populations. Nei’s pair-wise genetic distances between the populations varied from 0.0202 to 0.98. The total gene diversity (Ht) and gene diversities between subpopulations (Hs) were estimated to be 0.2208 and 0.2079, respectively. Gene diversity attributable to differentiation among populations (Gst) was 0.0585, while gene flow (Nm) was 8.0412. The AMOVA of genetic variation in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris populations revealed that 5% of the variance occurred among populations and 95% within populations. PhiPT value was 0.054. The lowest genetic distance was found between Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan with Lorestan populations, while the highest genetic distance was observed between Lorestan and Kermanshah populations.

Analysis of genetic diversity of Fusarium verticillioides populations concludes different levels of information in management of crown and root rot disease in corn farms. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine genetic structure and estimate genetic diversity in 77 F. verticillioides isolates from major producing areas in Ilam province, Iran such as: Dehloran, Mosiyan, Dasht Abas, Mehran, Eivan, Holeylan and Darreh Shahr during 2016 - 2017. Nine microsatellite (SSR) primer pairs revealed that the average number of alleles in populations were 34, the number of alleles in populations varied from 27 alleles in Dehloran and Mosiyan as the lowest to 40 alleles in Darreh shahr as the highest. Observed alleles (Na) number and effective number of alleles (Ne) were higher in Mehran (Na = 1.860; Ne = 1.463) compared to other populations. The genetic diversity (He) was higher in Holeylan (He = 0.284) and Shannon's information index (I) was also higher in Mehran (I = 0.436) but lower values were estimated for Mosiyan (He = 0.195; I = 0.303). The lowest genetic distance was found between Dehloran and Mosiyan (0.013) while the highest genetic distance was revealed between Dehloran and Darehshahr (0.139). Total gene diversity (Ht) and gene diversities between subpopulations (Hs) were estimated at 0.292 and 0.249 respectively. Gene diversity attributable to differentiation among populations (Gst) was 0.147, while gene flow (Nm) was 2.890. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA showed the lowest genetic distance between Dehloran and Mosiyan and then Dasht abas. The dendrogram indicated a high genetic distance between Darehshahr and the six remaining populations. Results from this study will be useful in breeding program of crown and root rot resistant cultivars and developing control methods for this disease.

Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the most important plant diseases in world. In order to determine genetic diversity, 50 samples were collected from saffron farms of different regions in Razavi Khorasan province (Kashmar, Torbatjam, Torbathaidaryeh, Mahvellat, Bardeskan) and South Khorasan province (Qaen, Saraian, Brjand). A. alternata isolates were isolated with Potato Dextrose Agar media, Molecular test was carried out with a set of five pairs of SSR primers after purification and identification of isolates. A total of 22 alleles were produced by SSR primers with an average of 11.1 alleles in all populations. The highest amounts of alleles were related to locus Mavellat with 14 alleles and lowest of Saraian, Birjand and Qaen with 10 alleles. A Comparison of genetic diversity parameters in eight population showed that Torbatjam population has the highest genetic diversity but lower values were estimated for Qaenat. The highest and lowest genetic distance was detected between Qaen-Mahvellat (0.328) and Bardaskan-Mahvellat (0.054), respectively. Based on dendrogram of populations revealed two distinct groups, one group contained Qaen and the other Birjand, Mavellat, Saraian, Bardaskan, Kashmar, Torbatjam and Torbat hidaryeh. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 71 percent of the genetic diversity belongs to within populations and 29% is located among populations. There was the high genetic similarity between isolates from different regions. Results in this study will be useful in breeding for saffron resistant cultivars and developing necessary control measures.

Crown and root rot caused by Fusarium culmorum is one of the most important wheat diseases in Ilam. In order to determine genetic diversity, 66 samples were collected from wheat farms in different regions of Ilam province. The molecular test was carried out with a set of five pairs of SSR primers after purification and identification of the isolates. The SSR primers amplified a total of 25 alleles. The average allele number was 5.2 per each primer. The polymorphism index content value was the highest in primers F3 with 0.409 and the lowest in primers F11 with 0.179. Cluster analysis using the Neighbor-Joining method and Jaccard's coefficient in 50% similarity level divided the isolates into 18 groups. Results of AMOVA showed 78% of the genetic diversity related to isolates and 22% related to different geographical regions. Therefore, there is a high genetic similarity between isolates from different geographic regions. High genetic similarity can be attributed to the emigration of gene or genotype as a result of various factors.

In order to investigate the effect of cinnamon essential oil on control of Fusarium solani fungus an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replication carried out in-vitro and in-vivo condition. The first experiment was effect of five concentration of cinnamon essential oil (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) on control of fungus in-vitro, and Second experiment was three application methods of essential oil (spray, priming seed and transplanting, and application with irrigation) on control of the mentioned fungus on tomato plant in-vivo condition. Cinnamon essential oil can completely controlled from the growth of the fungus at all concentrations in-vitro condition. The results showed that application of essential oil cinnamon with irrigation by 58/33 % inhibition have the maximum effect on suppress in F. solani. The highest of suppress of F. solani fungi (54/16 %) in primimg method obtained in 2000 ppm. The high percent of survive plant in application with irrigation method with 37/48 % in 1500 ppm observed. But enhance of concentration in spray method from 1500 to 2000 ppm causeed damage to plants. The obtined of result in this research, application of cinnamon essential oil with irrigation method, can be suitable way as a biological control of F. solani fungus.

Herbal extracts are used to control pathogens, due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of secondary metabolites. In this regard, antifungal effect of Satureja Bachtiarica Bunge., Foeniculum vulgar mill. and Cinamomum zeylancium Nees. on the growth of three important species of plant pathogenic fungi including, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Pyrenephora graminea, was studied in this research. After drying the plants in the shade, essential oils were isolated through the steam distillation method using Clevenger. Antifungal effects of above-mentioned essential oils in concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm was investigated under laboratory conditions revealed that the essence showed inhibitory effects on tested fungi. The best concentration for full stop growing F. oxysporum, F. solani is 400 ppm at all essences, and observed Inhibition of mycelial growth of P. graminea by Cinnamon essential oil at all concentrations, Whereas concentrations of 300 and 400 ppm of Savory, leads to have been complete inhibition of P. graminea fungal mycelium growth. The results showed all three plant essential oils play an important role in controlling fungal pathogens and they can be used for biological control.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most important plant in the world that has been used in cooking, confectionery and drug productions because of the color and aromatic substances in its sigma. Corm rot disease is one of the most important diseases in Iran. For identification of causal agents, wild saffron plants with wilt symptoms and rot lesions on corm were randomly collected in different regions of Ivan and Mehran in the Ilam province. Diseased samples were surface sterilized by dipping into domestic bleach solution (5% NaOCl). Then they were washed three times with sterile distilled water, dried with sterile filter paper and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Samples were incubated for three days in an incubator at 20°C. A total of eight Fusarium isolates were obtained and purified using the single spore method. Fusarium oxysporium isolates were identified according to their morphological and microscopic characteristics as described by the identification key. The pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporium isolates were artificially tested in the greenhouse on a wild susceptible cultivar according to Koch’s principles.

The early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the most important and destructive diseases in Khuzestan province. Study genetic structure of A. alternata populations provides different levels of information in the management of early blight disease in tomato farms. Short sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic structure and estimate genetic diversity in A. alternata isolates in Khuzestan province.
In this study to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic populations of A. alternata pathogen, sampling was randomly carried out on aerial parts of tomato plants with leaf brown lesions in farms and glasshouses from five different regions in Khuzestan province such as: Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan, Ahvaz, and Dezful. Each sample was cut into 2–5-mm long pieces, were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water and air-dried with sterile filter paper. The sterilized samples were placed onto a general medium potato dextrose agar (PDA). A total of 64 A. alternata isolates were obtained from infected samples. Pathogenicity test was carried out on local susceptible cultivar under an artificial condition in the greenhouse. For obtaining the mycelia mass, liquid cultures were initiated by adding 2–4 mm 2 pieces of filter paper to 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL PDB medium (potato dextrose broth). Mycelium was collected by filtration through sterile filter paper with a vacuum funnel. Mycelia were harvested, frozen and stored at -20°C. DNA was extracted using a modified hexadecyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) procedure. A set of five paired sequence repeat primers (SSR) were used to determine the genetic diversity of A. alternata isolates. PCR amplification was performed in a 25 μl reaction volume. The bands generated by SSR primers that were repeatable and clearly visible with a high intensity were scored manually for the presence (1) or absence (0) of bands in each isolate. Data analyses for evaluating of genetic diversity of isolates were calculations using molecular software such as: NTysis, Gene Alex, and POP GENE.
A total of 21 alleles were produced by SSR primers with an average of 4.2 alleles in all populations. The highest and lowest amounts of alleles were related to locus AEM13 with eight alleles and loci of AEM6 and AEM9 with two alleles respectively. The average of allelic variability per locus was the highest in Shoshtar population and the lowest in Dezful population. Observed allele number and effective numbers of alleles were higher in Shoshtar in comparison of other populations. A Comparison of genetic diversity parameters in five population showed that Shoshtar population has the highest genetic diversity but lower values were estimated for Dashte azadagan. The highest and lowest genetic distance was detected between Ahvaz-Dezfol (0.066) and Shoshtar-Omidieh (0.005), respectively. Based on dendrogram of populations revealed two distinct groups, one group contained Dezful and the other Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan and Ahvaz. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 85 percent of the genetic diversity of all the isolates and 14% is allocated to different geographical areas. There was the high genetic similarity between isolates from different regions. High genetic similarity can be attributed to the migration of genes or genotypes of different factors. With according to of Cluster analysis based on UPGMA and Dice similarity coefficient at 62% level, eight groups were revealed. On the basis of microsatellite data indicated high genetic diversity within the isolates; this number of alleles could not lead in separation, on the basis of geographical locations between samples. In this study, the relationship detected between isolates within the six populations were probably due to exchange of tomato seeds between sampled regions and geographical closeness as well.
This study have been carried out for the first time in Iran, and in comparison of international populations, a different level of diversity was detected within and between populations of worldwide A. alternata isolates. In this study, the high genetic diversity of A. alternata detected in five populations exposed a potential risk to tomato farms. Genetic diversity of A. alternata in Khuzestan province as an air born pathogen is a warning for a breeder to apply the successful use of resistance genes in local disease management. This gene diversity helps breeders for screening potential resistant cultivars according to gene diversity of A. alternata population in order to develop of durable resistant. Quarantine regulations will need to prevent the introduction of more diverse isolates into these populations and prevent transmission any isolates from this area to other regions of the country. Understanding the genetic structure of pathogen populations in the present study may provide insights into the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of pathogens and could lead to improved strategies for managing the disease. The obtained results indicating the high genetic diversity due to mutation, recombinant and a sexual mating ability of the pathogen in the Khuzestan province. Results in this study will be useful in breeding for tomato early blight resistant cultivars and developing necessary control measures.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Septoria tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases in Ilam Province. In order to determine genetic diversity of pathogen, 44 samples were collected from wheat fields of different regions in Ilam province. Molecular test was carried out with a set of five pairs of SSR primers after purification and identification of isolates. The SSR primers amplified a total 22 alleles among isolates. The average of allele number was 4.4 per each primer. Genetic diversity of the populations ranged from 0.138 to 0.166 with an average of 0.154. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA method and Dice coefficient, divided the isolates into 18 groups at 0.54% similarity level. Result of AMOVA showed that 98% of genetic diversity was in relation to isolates and only 2% was in related to different geographical regions. Therefore there is the high genetic similarity between isolates from different geographic regions. High genetic similarity can be attributed to emigration of gene or genotype as a result of various factors.

Thrips specimens were collected in the year 2014 on different ornamental plants from Mahallat (Markazi Province), Iran. In this study, 11 species in six genera and three different families of Thysanoptera were collected and identified. The scientific names of thrips species are as follow: Melanthrips knechteli, M. pallidior, Frankliniella intonsa, F. occidentalis, Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Tenothrips discolor, T. latoides, Thrips meridionalis, T. nigropilosus, T. tabaci, and Haplothrips reuteri.Among them, seven species are newly recorded for the fauna of Markazi Province. A high number of two harmful thrips, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis were found in all of flowers and ornamental plants. An identification key for phytophagous thrips is also given.

objective of this study was to evaluate total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf and different parts of fruit (hull, shell, and kernel) of Bene in Ilam province. Total phenolic content was determined with the Folin- Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR); antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were examined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and nitric oxide radical scavenging methods. Among all the samples tested, leaf contained the highest total phenolic content followed by hull, kernel, and shell. There was a positive correlation between total phenol content and FRAP, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity (r= 0.993, r= 0.972, and r= 0.969, respectively). The results indicated that antioxidant activity of leaf and hull extracts were significantly higher than kernel and shell extracts and this is attributed to their higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The FRAP, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity assay showed that leaf and hull extracts with potent activity can be introduced as a source of natural antioxidant. Compared with BHA, the extracts of leaf and hull revealed a remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity but shell and kernel extracts with higher EC50 had a weak activity.

Most essential oil extraction from medicine plant have shown the properties of antimicrobial of parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The fungus from genus of Fusarium is one of the prevalent crop disease that infect a wide range of crops. Fusarium solani is one of the species of this fungus genus that various crops are host for it. A lab experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of alone and in combination applied of essential oils of medicine plants, lavender) Lavandula angustifolia) and Savory (Satureja hortensis) on control growth of the fungus. The experiment was completely randomized factorial design with two factors, different essential oils (essential oil of lavender and Savory) and various concentration of essential oils (0, 50, 75 and 100 ppm). Treatments were replicated in five. Result showed that essential oil extracted from Savory is more effective in inhibitory growth of F. solani than essential oil of lavender. Using both essential oil and applied at the various levels of their concentrations did not completely inhibit growth of the fungus F. solani. But using mixed essential oil of both plants and at the highest concentration level (100 ppm) completely inhibited the growth of F. Solani.

Root rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important rice diseases in Ilam. In order to determine genetic diversity، 56 samples were collected from rice paddies of different regions in Ilam province. Molecular test was carried out with a set of five pairs of SSR primers after purification and identification of isolates. The SSR primers amplified a total 26 alleles. The average of allele number was 5. 2 per each primer. 40 alleles were observed in 5H08 and 5H09 loci as highest allele numbers and 24 alleles were observed in 5H12 locus as lowest. The polymorphism index content value was the highest in primers 5H07 with 0. 37 and the lowest in primers 4H18 with 0. 14. The average of PIC was 0. 25 in all primers. Cluster analysis using Neighbor joining method and Jaccard''s coefficient، divided the isolates into 10 groups at 8% similarity level. Result of AMOVA showed 98% of genetic diversity was in relation to isolates and only 2% was in related to different geographical regions. Therefore there is the high genetic similarity between isolates from different geographic regions. High genetic similarity can be attributed to emigration of gene or genotype as a result of various factors.