فهرست مطالب m .amini

This report was a part of the National Food and Nutrition Surveillance Program, analyzing anthropometric statuses of children aged 24–60 m in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, as well as their associated demographic and socioeconomic determinants, 1401.

A total of 280 children aged 24–60 m were included in the study via multi-stage cluster random sampling proportional to cluster size method. Data on socioeconomic status of the household and demographic characteristics of the children were collected by health workers using face-to-face interviews with the mother/caregiver of the children. Necessary training to carry out anthropometric measurements was provided to the health workers through several workshops and webinars. Descriptive and analytical analyses were carried out using STATA v.17.0 (Stata, College Station TX, USA).

  The mean age of the studied children was 41.9 m ±0.6 with similar gender distribution (141 girls and 142 boys). Analyses showed that socioeconomic status was the most important determinant of stunting and underweight in children aged 24–60 m in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Chances of being stunt and underweight in children, who were living in higher socioeconomic status, were respectively 60 and 80% lower than children whose families were in lower socioeconomic statuses.

Evidence indicate need of rapid intervention, including enhancement of access and purchasing power of the households living in the province and possibly  other deprived provinces of the country.

One of the useful distributions in modeling mortality (or failure) data is the univariate Gompertz--Makeham distribution. To examine the relationship between the two variables, the extended bivariate Gompertz--Makeham distribution is introduced, and its properties are provided. Also, some reliability indices, including aging intensity and stress-strength reliability, are calculated for the proposed model. Here, a new copula function is constructed based on the extended bivariate Gompertz--Makeham  distribution. Some of its features including dependency properties, such as dependence structure, some  measures of dependence, and tail dependence,  are studied.The estimation of the  parameters of new copula is presented, and at the end, a simulation study and a performance analysis based on the real data are presented.  So, by analyzing the mortality data due to COVID-19, the appropriateness of the proposed model is examined.

One of the essential systems for the upgrade of Damavand Tokamak is the automatic control of the vacuum vessel pressure profile. This research performs the identification, modeling, and control of the vacuum chamber pressure in Damavand Tokamak. As a first step, the experimental structure is designed and implemented for the application of an identification signal and for the collection of data from the vacuum vessel pressure. Following the creation of the base vacuum, the input voltage to the piezoelectric is changed and applied. At the same time, both the vacuum vessel pressure and applied voltage are measured. Using experimental data, several linear models are identified for control. Then, considering the practical limitations of the control signal (25<Vp<65), Ziegler-Nichols-based PID and predictive controllers are designed and simulated. Also, their performance results were compared and evaluated based on compensating for the system’s inherent delay, disturbance rejection, and reference model following. The simulation results show the performance of controllers.

Considering important roles of advertisement in food choices, especially for children and adolescents, valid tools are needed to assess changes in the content of advertisements. The purpose of the present study was to prepare standard protocols for assessing the content of food advertisements of televisions, radios, billboards and school surroundings in Iran.

Standardization was carried out by adjusting and localizing International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) protocol in five stages. After translating protocols of each section and using opinions and suggestions of experts about the protocols, variables of each protocol were reviewed, revised and sometimes changed. Then, face and content validities of all four protocols were assessed using experts' opinions. Data from two studies (content analysis of media food advertisements and surrounding environment of Shiraz schools in 2020 and 2021, respectively) were coded using modified protocols. Then, reliability of the protocols was checked by assessing the coefficient of agreements between the researchers.

The final items for assessing the content of food advertisements in three mass media and school surroundings were achieved in the form of four separate protocols. Reliabilities for all four protocols were acceptable (for the media and school surroundings more than 90 and 89%, respectively).

In the current study, several standard protocols for assessing the content of food advertisements in mass media and school surroundings have been presented for the first time. The protocols can be provided to produce reliable, uniform and usable information at the national and international levels.

Malt beverage is one of the most popular drinks in the world. Recently, consumption of non-alcoholic beverages has expanded significantly in many countries. The permitted level of alcohol in malt beverage is less than 0.5% by Iranian National Standards. In this study, a method was developed to determine ethanol content in malt beverages by FTIR, equipped with Horizontal Attenuated Total Reflectance (H-ATR). Here, the Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) were 0.07% and 0.23%, respectively. The correlation coefficient of calibration curve was higher than 0.999. Fifty commercial malt beverages from six brands (five Iranian and one imported brand) and three types of flavored malt beverage (classic, equatorial, and lemon) were assessed. The average detected ethanol amount in samples was 0.19%, varying between 0.00-1.47percent. The results showed that the amount of ethanol in lemon malt drinks was more than the maximum permitted limit; that could be attributed to the usage of ethylene glycol for extraction of lemon flavor.

Pregnancy causes several physical and psychological changes. Therefore, pregnant women may face with numerous issues and problems including stress and marital dissatisfaction. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two cognitive-behavioral and emotion-oriented couple therapy training methods on perceived stress and marital satisfaction in primiparous women.

In a semi-experimental design using a pre-test and post-test with the control group plan, 60 pregnant women were chosen by considering the inclusion criteria, and then they randomly divided into three 20-subject groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The Experimental groups were trained on cognitive-behavioral and emotionally focused in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training during this time. The tools which are used to collect data were the Perceived Stress Scale of Cohen and Enrich Marital Satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using mean, multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 23 at a significance level of 0.05.

Findings showed that both cognitive-behavioral and emotionally focused approaches are practical on perceived stress, marital satisfaction (and its subscales) (p<0.05). Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy (17.6±2.99) was more effective than emotionally focused therapy (24.8±4.74) on perceived stress (p<0.05). On the other hand, emotionally focused couple therapy (158.7±6.64) was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy (144.9±4.9) on marital satisfaction and some of its components including personality issues and marital relationship.

Due to the greater effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy on perceived stress and also the greater effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy on marital satisfaction, they reduce stress and improve marital satisfaction and then can be used as effective methods during pregnancy

 Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff is a native species of Iran which is a rare and endangered species. It grows as a wild in cold and mountainous bioclimatic and is used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, gastric ulcer, respiratory and intestinal inflammation. The change of status from dormancy to germination can be eliminated by using some treatments in accordance with the natural conditions of the mother base habitat. However, some physiological needs of dormant seeds can be met by scratching (mechanical and chemical), washing in running water, dry storage, cold and humid conditions, light, smoke, and plant growth regulators. The aim of this study was to investigate different strategies including pretreatment, leaching and constant germination temperature on seed germination characteristics and Kelussia seedling growth.

 The experiment was conducted in Petri dishes at Seed Technology Laboratory of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Shahed University. K. odoratissima Mozaff seeds were collected from their natural habitat in Fereydounshahr, Isfahan province in 2019.This study was performed in the Crop Physiology and Seed Technology Laboratories of Shahed University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, from 23.09.2019 to 22.11.2019. The cultivation was in Petridish at constant germination temperatures after priming and leaching. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Each replication included 36 Petridish and 20 Kelussia seeds were planted in each petri dish. Experimental factors include constant germination temperatures (1, 5, 10 and 15°C), duration of rinsing with running water at 15°C (24, 48 and 72 h) and hormone pretreatment with gibberellin (0, 250 and 500 ppm). Before applying the hormonal pretreatment and temperature, the seeds were washed in running water in such a way that seeds were placed in a strainer that was not immersed and water flowed on the seeds for the specified periods of time for this treatment. In this case, germination inhibitors were washed from the seed surface. According to the test period and laboratory conditions, the laboratory temperature could be controlled at 15 °C with a thermometer and cooling devices. Then, for hormonal pretreatment, the seeds were placed in containers containing gibberellin solution with concentrations of 0, 250 and 500 ppm and refrigerated at 4°C for 72 h. After washing the seeds, 20 seeds were placed in Petridish with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 2 cm on Whatman filter paper No. 1 and at temperatures of 1, 5, 10 and 15°C with 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness passed. Due to the fact that germination in seeds grown at this temperature at 15°C was zero in all treatment compositions, it was excluded from statistical analysis. To analyze the data variance, the SAS 9.1 statistical software was used. The comparison of means of traits was performed using the Duncan test at 5% probability level.

 Germination traits, growth indices and physiological parameters of seedling photosynthetic pigments under the influence of leaching, temperature, gibberellin and the interactions of leaching in temperature, leaching in gibberellin, temperature in gibberellin and the combination of leaching treatment × temperature × gibberellin showed significant differences. The results showed that the optimum germination temperature was 1°C and about 54% of seeds were able to germinate at this temperature without using any pretreatment. However, pretreatment of seeds at a temperature of 1°C with gibberellin at 250 ppm and washing for 72 h increased the germination rate to 65%. It has also been shown that treatment with gibberellin at 250 ppm seedling length and gibberellin at 500 ppm improves seedling fresh and dry weight in three leaching treatments at 10°C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content of seedlings was observed in the combination of 24 hours leaching treatment, temperature of 5°C and gibberellin priming of 500 ppm. Due to the wide variety of species of Apiaceae and also the variety of type and depth of sleep, various treatments to break dormancy and stimulate seed germination of plants of this genus have been proposed, the most important of which are wet and gibberellin. It should be noted that the germination ecology and appropriate treatments to break dormancy in different plant species, plants of the same family, same species and different ecotypes of the same species can be completely different.

 According to the results of this study, seed treatment with 72 hours of cold water washing, 1°C and gibberellin pretreatment with a concentration of 250 ppm was able to show the highest germination percentage to achieve High germination is recommended. In addition, at 5°C under gibberellin pretreatment and leaching showed a relatively high germination percentage. Accordingly, gibberellin hormonal pretreatment at low temperatures was effective in achieving more germination under priming conditions. Is. On the other hand, a concentration of 500 ppm gibberellin increased seedling weight and photosynthetic pigments. In general, a temperature of 1°C followed by a temperature of 5°C was effective in increasing the germination of celery seeds and was able to record better results. Also, the suitable seedling growth temperature for mountain celery is 10°C and the application of Gibberellin hormonal pretreatment improved the growth characteristics of Kelussia seedlings.

Let $R$ be a  ring and $n$ a non-negative integer. In this paper,  we first introduce the concept of $n$-super finitely copresented  $R$-modules and via these modules, we give a concept of $n$-weak projective modules and investigate some characterizations of these modules over any arbitrary ring. For example, we obtain that ($\mathcal{WP}^{n}(R), \mathcal{WP}^{n}(R)^{\bot}$) is a perfect hereditary cotorsion theory and for any $N\in \mathcal{WP}^n(R)^{\bot}$, there exists an $n$-weak projective cover with the unique mapping property if and only if every $R$-module is  $n$-weak projective.

Low back pain is a common debilitating condition and an important clinical and socio-economic issue in most industrial and non-industrial communities. There are several methods for low back pain rehabilitation, but achieving shorter, simpler methods is a requirement of today's industrialized societies. The aim of this study was to review the effect of exercise rehabilitation protocols on pain and functional disability in people with nonspecific low back pain.

Literature search between years of 2010 and 2021 and from domestic search engines such as Iran Medex, ISC, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Doaj, Google Scholar using the keywords including chronic low back pain, rehabilitation, protocol, training, pain and functional disability were used to find related articles.

A total of 16 high quality articles were selected for inclusion criteria. These studies mainly led to the impact of the protocol. The training sections focused on pain and functional disability in people with non-specific chronic low back pain.

According to the studies reviewed in the present study, it seems that exercise rehabilitation protocols that activate and strengthen the muscles of the central region of the body, especially the multifidus, supraspinatus, diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles, improve pain. Functional disability is nonspecific in people with chronic low back pain.

Tendon injury is a common problem and is increased in last decade. The healing of this tissue is weak because the weak blood circulation. Using of new technology such as cold plasma is necessary. The cold plasma is divided according to working gas and set up. The plasma jet and DBD are the two main plasma set up that play and important role in healing. Some factors such as voltage and electrode type is important in efficacy of the plasma systems. For achieving the optimum condition for healing, the voltage of plasma jet and DBD is adjusted to 5, 10 and 15 Kv and cu, steel and aluminum electrode were used. Then the density and temperature, voltage, current and OES of the plasmas were measured and the best condition were selected for tendon treatment. The results show that the treatment process is the same in the both plasmas but the amount of healing is different. Comparing the results show that DBD plasma at 15 kV and using CU electrode is the best treatment for tendon healing. OES analysis shows that the new peak of O and N is observed in this treatment which is not seen in the others.

The study of many-body quantum systems, that fail to thermalize in the presence of disorder, has recently attracted lots of interests. This is due to the appearance of the many-body localized phase and breakdown of eigenstate thermalization hypothesis in such systems which can be described by the local integrals of motion. In this paper, we consider a disordered spin chain in the many-body localized phase and try to study the dynamics of entanglement generation in this system using the local integrals of motion. To this end, we, first, solve the non-interacting system analytically to describe the mechanism of entanglement generation for different kinds of initial states, exactly. Then, we generalize this approach to the interacting system to learn the dynamics of entanglement generation. Finally, we discuss the physical meaning of different behaviors in the dynamics of entanglement generation in the presence and absence of interaction.‎

Improper eating habits have led to non-communicable diseases. Decrease of fat and sugar consumptions is a way to combat these diseases. The aims of this study were to investigate quantities of sugar and fat in industrial milk ice-creams produced and distributed in urban area of Tehran and compare the values with those of the product labels and relevant national standards.

This study was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. In this study, community and research environment of the factories producing various types of milk ice-creams and centers for the supply, distribution and sale of various types of milk ice-creams in Islamshahr, Shahryar and southern Tehran, Iran, were investigated. In total, 100 samples of milk ice-creams produced by dairy factories and supplied by centers under the supervision of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were randomly collected. Then, the ice-cream sugar and fat quantities were respectively assessed using Lane Eynon and Gerber methods and values were compared with those of Iranian national standards, product labels and Executive Instruction of the Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran.

The average quantity of total sugar showed compliance with the national standard of Iran (p < 0.001). Results showed that the average total sugar on ice-cream labels of supply level and total sugar after the test were significantly different (p < 0.001). Results of the fat content showed that 100% of the milk ice-cream samples offered in stores and 92.7% of the factory samples included orange-color spectra. The average total fat on the labels of milk ice-creams from factories (13.99 g ±6.48) and total fat after testing (13 g ±5.25) were in accordance with the instructions of the Food and Drug Administration (p = 0.083). The mean fat contents of milk ice-creams offered in stores (9.25 g ±4.56) and total fat after testing (7.57 g ±2.42) showed statistically significant differences (p = 0.008).

Results of this study demonstrated that most of the milk ice-creams produced by the factories under the supervision of the university and those produced by other factories were in accordance with the framework of the Food and Drug Administration to decrease total sugar and fat contents by 10%.

Considering the importance of training of nurses in the field of blood transfusion, we evaluated the level of knowledge of nurses regarding blood transfusion.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on nurses in Shiraz hospitals in 2019-2020. The level of knowledge was determined using a questionnaire before and after the course by pre-test and post-test. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part has a questions regarding demographic characteristics . The second part has 28 four-answer questions about blood and blood components, indication, administration and complications. The data was analyzed using SPSS-23 software by paired t tests, chi-square, McNamara , change score t test, Anova ,and  correlation tests .

The mean score of awareness after class was significantly increased (13.47 ± 3.80 from 28 to 20.21 ± 5.45 out of 28) (p < 0.001). The increase in awareness was significant in all blood transfusion items.

  Due to the lack of sufficient knowledge of nurses in the field of blood transfusion the education of nurses is essential to improve blood safety. Therefore, planning training classes in the field of transfusion medicine on a regular and continuous basis and evaluating the impact of education is recommended.

Investigation and analysis of groundwater quality to monitor contamination and identify the most important pollutants and pollution points is one of the research fields. The objective of this research was to plan to improve groundwater quality on various spatial and temporal scales. Groundwater information of Maragheh-Bonab plain was collected from 26 wells in 10 years (2001-2011) with 454 sampling points from East Azerbaijan Regional Water Organization and was analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques such as DFA and PCA. Analyzed Variables are included Mg, Ca, Cation, K, Na, TDS, TH, SAR, EC, Anion, pH, Cl, SO4, CO3, and HCO3. Results of PCA showed that variables such as cation, HCO3، TDS، SAR، EC، Anion ،Cl, Ca, and TH were identified as important variables which they can great impacts on the groundwater quality of this region and in the other hand DFA showed which mentioned variables can discriminate land uses and geology formations in primary and normal distribution data with power discriminatory of 68.7 %, 92.2 %, and 66.5 %, 89.1 %, respectively. Investigation of the spatial position of elements using interpolation technique in Maragheh-Bonab plain showed that variables concentration in lowlands are high and 20 villages and their surrounding farms are exposed to high contamination risk of groundwater.

The forward head is one of the most common defective postures that causes muscle imbalance in the neck area. In this anomaly, the center of gravity of the head shifts forward and increases the torque force on the spine and neck joints. The present study is a review of the effect of training protocols in correcting forward head deformities.

From internal and external search engines (e.g. Scopus, Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar, PubMed, ISC, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Doaj with time limit between 2015 to 2019 and keywords, Protocol, Corrective Exercise, Forward Head Posture for search engines External. The present study was a systematic review of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. 

A total of 11 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria from 250 searched articles. These studies mainly examined the effect of training protocols on the amount of forward angle of the head, people with head forward.

According to the research results, correction exercises are a simple, effective and non-invasive method to correct forward head deformity, therefore therapists can use these exercises as a suitable training protocol in correcting forward head angle.

In many engineering constructions, the foundations should be built adjacent to each other. Therefore, the effect of interfering of close foundations should be considered in the design stage. In this research work, the effect of interference of closely separated foundations resting on a slope on the elastic settlement is investigated by considering a semi-analytical solution. The distribution of stress due to the footing pressure in the slope is computed by a proposed Airy stress function, and then by employing the finite difference scheme, the displacement of the footings is calculated. The results obtained show that by increasing the distance between the foundations, the interference influence on the ratio of settlement will be diminished. However, this behavior is highly linked to the slope characteristics. For a slope with a height of 10 times of footing width, beyond an S/B ratio larger than 10, the effect of interference is not tangible, and the footings behave like an isolated foundation. By decreasing the slope height, this behavior will occur at a lower S/B.

This research is an applied studies and the research method is descriptive-survey type and in order to achieve the goal, a causal-comparative method was used. The statistical society of this study consisted of experienced experts and specialists in the field of Lake Urmia. The sampling method was snowball. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on and the opinions of professors and experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the degree of reliability and was calculated separately for each of the economic, social and environmental indicators. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. In addition to descriptive statistics, inferential statistics such as comparative tests were used. The results showed that the drying of Lake Urmia has affected the economic, social and environmental situation of the surrounding villages. Also, the results of (AHP) showed that in order to prioritize the economic, social and environmental consequences of the drying of Lake Urmia, the environmental consequence with an average final weight of 7.407 is the most important, the social consequence with an average final weight of 2.623 has secondary importance and economic consequence With an average final weight of 1.393 has third importance. Therefore, in order to prevent the environmental catastrophe and its devastating consequences, it is suggested that urgent measures be taken to save Lake Urmia by government officials, scientific centers and experts using all domestic capacities and international assistance to prevent a recurrence of the environmental catastrophe. The Aral Sea biodiversity in this area of the country should be prevented.

Investigation of child mortality is one of the most important strategies for improving childrenchr('39')s health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age distribution, trends, and projections of mortality in children under 5 years old in Khorasan Razavi province.

The study population included under-5 mortality data from Khorasan Razavi Province during 2012-2017 extracted from the Causes and Mortality Classification System of Vice-Chancellery of Health, Mashhad University as well as five universities and faculties. Cause of mortality was classified according to the ICD10 codes. Data were controlled using the ANACod software. Descriptive statistics methods and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling were applied to explore the mortality trend during the time of study using the Minitab.15 and STATA16.

According to the results, the highest mortality rate for children under five was in 2014 and the lowest in 2017. Using the differencing method, the data were stabilized. Finally, the ARIMA model (1,1,2) was identified as a suitable model using the MINITAB software.

The mortality rate of children under five has declined sharply in the last four years in Khorasan Razavi Province. It is predicted that this reduction will continue according to fitted model. However, we are still far from mortality rates in developed and some developing countries; therefore, efforts should be made to reduce the under-five mortality rate by increasing the level of health services, the awareness level of families, and improving maternal and childbirth care.

The Farlie-Gumble-Morgenstren (FGM) family  and  archimedean family are the most popular parametric families of copulas.  In the present paper, we propose an extension of archimedean copulas with concave multiplicative generators in the style of FGM family. In particular, our method allows the modelling of higher positive dependence than the other FGM extensions in the literature. The construction and characteristics of the proposed model along with some examples of parametric subfamilies are provided. A numerical study is used to illustrate the methodology.

The gypsum mineralization occurred in the form of Satin Spar and Selenite in the south and southwest of the Fars province in the folded Zagros zone. In this region, Satin Spar mineralization has been formed as stratiform between the red marl and siltstone units of Late Miocene–Pliocene in Agha Jari, Bakhtiari, and the Gachsaran formations. The reserves of Satin Spar in this area are at least 200,000 tons. Satin Spar due to its chatoyancy, has been able to distinguish itself from gypsum. This beautiful light phenomenon (chatoyancy) results from the regular and parallel arrangement of the Satin Spar fibers. The mineral was first identified by its physical properties, and then by the X-ray diffraction analysis. They were also examined by scanning electron microscopy for its structure and also the structure of fiber crystals and their optical properties. In order to examine the polishing condition of Satin Spar, several samples of this gemstone were also selected for fantasy and Cabochon cut. For the first time in Iran, the exploration of Satin Spar gemstone in the Fars region can be a model for its discovery in the other evaporative formations in the country.

Hyperkyphosis is one of the most common postural abnormalities. In this anomaly, the anterior chest muscles such as pectoralis minor and major muscles tend to be tight (overactive) and the posterior muscles of this area such as spinal extensors tend to be weak (underactive) which may lead to muscle imbalance in the upper trunk. One way to correct this anomaly is to use sports protocols, which have a special place in correcting this anomaly. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to review the Corrective Exercise Protocols in People with Hyperkyphosis Disorders.

Internal and external search engines include Scopus, Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar, Pubmed, ISC, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Doaj with a time limit of 2013 to 2020 and the keywords of Round Back, Hyperkyphosis, Corrective Exercises, Protocol. The present study is a systematic review method (PRISMA).

A total of 10 articles were selected based on the criteria. These studies mainly examined the effect of corrective exercise protocols on kyphosis angle, forward head angle, balance, physical function, sacral angle, incline angle, abnormality, well-being and flexibility in people with hyperkyphosis abnormalities.

Studies that include the patterns of movement and function that people use in their daily activities seem to be more effective in correcting physical disorder.

Detecting and accurate determining of vascular embolism dimensions are considered as a challenging issue in CT imaging. Present study aimed to enhance the accuracy of vascular embolism volumetry in managing a proper diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

In this non experimental quantitative study, firstly we simulated coronary and aorta arteries with normal dimensions in a 4D extended NURBS based cardiac-torso phantom in a matrix sizes of 512×512 with slice thickness of 0.116 mm. Then, twenty five venous thromboembolisms with the diameters ranged 0.1-5 and 5-20 mm were created in the coronary arteries and aorta of the Phantom, respectively. The Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit was used for localization and volume measurement of the produced venous thromboembolisms on the CT images. Finally, Accuracy of the measured data was compared with the simulated measures in the phantom.

The difference on measures with the software was obtained 0.03±0.021 for embolies less than 4.64 mm (0.1 ml), (r=0.67, p=0.02), and 0.02±0.008 mm for embolies greater than 4.64 mm (r=0.99, p<0.001).

According to the acceptable volumetry accuracy of Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit especially for volumes greater than 0.1 ml, may be used for an accurate thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism measurements.

Having knowledge on stand structure and application of appropriate silvicultural interventions based on ecosystem approach and close to nature forest management is essential for sustainability of forest. This research started from 2009 in intact oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in four regions of the Hyrcanian forests. Twelve sample plots, each one ha, have been established in three development stages of initial, optimal and decay and 100% survey has been applied within the plots. A transect of 1000 m2 has been laid out on the middle of the plot and diameter at breast height, tree height and coordination have been registered. Vertical and horizontal structure and the stand structure have been illustrated by SVS software and structure triangle. Results indicated that stem number varied between 188 in the decay and 475 ha-1 in the initial stages. Number of deadwood varied between 7 and 30 ha-1, among them 3 mature deadwoods with diameter more than 60cm. Mean basal area, total volume and deadwood volume was calculated to 40.65 m2ha-1, 592.6 and 55.8 m3ha-1, respectively. The stands in the optimal stage showed two layers while the other stages were three storied stands. The high proportion of volume in large and extra-large timbers indicated that the studied intact stands were old growth and the structure was far from the theoretical irregular structure. Hence, different silivicultural interventions could be introduced in different development stages.

Hospital wastes can be categorized as hazardous wastes due to their risks to the environment and human. Considering the fact that the hospital staff are in direct contact with biomedical wastes, their knowledge and safe operation are important in waste management. The aim of this study was to determine the status of knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare staff of Imam Hossain Hospital of Kermanshah regarding biomedical waste management.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study population included healthcare and office staff of hospital with sample size of 149. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including four parts: demographic information as well as knowledge, performance and attitude questions.

The results of this study showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the level of knowledge and practice of health staff for management of hospital wastes with gender, professional and educational courses. The level of knowledge and practice in women was higher than men, and in the third-grade staff (paraclinical) was more than other job grops. Based on the result, more paraclinical personnel (70.58%) had been engaged and completed their waste management training courses.

As the results, training can lead to increased knowledge and practice of health staff in waste management and have more important role than work experience and job group. Therefore, managers of hospitals should have a special and continuous planning in order to develop all aspects of waste management programs.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a medical problem in pregnancy, and its late diagnosis can cause adverse effects in the mother and fetus. The purpose of this research was to estimate the accuracy parameters of a biomarker for early prediction of gestational diabetes in the absence of a perfect reference standard test.

This study was conducted in 523 pregnant women who presented to Mahdieh Hospital and Taleghani Hospital affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017-2018. As a predictor for detecting GDM, beta- human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) measurements were recorded during 14-17th weeks’ gestation in a checklist. The Bayesian latent variable model was used to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Bayesian parameter estimation was calculated using the R2OpenBUGS package in R version 3.5.3.

The median gestational age was 33 years. In the absence of a perfect reference test, the applied model had a sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 78% (95% credible interval (CrI): 0.66-0.83), 83% (95% CrI: 0.74-0.89), and 0.72 (95% CrI: 0.64-0.88) for β-hCG, respectively.

According to the results of this study, β-hCG may be an acceptable biomarker for early diagnosis of diabetes in pregnant women in the absence of a perfect reference test.