فهرست مطالب m. habibi

Metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) represents a critical juncture in the management of prostate cancer, where the accurate prediction of the onset of castration resistance is paramount for guiding treatment decisions. In this study, we underscore the power and efficiency of auto-ML models, specifically the Random Forest Classifier, for their low-code, user-friendly nature, making them a practical choice for complex tasks, to develop a predictive model for the occurrence of castration resistance events (CRE (. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset from MSK (Clin Cancer Res 2020), comprising clinical, genetic, and molecular features, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to discern patterns and correlations indicative of castration resistance. A random forest classifier was employed to harness the dataset's intrinsic interactions and construct a robust predictive model. We used over 18 algorithms to find the best model, and our results showed a significant achievement, with the developed model demonstrating an impressive accuracy of 75% in predicting castration resistance events. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the importance of specific features such as 'Fraction Genome Altered ‘and the role of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in castration resistance prediction. Corroborating these findings, recent studies emphasize the correlation between high 'Fraction Genome Altered' and resistance and the predictive power of elevated PSA levels in castration resistance. This highlights the power of machine learning in improving outcome predictions vital for prostate cancer treatment. This study deepens our insights into metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer and provides a practical tool for clinicians to shape treatment strategies and potentially enhance patient results.

Jaundice is common in infants and occurs because of hyperbilirubinemia, which can lead to brain injury in neonates. Phototherapy, in addition to its serious side effects, does not seem to be enough in resolving jaundice. This clinical trial aims to compare the efficacy of orlistat and phototherapy combination therapy with that of phototherapy alone in the treatment of neonatal jaundice.

This clinical trial was performed on 120 term neonates with jaundice. Block randomization was used to allocate the infants to the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received orlistat (4 mg/kg body weight) for three consecutive oral doses at the first, second and third day of hospitalization, along with phototherapy. The control group received a placebo and phototherapy. Total and direct plasma bilirubin levels were measured at baseline (before intervention) as well as 24 and 72 h after treatment.

There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of infant sex, weight, or age. The mean total and direct bilirubin levels in the experimental group did not change compared to those in the control group at the end of the trial (10.44±1.35 vs. 10.6±2.8 and 0.4±0.1 vs. 0.5±0.1, respectively).

Orlistat appears to be ineffective in accelerating bilirubin reduction in neonates with jaundice, at least for the first three days of life.

Sepsis is the third most common cause of death, and the umbilical cord is a significant source of sepsis in the first month of life. This study aimed to compare the effect of Eau de Dalibour and distilled water on umbilical cord separation time and infection in neonates at Kowsar Hospital of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.

This clinical trial was conducted on 76 infants in two groups of 38 people, using Eau de Dalibour and distilled water as a placebo. In the Eau de Dalibour group, 2-3 ml of the drug was used on the umbilical stump from 3 hours after birth and once every 12 hours until 2 days after the separation of the umbilical cord. In the distilled water group, the same procedure was done with distilled water. Finally, the time of separation of the umbilical cord and signs of infection in both groups were investigated and compared.

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gestational age, sex, or birth weight. Umbilical cord separation time was significantly shorter in the Eau de Dalibour group than in the placebo group (5.1±2.4 and 7.44±2.3 days respectively; p<0.001). There were no cases of infection in the intervention or placebo group.

According to the results of this study, the application of Eau de Dalibour to the remaining part of the cord reduces the cord separation time and can be used for safe and affordable cord care.

This research was carried out to provide suitable cotton seed for seed propagation in dryland. In this study, the potential of cotton seeds that have been stressed for the third-consecutive year was investigated to evaluate water stress memory responses. The experiment was arranged in split-plot factorial design with four irrigation levels of W0 (No- irrigation), W1 (33% FC), W2 (66% FC), and W3 (100% FC), as the main factor, and five seed treatments (four third-stressed seeds, i.e. S21 to S24, and registered seed), as a sub-plot. Seeds of cotton were grown under different levels of water-stress exposure for three crop-seasons. As results showed, S32 received water stress signal in both W0 and W3 conditions through physiological mechanisms change. Seeds of S32 accumulated the lowest ABA and the highest calcium in exposure to W0 and W3. Enhancement to superoxide dismutase and Aspartate peroxidase activity in leaves of S32 in exposure to W0 and W1 is another memorial stress mechanism for scarce water acclimation. The highest-potential thirty-boll weight, thirty-fiber weight, and first-harvesting yield were obtained from S32 against W0, W1, and W2.. Also, the seeds of S32 had the most seedling vigor and germination percentage in exposure to W0, W1, and W2. It can be concluded that stress memory, via modification of physiology and morphology of plant behavior, helps plants to tolerate water deficiency when subjected to recurrent drought.

Excessive use of antibiotics has significantly increased resistance to common antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infections. In the present study, antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles and peptide IDR-1018 was evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolates.

In the present study, 20 resistant and 20 sensitive P. aeruginosa isolates to imipenem were collected from patients with urinary tract infections. The ability of biofilm formation and the presence of three genes involved in biofilm production including algD, pslD and pelF in the isolates were determined by crystal violet and PCR methods, respectively. The anti-bacterial effect of imipenem, antimicrobial peptide IDR-1018 and chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated by determining the MIC by microdilution broth method.

The ability of biofilm formation in the isolates was weak (10%), moderate (35%) and strong (55%). The frequency of presence of three genes related to biofilm formation including algD, pslD and pelF was 90%, 80% and 75%, respectively. MIC values for the isolates were 16-168 µg/ml for imipenem, 40 and 80 µg/ml for peptide IDR-1018, 750 and 375 µg/ml for chitosan nanoparticles, respectively.

Finding alternative approaches such as antimicrobial peptides and nanoparticles can be effective in treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. The results of our study showed that peptide IDR-1018 and chitosan nanoparticles alone or in combination with imipenem can be considered as a treatment strategy

Emotional eating is a behavior of eating without physiological need that occurs in response to negative emotions and is harmful to health. Based on research evidence; some other factors, in addition to negative emotions, contribute to the activation and triggering of emotional eating. Identifying these factors is essential for effective management of emotional eating. Emotional eating is also more common in obese people and women. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explain the lived experiences of young obese women about the triggers of emotional eating.

This study was performed by qualitative method with hermeneutic phenomenological approach in 2020. Participants in this study were 17 young women living in Kermanshah or Karaj with the experiences of emotional eating and a body mass index of 30 or higher. They were selected using purposive sampling method with maximum diversity approach. Data were collected through in-depth individual and face- to- face interviews and analyzed using the seven-step method of Dickelman.

In analyzing the participants' lived experiences, a major theme called "emotional eating triggers" was identified. This theme was formed by 4 sub-themes: negative emotions, mental symptoms, physical symptoms, and special events.

The findings of the current study showed that although negative emotions are the central trigger of emotional eating, they are not enough for it to occur. Therefore, in order to have a deep understanding of lived experiences related to the occurrence of emotional eating behavior, it is necessary to simultaneously pay attention to the multiple dimensions of its activator and trigger, including negative emotions, mental symptoms (rumination of negative thoughts, and mental temptation to eat), physical symptoms (gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, pain, etc.), as well as events that specifically trigger emotional eating.

Emotional eating is defined as the tendency to eat in response to stress or negative emotions in order to overcome negative emotions. According to research evidence, emotional eating is harmful to health. For example, emotional eating is associated with weight gain, increased risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that cause emotional eating to be harmful, as it helps us to get a deeper insight into emotional eating and its harms and plan more effective educational and psychological interventions to manage emotional eating. To do this, we need to analyze the experiences of people who have had emotional eating, to explore and explain this behavior from their point of view. As a result, we can identify the various psychological, social, and cultural dimensions of emotional eating. In addition, research evidence shows that emotional eating is more common in obese people than normal weight people, and women are more vulnerable to emotional eating than men. In addition to being universal, emotional eating behavior also has culture-related characteristics. According to these points, the aim of this study was to explain the harmfulness of emotional eating in young Iranian obese women.

The present study was conducted using a qualitative method and a hermeneutic phenomenological approach in 2020. Participants in this study were 17 young women aged 25 - 45 years living in Kermanshah or Karaj, with emotional eating experience and a body mass index of 30 or higher. Pregnant women were not included in this study due to their different body mass index. Participants were selected using purposive sampling method with maximum diversity approach. Data were collected through in-depth individual and face-to-face interviews. Sampling and interviews continued until the data saturation stage. The main questions asked of the participants during the interview were as follows: 1) Describe one of your emotional eating experiences and explain the thoughts, ideas, emotions and physical feelings that led you to eat at that time. 2) What other experience in your life is similar to this experience, and what does it mean to you? 3) Under what circumstances do you have the most emotional eating? And what do you think the relationship between these conditions and emotional eating means? 4) What is the difference between the times when you eat emotionally and the times when you eat normally? Also, exploratory questions were asked to analyze the deeper layers of the participants' lived experiences. Some of the exploratory questions asked in the present study were as follows: What did you mean by ....? Could you explain more? Please give an example in this regard? Data analysis began at the same time as data collection process. Dickelman's 7-step method was used to analyze the data.

In data analysis, a major theme emerged called "harmful companions" which showed that while participants experienced emotional eating, some other experiences accompanied their emotional eating, causing emotional eating to be harmful for these people. The main theme of "harmful companions" consists of seven sub-themes named lack of self-control in eating behavior, unconscious eating, body abuse, contradictory experiences, eating addiction, excessive eating of certain foods, and secretive eating. Lack of self-control in eating behavior means that emotional eaters do not have enough control over their eating behavior and their emotional eating is accompanied by fast eating, overeating, eating regardless of food quality, swallowing unchewed food, eating at the wrong time, and etc. The sub- theme of "unconscious eating" includes those experiences accompanying emotional eating that are not within the control of the conscious mind, and includes eating without consciousness, eating without will, eating involuntarily, eating without thinking, eating without purpose, unwanted eating, and eating without the right to choose. The sub- theme of "body abuse" refers to the victimization of the body, especially the gastrointestinal tract, during emotional eating experiences, and includes distracting from negative emotions by engaging the mouth and stomach through eating, replacing pain caused by filling the stomach with psychological pain of anxiety and chewing foods with clenching teeth to vent anger. The sub- theme of "contradictory experiences" includes the functions of positive and negative emotional eating and contradictions in attitude, feelings, and behavior of participants during emotional eating; Like enjoying eating but with a sense of shame for how you eat, eating pleasantly but with a guilty conscience; eating with craving but without pleasure, eating with craving but unwanted and the necessity of eating unnecessary. The sub- theme of "eating addiction" includes quasi-addictive traits found in emotional eaters, such as; mental temptation to eat, eating out of habit, physical urge to eat, psychological dependence on eating, compulsive eating, and searching behavior to find food. The sub- theme of "excessive eating of certain foods" means that although the participants' overeating included a variety of foods; in particular, they ate more sugary foods, high caffeine foods, starchy or fatty foods, and high-fat and salty snacks. The sub- theme of "secretive eating" means that participants ate secretly to avoid negative judgments and blame for their overeating, or that secretive eating was to passively eat their share of the food.

The results of this study showed that emotional eating alone is not harmful, but some other experiences that accompany it, cause it to be harmful in physical, psychological, and social dimensions. An interesting finding of this study is the sub-theme of "body abuse". This sub-theme expresses the need for people to maintain their mental cohesion even at the cost of harming their body. Another important point of this study is that; the "harmful companions" of emotional eating that emerged in the form of seven sub-themes complicate the cognition and management of emotional eating, and it is necessary to pay attention to harmful companions in psychotherapy programs to manage emotional overeating especially in women.

In the present work, the X ray dose and hard X-ray spectrum corresponding to a 2.5 kJ plasma focus device was investigated. The X-ray dose using Argon gas at a pressure of 0.8 mbar and a distance of 23 cm from the top of anode was 0.8 mSv per shot. Using the ORNL phantom simulated based on the realistic human body, X-ray absorption dose was computed for soft tissue organs at certain distances from the device. The maximum absorbed dose was related to the distance of 30 cm for the testis in the male phantom (2.0890×10-14 mGy), and for the bladder and contents in the female phantom (2.6613×10-15 mGy). In addition, at the distance of 230 cm, the maximum absorbed dose was in the testis in the male phantom (3.5601×10-16 mGy) and in the skin for the female phantom (1.1004×10-16 mGy).

Traffic congestion and route guidance are integral parts of urban development in large cities. How cars are routed and the traffic flowing have a direct impact on each other. Therefore, the first step is to determine a criterion for assessing the traffic situation. The type of vehicles should also be considered in routing. Emergency vehicles must arrive at their mission site as soon as possible. Public transportations must also travel according to their plans. Ordinary vehicle drivers can either choose a road as an intermediate destination (out of interest, pick up someone, etc.). In this paper, two new algorithms are proposed to 1) route with intermediate destination selection for ordinary vehicles, and 2) schedule traffic lights to decrease traffic density and routing delay. The first algorithm proposed an agent-based route guidance model that in addition to finding the least expected travel time (LET) routes, drivers could select a part of the route as intermediate destinations according to their interests, to raise their satisfaction level. The second algorithm considers the density of traffic flow and the presence of emergency vehicles. This algorithm evaluates the status of the traffic flow by fuzzy logic. The evaluation is conducted by considering traffic flow speed and density. The output of fuzzy logic is used by the Gradational Search Algorithm (GSA). GSA regards the status of the flow, the priority of the traffic flow, and the distance of the emergency vehicles to the traffic light. The simulation results prove that the proposed algorithms have better performances.

Erectile dysfunction is one of the problems caused by substance dependence, which is important to measure and evaluate. Therefore, the present research was conducted to study of factor structure, reliability and validity of the Persian version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) among substance dependent men.

The statistical population of this cross sectional study of males has substance abuse, who referred to the National Center for Addiction Studies, Addiction Treatment Clinics in Tehran. Using cluster sampling method, 450 participants were selected. Sexual Function Questionnaire (CSFQ-14) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were used to collect data.

An examination of the values of the factor loads indicates that the factor loads of all the questions on the principal component are satisfactory. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was Desirable (P<0/01). Convergent validity of Correlation Coefficient in Sexual Function Questionnaire (CSFQ-14) with scales the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was desirable (P<0/01). The findings also showed that there was a difference between employed and unemployed substance dependent men in sexual dysfunction, but no significant difference was observed in hospitalization history and education levels.

International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) had good reliability and validity and therefore a good tool to use in the population have substance dependent in Iran. In prevention and treatment planning, it is necessary to pay attention to the demographic factors affecting the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF).

Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) is one of the most common clinical complaints during infancy among term and premature infants during the first week of life. Phototherapy is an effective and accepted treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, which may be associated with complications such as skin, eye and electrolyte disorders. This study was performed to compare the effect of phototherapy with oral calcium versus phototherapy alone in the treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term infants.

This clinical trial study was performed on 50 healthy term infants with jaundice (serum bilirubin 6.9-21 mg/dL). Neonates were randomly divided into intervention (50 mg/kg body weight of oral calcium with phototherapy) and control (phototherapy) groups. Data related to age, gender, birth weight, gestational age, number of hospitalization days and bilirubin level at the beginning of hospitalization and at 24, 48 and 72 hours were collected and compared in a checklist.

Decrease in total bilirubin level was observed with a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.000). The mean unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia showed significant difference in the intervention group (2.1±0.5 mg/dl) and the control group (2.6±1.3 mg/dl) (p=0.03). The changes in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in repeated measures was also significant in the intervention group (p=0.01).

The results of the study showed that oral calcium with phototherapy may be effective in reducing neonatal jaundice.

Nowadays, due to the availability of low-cost and high-resolution digital cameras, and the rapid growth of user-friendly and advanced digital image processing tools, challenges for ensuring authenticity of digital images have been raised. Therefore, development of reliable image authenticity verification techniques has high importance in digital life. In this paper, we proposed a blind image splicing detection method based on color distribution in the neighborhood of edge pixels. First, we extracted edge pixels using contourlet transform. Then, to accurately distinguish the authentic edges from tampered ones, Interquartile Range (IQR) criteria are utilized to illustrate the distribution of Cr and Cr histograms of the spliced boundaries in YCbCr color space. Finally, a segmentation method is used to improve the localization performance and to reduce especially the computational time. The effectiveness of the method has been demonstrated by our experimental results obtained using the Columbia Image Splicing Detection Evaluation (CISED) dataset in terms of specificity and accuracy. It is observed that the proposed method outperforms some state-of-the-art methods. The detection accuracy is approximately 97 with 100% specificity.

One of the most important environmental problems of Miankaleh wetland in recent years was high mortality of wild waterbirds occurrence in 2020. The present study was conducted to perform a comprehensive monitoring of this event and accurate diagnosis of the cause of death, due to the environmental significance of wild waterbirds mortality, through standard passive Surveillance methods and clinical, autopsy and laboratory studies. The estimated death of birds was 38587, during 50 days. The highest losses were related to Common Coot (about 85%) and flamingos (6%). 198 birds were sampled from different species of birds in two areas (Behshahr and Galuogah). Tissue samples included samples of pharyngeal and tracheal swabs, cloaca, whole blood and blood serum of live birds, and brain, tracheal, lung, gizzard and anterior gastric tissues, intestines and its contents, liver, spleen, pancreas and Chest muscle of dead birds. Tests performed on the samples included: influenza serotypes, Newcastle disease, avian Cholera, pasteurella, duck viral enteritis, duck viral hepatitis, differential diagnosis between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, presence of mercury, Arsenic and the remnants of pesticides in tissues and samples, cyanide in water. All tests were negative, except for botulin toxin. According to the results, Clostridium botulinum poisoning is cause of high casualties of waterfowl in Miankaleh Wetland. Laboratory results were shown that the physicochemical properties of alluvium and water create favorable conditions for the production of biotoxins and if it will be not managed, they may recur in the coming years.

In this study, the effect of water vapor injection on the flow pattern, temperature contamination and emission of pollutants has been studied. Also, the impact of the spray angle on the axis has been investigated and finally, the effect of fuel type and geometry on the flow variables has been investigated. The results were compared with numerical simulations performed by other researchers and the results showed that they are qualitatively acceptable. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the amount of water vapor on flame and NOx released from combustion. The results showed that with the percentage of water injected, there were significant changes in the temperature and pressure contour patterns of the combustion chamber. The results showed that with the percentage of water injected, there were significant changes in the temperature and pressure contour patterns of the combustion chamber. The results showed that the overall efficiency of the Brighton cycle can be increased in the non-injecting mode from 91% to 95% for the combustion chamber mode by injecting 8% water vapor. Also, an increase of more than 8% of water vapor will not have much effect on efficiency of gas turbine and reduce fuel consumption.

Regarding the importance of the stability in a miniature pinch plasma generator in repetitive and strong plasma pinch, the stable operation of a 3J miniature plasma focus device in two single-shot and repetitive discharge modes (at 0.5Hz and 5Hz discharge frequencies) and the factors in creation of switch misfire was demonstrated. Then, the device efficiency and strength of the plasma pinch for four different coaxial electrode configurations were studied, upon scanning argon gas pressure ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 mbar via the study of the charging voltage variation from 8.3 to 9.3 kV. It was observed that the strength and efficient pinching is appropriately produced for the tapered anode configuration over an expanded operating pressure ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 mbar. After the calculation of the speed factor and pinch sensitivity for the optimum electrodes geometry, it was shown that the best plasma compression at the pinch phase was associated with 0.88±0.8 mbar argon gas pressure and 8.3-8.5 kV charging voltage, respectively. From the viewpoint of the stability assessment of the device, it was observed that the stable operation of the device was for the charging voltage of 8.3 to 8.7 kV in the operating pressure of 0.6 to 1.1 mbar.

The aim of this study was investigate the role of mediator emotional-behavioral problems in relation to the perception of inter-parental conflict and attitude to drug use.

The study is description and Structural Equation Modeling; the population of the study is All high school students of Qods town located in Tehran Province. Sample size is 600 students selected by multistage random sampling. The data were gathered through, perception of inter-parental conflict scale, Youth Self Report Inventory and attitude to drug use scale. In the present study, the criteria for entering the age of 13-17 years and studying in one of the secondary schools of the first or second moderate period and the criteria for the withdrawal of parents' divorce and the death of the father or mother was considered.

The results of structural equation modeling analysis showed the theoretical model of emotional-behavioral problems as a mediator variable in relation to inter-parental conflict and substance abuse from the model was a good fit indices with the data (df/d2χS-B= 2/71, CFI= 0/98 ،GFI=0/94, RMSEA= ،0/049). Also In this model Indirect path between of inter-parental conflict to tend to substance abuse With mediator emotional-behavioral problems significant (t-value= 9/14,β= 0/42) and direct path to conflict between parents tend to use substances not significant Obtained; So it can be said that mediation is a relatively significant. The results obtained from research on trends in drug prevention in schools and related institutions could be fruitful. However, it can be formulated when setting the treatment and therapy, family conflicts and emotional and behavioral problems as a risk factor to be considered and used in clinical interviews.

30 to 60% of patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards have at least one significant psychiatric illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, causes, and quality of psychiatric counseling requested. This descriptive study was carried out on all patients admitted to educational hospitals in Rasht, Iran from 2012 to 2014, for which psychiatric consultation was requested and their counseling sheets were available. Data were extracted based on the checklist. Assessment of the quality of the consultation request and the response quality of the counseling were done. Data were analyzed by SPSS21. The frequency of psychiatric counseling application in this study was calculated to be 0/3%. A total of 905 counseling papers were reviewed. According to the data, 51/1% of patients were female and 48/9% were male, with the mean age of 45/7 years. For 54/7% of the patients, emergency counseling and for 45/3%, of them non-emergency counseling was requested. The most requesting counseling departments were surgery and internal medicine (14/6% and 12%, respectively). The lowest frequency of consultation requests was for anesthesiology department (0/1%). The most common reason for requesting psychiatric counseling was restlessness (26/75%) and then medication setting (14/45%). The most common diagnostic suspicion in response to counseling was delirium and the average duration for requesting counseling was 2.9 days after admission. Considering the relatively low frequency and quality of counseling in this study, more attention to the use of psychiatric counseling in medical patients and coherent training of assistants to improve the quality of counseling seem necessary.
Conflict of interest: non declared

In this article, dynamic modeling of double walled cylindrical functionally graded (FG) microshell is studied. Size effect of double walled cylindrical FG microshell are investigated using modified couple stress theory (MCST). Each layer of microshell is embedded in a viscoelastic medium. For the first time, in the present study, has been considered, FG length scale parameter in double walled cylindrical FG microshells, which this parameter changes along the thickness direction. Taking into consideration the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), double walled cylindrical FG microshell is modeled and its equations of motions are derived using Hamilton's principle. The novelty of this study is considering the effects of double layers and MCST, in addition to considering the various boundary conditions of double walled cylindrical FG microshell. Generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) is used to discretize the model and to approximate the equation of motions and boundary conditions. Also, for confirmation, the result of current model is validated with the results obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Considering length scale parameter (l=R/3) on MCST show, the results have better agreement with MD simulation. The results show that, length, thickness, FG power index, Winkler and Pasternak coefficients and shear correction factor have important role on the natural frequency of double walled cylindrical FG microshell.

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory is a biological pattern of personality that considers brain-behavioral systems as the basis of individual differences. By considering the relationship between these systems and dependence on drug and alcohol use, the present study aimed to confirm the structure of four factors in Persian version of BIS/BAS scale with a sample of drug and alcohol addicts in Iran. This is a cross-sectional study statistical framework consisted of all alcohol and substance dependent individuals in some cities in Iran. 281 drug and alcohol abusers in prison, dormitory and rehab camps participated in the study. The main research tool was BIS/BAS scale of Carver and White. Collected data were analyzed using LISREL8/8 software. Factors power of all questions (except questions 8) was satisfactory on the related factors and the factor structure of the Persian form of this scale confirms the structure of the original form of this tool (RMSEA= 0.054, df/χ2=1.82). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.66 and 0.86 for BIS and BAS respectively and for behavioral activator subscale (BAS-DR) was 0.57 or drive, 0.78 for reward responsiveness and 0.63 for fun seeking. The Persian version of Behavioral activation/inhibition systems (BAS/BIS) confirms the adaption of Gray's theoretic model and Corver and White's four-factor model with Iranian addicted community. This scale can be consequently used for Persian languages community in experimental and clinical research situations by researchers.

The present study aimed at comparing the learning and memory ability between methamphetamine- ant opiate-dependent patients and healthy people. A causal-comparative research method was employed in this study. The statistical population of the study included the men with methamphetamine and opioid dependence and healthy men in Tehran. The sample consisted of 20 men with methamphetamine, 17 opioid dependent men, and 20 healthy men who were selected via convenience sampling method. In this research, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were used for data collection. The results of this study showed that drug dependent persons had lower scores in learning ability and memory than the healthy group. The opioid group was weaker in the recall ability and recognition of information. The methamphetamine group showed more repetition in the recall and interference in the recognition of the words. The drug-dependent group undergone a higher degree of harm to learning and memory ability. Further study of the vulnerability of these groups provides constructive tips for the arrangement of appropriate interventions in the realm of rehabilitation.

The prediction of the collapse stages of a structure, caused by special explosives, used for controlled demolition, or under any extreme loadings, such as blast has been of interest to designers and structural engineers in recent decades. In this article, the collapse stages of high rise RC buildings with moment resisting frames, due to removal of certain members of the structure, destroyed intentionally or accidentally, has been simulated by the aid of a developed computer program. The computer software, to simulate the process of collapse, is able to carry out sequential analysis, assuming an elastoplastic behavior for materials. After each analysis, plastic hinges, formed in structural members, are identi ed. Structural elements which satisfy failure criterion are removed and then the geometry of the structure is updated. The deformed shape of the structure, in each stage of collapse after removing each destroyed members, is visualized. The collapse stages of three selected buildings, introduced in previously published papers, investigated and the computer software is veri ed. In a dierent case study the process of the collapse of a 20 story building has been predicted for four scenarios of controlled demolition. It is shown that the software can be used to predict progressive collapse of the structures.

The current study aimed to assess the factor structure, validity, and reliability of the Persian version of Severity of Dependence Scale in alcohol and substance dependent individuals in Iran. In addition, the SDS scores were assessed in terms of a number of demographic factors. SDS was translated to Persian and was subsequently translated back into English. Furthermore, it was compared with the original scale. Essential revisions were made into the scale after its preliminary administration to 20 participants. Thereafter, 281 alcohol/ substance dependent individuals from prison, dormitory, and various rehabilitation camps were chosen and completed the questionnaire. Questionnaires of demographic information, Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ), Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT), and brain-behavioral systems scale were used in order to obtain data. Data were analyzed via LISREL8/8 software and appropriate statistical tests. The results supported the one-factor structure of SDS. The scale reliability coefficients were obtained equal to 0.64 and 0.58 through Cronbach’s Alpha and Guttman, respectively. Convergent validity of the scale was obtained equal to 0.46 and 0.37 by correlating SDS with DUDIT and LDQ, respectively. The results also reported the existence of a significant difference in the mean of SDS scores when the history of consumption in family, the place of habitation, and the type of drug were at play. SDS maintains acceptable reliability and validity. Hence, it appears plausible to use this questionnaire for the assessment of alcohol and substance dependency among dependent individuals in Iran. It is required to pay attention to the demographic factors affecting dependence severity planning on prevention and treatment of this disorder.

For more than two decades, the unique position of spin-off companies as educational incubators has been recognized to play an effective role in improving survivability and stability of startups, spin-offs and small & medium enterprises (SMEs). These centers provide necessary supportive facilities and significant business assistance for the users by developing appropriate strategies and action plans and as such they improve their business performance and success rate. Successes of university spinoffs guarantee transformation of knowledge to technology where by transferring technology from university to knowledge-based business organizations they are able to induce wealth.In a synergistic mode, it improves basic academic research both qualitatively and quantitatively thus creating emerging and new opportunities for possible entry into areas of high technology. This paper emphasizes on the critical importance of an organized action in exploiting the potentials of university incubators towards the establishment of third generation universities by cultivating and promoting culture of innovation and creativity.

Diabetic foot infections are a potentially severe complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot infections can sometimes lead to long-term debilitation and, in the most severe cases, amputation. They are the most common infections in patients with diabetes, whose weakened immune systems put them at an increased risk of acquiring antibiotic resistant infections.

For this descriptive study, 120 diabetic patients (30 women and 90 men age ranged between 45-65 years and disease duration of 0.5 to 37 years) were investigated. Immediately after the hospitalization, specimens from infected foot lesions were taken using Thio and BHI as transport medium. Aerobic cultures were carried out in all cases according to conventional methods while anaerobic cultures were performed when appropriate. Finally, susceptibility tests were performed on isolated microorganism.

Totally, 75% of cases were polymicrobial infections. We isolated gram positive cocci 95%, gram positive bacilli 35%, gram negative 55% and mycobacterium 10%. Meanwhile, we found that 12.5% of our bacteria were anaerobic and 87.5% were facultative aerobic bacteria. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Rifampin was the most effective antibiotic against S.aureus and peptostreptococcus. Surprisingly, E.coli was resistant to all tested antibiotics.

Diabetic foot infections have a polymicrobial nature. Antibiotic treatment of infections should be prescribed on the results of microbiological investigation.