m. r. yazdani

In terms of water consumption in different sectors, in Iran as in other countries, a significant part of surface and groundwater resources is used in agricultural sector. For the amount of water consumed in Iran's agricultural sector, different numbers have been reported in various sources. In the past three decades, water consumption in agricultural sector in various sources and methods has been reported between 44 and 86 billion cubic meters (Movaheddanesh, 1994; Ghodratnema, 1998; Mohammad-Vali-Samani, 2005; Nasseri et al., 2017; 2018). The physical water productivity is also one of the important indicators of irrigation management, which is determined by using the amount of product produced per unit of applied irrigation water. Abbasi et al. (2017) estimated and analyzed water productivity values in Iran for different years. They estimated the values of water productivity varying from 0.94 to 1.29 kg/m3 and average being 1.07 kg/m3. Abbasi et al. (2019) also showed that water productivity index in Iran had an upward trend with a slope of 0.045 kg per year. It varied from 1.0 kg/m3 in 2008 to about 1.45 kg/m3 in 2017. Past researches regarding the estimation of water consumption in agricultural sector have been reported with estimation methods such as water balance method, which is not accurate and is associated with errors. On the other hand, the figures presented for the amount of water consumed in agricultural sector are very different and there are doubts about their accuracy. Despite the importance of the issue, accurate information on the amount of irrigation water for agricultural crops in different regions of Iran is not available and this issue has always been one of the main concerns of the water industry managers and planners. Therefore, carrying out a research work that lead to more accurate numbers about the amount of applied irrigation water for different crops, can be of great help to the decision-making of officials related to water and agriculture. Therefore, the main goal of this article is a comprehensive evaluation of water management indicators in agricultural sector (including the water productivity and applied irrigation water for different crops).

Field measurements including applied irrigation water and crop yield were carried out for at least one cropping season in the production hubs of each crop. The studied crops include 12 agricultural crops (wheat, rice, barley, fodder corn, alfalfa, sugar beet, sugar cane, beans, sunflower, cotton, rapeseed, soybean), 17 garden crops (saffron, apple, olive, orange, tangerine, peach, nectarine, plum, lemon, fig, grape, date, pomegranate, walnut, almond, pistachio, cherry) and 6 vegetable and summer crops (tomato, watermelon, potato, cucumber, melon, onion). These crops covered more than 85% of the cultivated area and irrigated lands in different provinces. For each crop, applied irrigation water was measured in a crop season and the yield for one year or the average of two years, but for garden plants, due to climate changes and frost that affect the yield, the average yield of 1-3 years was determined and used in the analysis. Physical water productivity of irrigation water from the ratio of crop yield to applied irrigation water and water productivity from the ratio of crop yield to water (total volume of irrigation water and effective precipitation) and gross income per unit of applied irrigation water was calculated from the product of crop yield in the sales price divided by the applied irrigation water. In this research, the cluster analysis model was used to determine the homogeneous crops.

The results showed that applied irrigation water for different crops varies from 3984 for rapeseed to 32500 cubic meters per hectare for sugarcane. So that the weighted average applied irrigation water of 35 studied crops was determined to be 8032 cubic meters per hectare.This index was 9162, 7669 and 7247 cubic meters per hectare, respectively, for garden, agricultural, vegetable and summer crops. Also, the total applied water used for the 35 studied crops was estimated at 61.7 billion cubic meters and the total irrigation water for other crops that were not evaluated in this research was estimated at 9.4 billion cubic meters. The total water used in irrigated crops is estimated at 71.1 billion cubic meters, which is about 70% of the total renewable water in Iran. The weighted average of irrigation water productivity and water productivity of the studied crops was determined as 1.9 and 1.5 kg/m3, respectively. Saffron and pistachio provided the highest gross income per unit of irrigation water and sugarcane, soybean, barley, fodder corn, wheat and alfalfa had the lowest values.

The results of this research provide valuable information for managers and decision makers in different provinces of Iran.

Due to pulmonary involvement, COVID-19 patients experience a decrease in the saturation of peripheral oxygen. These patients perceive a lot of stress and are required to comply with isolation conditions. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of remote stress management training on the saturation of peripheral oxygen of covid-19 patients.
In this randomized clinical trial, the research population was all the patients with COVID-19 referred to Gharazi Hospital in Isfahan City in the winter 2021. 70 people were selected by convenience sampling method and divided into two intervention and control groups (35 people) by limited randomization method. For the intervention group, the remote stress management online training program was implemented in five 60-minute sessions over two weeks. The control group did not receive any training. The saturation of peripheral oxygen index was measured before and after training sessions. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, analysis of variance, independent and paired t-test, and analysis of covariance.
Mean and standard deviation of the saturation of peripheral oxygen in the pre-test and post-test in the intervention group were 93.83±2.25 and 97.82±1.05, respectively, and in the control group 94.02±2.15 and 95.16±1.99, respectively. Remote stress management training has had a significant effect on the saturation of peripheral oxygen in COVID-19 patients (p=0.001) and increased this index in the intervention group (p<0.05).
Remote stress management training can improve the saturation of peripheral oxygen in covid-19 patients. Therefore, this method of training is recommended due to the convenience and possibility of using it in the isolation conditions of these patients.

Investigating the behavior of water surface evaporation is one of the basic issues in design, operation, and studies related to water engineering. Therefore, the application of new methods such as chaos theory in hydrology and water resources has recently been considered due to its innovation and capabilities. Since the fluctuations of evaporation from free water surfaces are dynamic and non-linear in nature, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of chaotic behavior in evaporation from the free water surface in the Semnan synoptic station on daily and monthly time scales in 1995-2018 using the concepts of chaos theory. The daily, monthly, and annual evaporation rates of this synoptic station were calculated to be 68.8, 200, and 2600 mm, respectively. To reconstruct the state space, two parameters of delay time and embedding dimension are needed. The mean of mutual information and false nearest neighborhood has been used to estimate these two parameters. The first step to study a process with chaos theory is to investigate the chaotic nature of the correlation dimension method as one of the most common methods. First, the embedded dimension was calculated by the nearest neighborhood method equal to 3.  To calculate the delay time, cross-evaporation diagrams were drawn at Semnan station at different time scales. According to this method, the first local minimum in the diagram is considered the latency, which was obtained for evaporation at daily and monthly scales of 30 and 3, respectively. Unlike complicated and conventional computational methods, these results are obtained by observation and in the least amount of time, as follows: monthly data are more chaotic than daily data. The enclosed dimension and the slope of the correlation dimension diagram were obtained at 8.8 and 9.8, respectively, after calculating the latency and reconstruction of the state space.

In Golestan province, despite the lack of water resources, traditional rice cultivation, a crop with high water consumption, is increasing due to economic justification. This issue has become one of the main problems of the province's agricultural sector in recent years. In order to prepare the planting bed (puddled transplanting) in the traditional method of rice production, a significant amount of irrigation water is used before planting the seedlings in the main land. Moreover, the plant is in the water during the growing season, which causes high water losses by surface water evaporation and deep penetration. Rice direct seeding cultivation is a method that has been considered in the world for various reasons, including higher water productivity. Currently, reports indicate that more than 50% of groundwater resources are extracted and allocated annually for rice cultivation in the region investigated. In general, field information and observations indicate that the level of paddy cultivation is increasing in the province. In the past few decades, agricultural policymakers have sought to restrict and ban rice cultivation in the country, except in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. The rationale behind this decision is high water consumption, declining groundwater aquifers and long-term instability of water resources. The developed strategy did not work effectively, as it did not consider the benefits of the farmers in the short run. The increasing trend in the area under paddy fields from 1995 to 1500 hectares per year shows the unsuccessfulness of this up-to-down strategy.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of rice cultivation and irrigation methods on yield, water consumption and water productivity over two rice cropping seasons (2019–2020) in northern Iran (Gorgan Agricultural Research Station). Irrigation method as the main factor in four levels (permanent flooding, intermittent as wet and dry, sprinkler, tape) and cultivation method in three levels (direct seed in dry bed, non-puddled transplanting and traditional transplanting) in the form of a strip design. The plot was based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The applied water, yield and some yield components and water productivity were measured and calculated during the growing seasons.

The results showed that in all irrigation methods, yield was significantly reduced by changing the traditional seeding transplanting to dry seed. The amount of water applied in sprinkler and drip irrigation methods from traditional seedlings was significantly reduced as compared to direct seed seeding. Dry seed cultivation, however, consumed more water than traditional transplanting in the flood irrigation treatments (wet and dry and permanent). The highest yield (8206 kg/ha) was obtained for traditional seedling cultivation by flood irrigation, and no significant difference was observed between the yields for the other irrigation methods. In general, changing the irrigation systems had a greater effect on water consumption than changing the rice cultivation method. In addition, changing the cultivation method had a greater effect on changing the type of irrigation systems. In traditional transplanting cultivation, the yield decreased by about 14, 9 and 11%, respectively, by changing the irrigation systems from permanent flood irrigation to sprinkler, wet and dry, and drip irrigation. The highest water use was observed for flood irrigation method in direct seeding (12490 m3/ha) and direct transplanting (11967 m3/ha).

Currently, farmers cultivate rice by transplanting in padded land irrigated by flooding techniques in Golestan province, which results in high water consumption (about 13,000 m3/ha). By changing the irrigation method from flood irrigation to drip for traditional transplanting cultivation, water consumption decreased by about 39% and as a result water productivity increased by about 22%, albeit a 11% reduction in yield occurred. With the conversion of traditional transplanting seedling by flood irrigation to non-puddled transplanting by drip irrigation, the yield decreased by about 24% and the amount of water by about 45%, and water productivity in this case reached 0.9 kg/m3. This can be considered as the best alternative for conserving both water resources and production. If only reducing water consumption is the main priority (regardless of yield reduction), the best treatments are drip irrigation with direct seeding, non-puddled transplanting and then traditional seedling, respectively. If there is a sprinkler irrigation system in the field, this option is given priority in the direct seeding and non-puddled transplanting. If changing the irrigation system is not considered, the use of intermittent irrigation (as a wet and dry) with non-puddled transplanting, traditional methods and direct seeding are preferred, respectively.

Nowadays, mulch types are used to improve environmental conditions for plant growth in terms of irrigation water and soil quality. Production and cultivation of forage plants in arable lands, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is very important, because it reduces grazing pressure on rangelands. In order to evaluate the effect of mulch types on some plant characteristics of forage maize at different salinity levels of irrigation water, this study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were consisted of four types of mulch, including acrylic resin, acrylic resin containing 3% nanoclay, plastic mulch and no mulch (control), and four salinity levels of 0.5, 2.5, 4, and 7 ds/m. The results showed that the application of mulches improved the plant characteristics of forage maize compared to the control treatment and reduced the severity of the negative effects of irrigation water salinity. The highest dry weight of shoot and total biomass were observed in acrylic resin treatment with nanoclay with salinity of 4ds/m compared to other treatments. Plastic mulch also affected the number of forage corn leaves. According to the results of the present study, it seems that these mulch types can be used to reduce the salinity effects of irrigation water on forage crop cultivation.

Correct assessment of evapotranspiration fluctuations in different meteorological scenarios plays an important role in the optimal management of water resources. Probability analyzes with different probabilities of occurrence can increase flexibility in decision making and increase the reliability of decisions. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important agricultural products in the world. Although rice is cultivated in a wide range of climatic and geographical conditions, it is vulnerable to changes in environmental conditions. Planting management, design of irrigation systems, and suitable irrigation cycle for optimal production are important issues for sustainable production.

The study area includes the northern region of Iran, i.e. the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, which is the main rice-growing area in Iran. Changes in rice evapotranspiration in three different cultivation dates with four different occurrence probabilities of 75, 50, 25 and 10%, was calculated using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation and meteorological data with a statistical period of 30 years (2020- 1990). Also, the average rice crop coefficient at different stages of growth in 10-day periods was estimated based on the Weibull model. These probabilities represent the probable limits of the expected values of evapotranspiration in different scenarios of low, normal, high, and very high evapotranspiration years.

The results showed a relatively constant difference of 1 to 2 mm between different rice cultivation histories in the major rice cultivation areas of Gilan and Mazandaran in normal to very high evapotranspiration years. In the years of low evapotranspiration, the water requirement was significantly different from the normal, high and very high evapotranspiration years, which decreased from east to west. This difference was approximately 30% higher in Golestan province as compared with other areas. In the early planting situation relative to the late planting situation in the major western and central coastal areas, there was a 10% decrease in water consumption. At the scale of the whole growing season in Gorgan, evapotranspiration in different conditions of planting date was on average 20% (1300 cubic meters) more than the main regions of Gilan and Mazandaran. In case of timely planting, the net irrigation requirement in very high evapotranspiration years was about 2000 cubic meters per hectare more than the normal years. In years with high evapotranspiration, late planting increased the net irrigation requirement by more than 210 mm compared to different planting dates in Gorgan. According to the obtained results, the largest difference between evapotranspiration values during normal and very high evapotranspiration years was in the late planting situation. Therefore, it seems that late planting causes a significant increase in water consumption in the high evapotranspiration years. Consequently, it is better to avoid rice cultivation when the rice growing season is anticipated to be warm.

Evapotranspiration, as one of the main components of the hydrological cycle, had a significant role in proper irrigation planning and water resources management. The results underline the importance of estimating the rice evapotranspiration to avoid appreciable yield loss under extreme conditions.

Land subsidence including downward subsidence with a horizontal displacement vector normally occurs in small amounts. In the present study, two pairs of Sentinel-1A descending and ascending images of 2014 and 2015 were used to survey the subsidence rate in Garmsar Plain. After ensuring the high correlation of the images, their interferogram was prepared and following removal of unnecessary phases, the displacement phase was calculated and converted to the vertical component. The InSAR analysis revealed that the Garmsar Plain witnesses an annual subsidence of 36 cm, which is very close to that of Tehran and Varamin plains. High-subsidence areas are generally located in the northern part of Garmsar, decreasing towards the southeast. The temporal and regional relationships of groundwater data and subsidence suggest that the general pattern of the subsidence in the Garmsar Plain is caused by overexploitation of groundwater that has led to widespread surface deformation. Since Garmsar is close to Tehran metropolis and the industrial boom in this city puts enormous pressure on water resources, there is an urgent need to curb extra groundwater extraction and manage water resources more wisely to decrease the speed of this unrepairable phenomenon in the area.

Rice is a global important food and in Asia alone is the source of food for 3.5 billion people. Such demand for rice imposes a plan to find new technology and approaches to replace old production methods. About 75% of global rice production is practiced on low lands. At field scale, rice compared to other plants receive two or three times more water and based on some calculations, about 34-43 percentage of global irrigation water or 24-30 percentage of drinking water consumed by rice plant. In this situation, the most important challenge with regard to rice production, water storage, increased water productivity and rice production is less than water. Recently, rice production systems such as rice alternate irrigation, where less water can be produced, has been considered as rice increasing demand for water in industry and cities have imposed the reduction of water consumption for agriculture. Rice is one of the most sensitive plants against water scarcity as a floodplain plant and has the most need for water in the cereals. Rice has the highest crop area than other irrigated plants.

This experiment was conducted as split-plot, using irrigation as main-plot at five levels (full irrigation, irrigation at ever 5, 8, 10, and 15 days), and planting distance as sub-plot at four levels (20x20, 25x25, 30x15, and 30x20 cm) within format of random complete block design with three replications. The study was performed in two years (2016-17, 2017-18) in national rice research center. Soil samples were taken to determine the soil tissue, soil water holding capacity, and some chemical characters including EC, PH, and amount of Ca, Na, and Mg. Within firs 15 days after transplanting, the rotation irrigation was not employed so the plant be able to establish in the field. The plowing was performed in two times. The first plow in the late autumn and early winter and the second plow were perpendicular to the first plowing in the spring. Fertilization was done based on long term local practice. Transplanting was done in may, 15 and at this time transplants were 20-25 cm height carrying 4-5 leaves. All traits including stem and leaf dry matter, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ration (LAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured and calculated. SAS and SPSS software’s were used for analysis of variance. Excel software was used for drawing slices.

ANOVA results showed that interaction of irrigation and planting distance were significantly (P <= 0.01) affected leaf and stem dry matter, LDW, TDW and CGR Individual effects of each treatment significantly affected the LAI and NAR but did not affect LAR, LWR, RGR, and SLA. As light absorption i a limiting factor in crops production, then where is no other environmental stress, increasing light absorb will increase crop production. In contrast to other crops light capture competitions a major issue for rice. Increasing panting density, vegetative growth and LAI would be lower and as planting density decreases, due to availability more spaces, both vegetative growth ad LAI increased.

 In general, this study results showed that rotation irrigation significantly affected the rice growth indexes, and reduction levels of study traits depends on irrigation timing at growth stage. Planting distances showed that planting at 20x20 cm, provided the most optimum conditions for rice plants under different stress, the worst conditions resulted in 25x25 cm planting distance. At lower planting density, due to lower competition between plants till flowering time but after this stage, competition for photosynthetic materials increased among the seeds which can result in small dead seeds.

Renal transplantation has long been considered the gold standard medical care for patients with end-stage renal disease. Candiduria continue to be a significant complication for renal transplant recipients. The risk of infections depends on the amount of immunosuppression and exposure to the potential pathogens.
Molecular identification of Candida species isolated from renal transplant recipients with candiduria.
Between 2009 and 2014, 62 Candida isolates were collected from 485 renal transplant recipients. All isolates were identified by PCR-RFLP profiles after digestion with the restriction enzyme MspI.
C. albicans (44%) and C. parapsilosis complex (5%) had the most and the least prevalence, respectively. Male to female ratio was 26/36, ranging in age from 19 to 62 years.
Due to the fact that candiduria is connected with increased mortality in renal transplant recipients, precise identification of Candida species by molecular techniques can lead to an appropriate therapy among high risk patients. C. albicans remains the most prevalent species isolated from renal transplant recipients, Nevertheless, the number of non-C. albicans Candida species looks to be emerging.

A second crop in paddy fields has economic advantages resulting from the production of crops (canola, beans, garlic, triticale, soybean, etc.), dry rice bed for mechanized harvesting, strengthening the economy of farmers’ families, increase the incentive for farmers to stay in the village, etc. Due to the inability of the existing surface drainage systems in rapid depletion of water from the root zone, conditions for planting a second crop in paddy fields is not suitable. This can be provided by installing subsurface drainage systems, which, in addition to creating more favorable conditions for planting and harvesting rice, allows cultivation of other crops in the wet season. This research was conducted to determine the appropriate space and depth of subsurface drainage in paddy fields in order to provide favorable conditions for planting a second crop. The experiment was laid out in one and a half hectares of paddy fields at Rice Research Institute of Iran in Guilan province, in 2014. Drainage treatments included: six conventional subsurface drainage systems with rice husk envelope including drainage system with different drain depth and spacing L7.5 D0.8, L10 D0.8, and L15 D0.8, L7.5 D1, L10 D1, and L15 D1, surface drainage, and the control (without drainage). All lines were 40 meters long and made of PVC corrugated pipes with a diameter of 125 mm. Rice husk was used as a covering around the pipe drain. The results showed that subsurface drainage spacing of 15 m had failed to lower the water table depth to an acceptable level and provided the conditions only for the cultivation of shallow-rooted plants such as dill, parsley, and leeks. Also, surface drainage could reduce the excess water in the soil by 22% compared to control. To provide suitable conditions for the cultivation of second crops such as canola and beans, subsurface drainage spacing of 7.5 and 10 m seemed effective. However, to avoid excessive drainages by 7.5 m spacing, subsurface drainage spacing of 10 m was selected as the best space at drainages stage, for a second crop. Furthermore, due to the lack of significant differences in water table depth between treatments L10D1 and L10D0.8,theywere identified as suitable drainage systems at 0.8 m depth.

Intoxications are medical emergencies and among the significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, prevalence of intoxication with opioids and stimulants, such as amphetamines, is increasing particularly among young people. In this study, we investigated demographic factors, duration of hospitalization, costs of hospitalization, and cause of death in patients intoxicated with amphetamines and opioids. This study was a prospective descriptive–analytic study. Sampling method was census, and Subjects were patients intoxicated with amphetamines and opioids, alone or combined, who referred to toxicology ward of Ali-Asghar hospital in Isfahan, from October 2009 to April 2010. During 6 months, among 2325 subjects, 419 patients used opioids, 98 patients used amphetamines, and 25 patients used both of them. The mean age of patients in the three groups was not significantly different. Most patients were male in all groups. The most common route of intoxication was orally in opioid group and inhalation in amphetamine group. The most common cause of intoxication was intentional attempt. Vital signs at admission were normal in three groups, but the average of heart rate, body temperature, respiratory rate and blood pressure, was slightly higher in the amphetamine group than the opioid group. Duration and cost of hospitalization were not significantly different between groups. Four patients were died totally and the outcome was not significantly different between groups. The mean age and duration of hospitalization were significantly higher in died compared to living patients. Opioids and amphetamines accounted for high percentages of intoxication, especially in young single men with self-employed job. Therefore, control and prevention of opioids and amphetamines consumption are important ways to reduce this kind of intoxication in this group.

Puddling is the most common method of land preparation for lowland rice cultivation. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of various intensities of puddling on percolation rate، water retention by soil and the amount of water used for different puddling intensities in three dominant soil textures of paddy fields in Guilan province. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from 3 different soils including silty clay، clay loam and loam، with 3 replications. The soil samples were puddled by a laboratory apparatus with different intensities. The results showed that the low puddling intensity treatment caused a 29. 3، 32. 4 and 36% reduction of percolation rate in silty clay، silty loam and loam textures، respectively. Increasing puddling intensity from low to medium reduced percolation rate significantly، but high intensity was not effective. Soil moisture characteristic curves of all three soils showed that water retention was increased by puddling treatments. Water retention in silty clay was higher than the other two soils. The high intensity treatment needed more water than low intensity for puddling. Increasing puddling intensity from medium intensity to high intensity caused 15. 4، 14. 1 and 16. 3% increase in the amount of water required for puddling in silty clay، silty loam and loam textures، respectively. Generally، in all the three studied soil textures، the amount of water used for high-intensity puddling was more than medium-intensity puddling، while it had no significant effect on water percolation rate and soil water retention.

Land leveling and consolidation of paddy soils is a key approach in precision agriculture for water management improvement, weed control and agricultural mechanization. However, nutrients spatial variability in these fields is affected by land leveling. The objective of this study was to determine land leveling effect on the degree of spatial variability of soil fertitility. Land leveling caused significant spatial variability and spatial distribution of soil fertility properties. Clay content significantly increased, while soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous and available potassium significantly decreased. Alteration of spatial distribution was due to cut off the top soil at higher locations and its deposition on the low areas. The post-leveling evaluation of soil several fertility status with geostatistics demonstrated that leveled field faced with deficiency in one or several nutrients. The traditional fertilizer recommendation for whole field would accelerate non- uniformity in soil fertility status and would not lead to realization of the potential.

Cultivation of a second crop in paddy fields of Guilan province is a strategy for optimum use of land, supporting family economy and increasing oil-seed production. However, this is impeded under high rainfall and waterlogging conditions. To enhance second-crop cultivation in paddy fields, surface drainage is inevitable. The surface drainage practices should be performed with minimum costs, least time span and least variations of the land. In the present research, longitudinal surface drains were constructed with a spacing of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 m (depth of 20 cm), with and without 1-m lateral drains (depth of 10 cm) in Rice Research Institute, Rasht, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Canola (Brassica napa), variety PF, was cultivated as a second crop after rice. The results showed that the effects of drain spacing on seed yield, days to maturity, number of plants per m2, and also the effects of lateral drainage on seed yield, plant height, residual N, days to maturity, and number of plants per m2 are significant (P<0.01). Highest yield (2493 kg/ha) was obtained from longitudinal drains 4 m apart, with lateral drainage drain spacing of 6 and 2 m had acceptable yields, too (2241 and 1817 kg/ha, respectively). For treatments without lateral drainage, 2-m drain spacing had the highest yield (1324 kg/ha). Considering all the expenses for drainage construction, it was found that net benefit of longitudinal drain spacing of 4 and 6 m was twice the costs. Since the rainfall in Nov., Dec., and Jan., 2000, was higher than the 20-year average rainfall of the same months, it was concluded that the results of this experiment may be recommended in the years with a rainfall less than the year 2000.