فهرست مطالب m. y. naseri

The crime of collusion has been less analyzed and criticized in criminal law and research literature. This crime, which results from an agreement between two or more people to commit a crime, is often committed in secret, which makes it very difficult to prove it. Articles 60 and 60 of the Penal Code have been drafted in relation to this crime. Collusion for committing a crime has always been a topic of discussion due to the similarity of its material and spiritual elements with other crimes and criminal confrontation with criminal intent; Because according to the general principles of criminal law, criminal thinking is not punishable. However, collusion, meaning the agreement of two or more persons to commit a crime, has been criminalized in Iranian law in some cases. The common ground of collusion criminology is also based on the premise that the joint effort of several individuals to carry out a harmful intent creates such a new and additional force for the commission of a crime that it will lead to the commission of another crime or crimes. What has been studied in this research is that in addition to analyze the philosophical and jurisprudential principles of collusion criminalization, it evaluates and critiques the constituent elements of this crime.The result shows that many legal materials related to the crime of collusion are ambiguous; Including the fact that sometimes the heavy punishment of the enemy is considered for the colluders, which is disproportionate. The proposal is that the legislature, before taking any action, should clarify the ambiguities of the legal provisions relating to the crime of collusion and determine the appropriate punishment for it.

In recent years, with the expansion of the Internet in the country, public access to cyberspace has greatly expanded to cover all cities and many villages in the country; But cyberspace, due to its breadth and availability, the ignorance of the perpetrator of the crime, its high speed, the existence of unfamiliar victim syndicates and the lack of adequate supervision in this regard, has provided the ground for committing many crimes. This study examines the crimes of "threat" and "insult" in cyberspace and analyzes Iran's criminal policy on these crimes. The results of the investigation, after reviewing the laws, regulations and judicial procedure, show that the existing enforcement guarantees do not have sufficient deterrent capability and do not have the capacity to cover the relevant crimes; As a result, given the growing prevalence of cybercrime and the need for coordinated action by criminal lawmakers in this regard, we need to develop existing laws and new criminalization. The main focus of this article will be the analysis and critique of Iran's criminal policy against the crimes of "insult" and "threat" in cyberspace.

In order to study the effects of climate and geomorphology on the development of soils and their physico-chemical peroperties, two transects on the loess parent material were selected in two regions of Golestan Province. The regions were: Huttan (Maraveh Tappeh area) and Gorgan with aridic-thermic and xeric-thermic soil moisture and temperature regimes, respectively. Four pedons in Hutan and five in Gorgan were studied. Results revealed that in Hutan area, Aridisols formed on summit and toeslope positions while on the shoulder and footslopes, Entisols were dominant. In contrast, in Gorgan region, Inceptisols were the major members of the summit, shoulder and footslope and Mollisols were dominant on the toeslopes. There were significant differences in soil physico-chemical properties such as texture, CaCO3 content and its leaching depth, organic matter, saturation percentage, acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and soil solution cations and anions in the two studied regions. There was higher clay in Gorgan area. In Huttan however more silt were observed. Carbonate was leached from the surface horizons and accumulated in the depth of soils of Gorgan area. Considering the organic matter and CEC, soils of Gorgan had more favorable conditions. Depth of leaching of calcium carbonate, its dissolution-precipitation processes, and the accumulation of organic matter were among the most important soil forming processes occurred in Gorgan area.