فهرست مطالب m.esmaeili

Spread of infectious disease forces the nations to cope with the eects of disease using dierent protocols. Vaccination is an eective tool to immunize the individuals against the epidemic. In the case of limited resources of vaccine doses, there should be an appropriate plan to allocate the vaccine properly. During the Covid-19 epidemic, the vaccination was based on age groups while the other protocols like the lockdown policy was implemented which resulted in shop closures. It should be considered that implementing lockdown policies and consequently shop closing result in dierent economic and psychological impacts. Therefore, a new strategy should be designed to cope with such impacts in the similar cases. In this paper, we propose a new strategy, i.e. parallel vaccination, to minimize the social cost of infected individuals as well as economic impact of lockdown policy using SEIR epidemic model. To do so, we consider retailers and shopkeepers as a priority group in addition to the age group. We develop a bi-objective mathematical model to minimize the social cost of infected individuals and economic impact of implementing the lockdown policy. Also, dierential equations of SEIR epidemic model are considered as the constraints of the model to re ect on the dynamicity of the infectious disease. Finally, we determine the required doses of vaccine that should be allocated to each priority group in order to control the epidemic using optimal control theory. An illustrative example inspired by a real case is presented to evaluate the model's performance, and its numerical result is discussed. The results show that applying the new strategy for vaccine allocation leads to reduction in the social cost of infected people and economic impact of lockdown policy simultaneously. Therefore, the policymakers should consider such strategies to control the outbreak of epidemic diseases as well as their side eects like economic and psychological eects.

The purpose of this study was to predict Iranian sports brands on the horizon of 2031 with an emphasis on organizational and corporate brands. This study was mixed research (a combination of qualitative and quantitative) with a concurrent design. In the qualitative part, the research strategy was environmental scanning and in the quantitative part, future research was the method of interaction analysis. The statistical population of this study was experts and reviewing resources that were purposefully selected. Based on theoretical saturation, 25 sports brand experts including university professors, manufacturers, and brand activists were interviewed. In parallel, 11 documents as secondary sources related to sports brands with prospective content were used. Data collection tools were semistructured interviews and checklists in the qualitative section and questionnaires in the quantitative section. For data analysis in the resource review section, the systematic method, in the interview analysis section, the coding method, and in the future research section, the structural analysis method with the help of MICMAC software were used. The findings showed that the future of Iranian sports brands on the horizon of 2031 is affected by 26 factors, but 5 factors of joint branding, market competition, brand investment, electronic brands, and digital technology are the drivers that shape the future of sports brands.

The optimal food basket is a scientific and powerful tool for developing food and nutrition policies, executive planning and assessment of programs to ensure food security and maintain the nutritional health of the community. This cross-sectional study was carried out with the aim of a) revising the optimal food basket of Iranians-2013 based on the principles of sustainable food and nutrition systems as a guide for policy making in the field of food and nutrition; and b) compiling a thrifty optimal food basket of Iran-2023 as a necessary tool in welfare and social support studies and planning.

After collecting opinions of experts and stakeholders from various fields, data of the reports on the comprehensive study of the food consumption patterns and the nutritional status of the Iranian households and individuals, 2017–2018, and information of the statistics center (quantity of consumption of food groups by people, quantitative share of food items, average and price range of food groups, necessary quantities of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients) as well as the Iranian food composition table were used as inputs of the model. Energy, protein and nutrients were defined for age and sex groups based on the latest WHO/FAO references as 100% of the energy needs in the optimal food basket, at least 95% of the energy requirements and 80% of the key nutrients (vitamin B2, vitamin A, Fe and Ca) for the thrifty food basket were covered. Considerations of national and international dietary guidelines promoting health and preventing diseases included fats, 15–30%; carbohydrates, 55–75%; proteins, 10–15%; saturated fatty acid, less than 10%; simple sugars, less than 10% energy; and total vegetables and fruits, more than 400 g. Solver was used as a Microsoft Excel add-in program to optimize the optimal and thrifty food basket values. To apply sustainability considerations, two environmental indicators of water and carbon footprint were calculated for the baskets.

The recommended per capita quantities of food in grams per day for the optimum food basket of Iran-1402 included bread, 290; rice, 70; pasta, 25; legumes and nuts, 30; potatoes, 70; vegetables and fruits, 200; red meat, 30; white meat (chicken and fish), 60; eggs, 40; dairies, 300; vegetable oils, 35; and sugar, 30. In the key micronutrients, riboflavin and vitamin A were provided more than the necessary quantity and iron and calcium in a range of 80–85% of the requirement. The optimal food basket designed-2023 included 5% less water footprint and 2% less carbon footprint than that the optimal food basket did for 2013. Mild increases in the environmental sustainability of the optimal food basket-2023 was majorly due to decreases in the share of meats, fruits and rice and increases in the share of legumes, compared to the food basket-2013. Increasing the quantity of dairy products is one of the reasons that weaken the environmental sustainability of the novel optimal food basket.

Availability of sufficient appropriate nutrition is a human right and a prerequisite for comprehensive sustainable development. Optimum and thrifty food baskets include a big step towards a healthier and more prosperous future for everyone. It is necessary to design and implement food and nutrition policies at macro-levels and continuously assessment and monitoring of their effects on the households and individuals.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered one of the most important food sources of the people of the world, so that about 18 percent of the calories and 19 percent of the protein needed by humans are supplied from this grain. The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum is one of the most important pests of wheat in many parts of the world, including Iran, which causes a significant damage to this crop annually. Pest pre-infestation and measuring demographic parameters is one of the most common methods to find out induced resistance in host plants. Due to the environmental and health consequences of excessive spraying of pesticides in wheat fields, use of "induced resistance" as a biorational method, has received a lot of attention in wheat integrated pest management in recent years. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the induced responses of three wheat varieties to S. graminum and also to find the most suitable pre-infestation period to activate this reaction in host varieties.

The seeds of three wheat varieties (Kohdasht, Morvarid and Aseman) were planted in growth chamber conditions (temperature of 25±2 Cº, relative humidity of 60±5% and a photoperiod of 14:10 L: D). After the plants reached the two-leaf stage, 5 one-day old female apterus aphids were placed on them and they were allowed to feed for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (the pre-infestation duration was considered as experimental treatment). After the desired pre-infestation duration, aphids were removed from the wheat plants and the plants were kept free of aphids for 48 hours. Then, the age-specific two-sex life table of aphid was made separately on the wheat plants corresponding to each variety and pre-infestation duration. 30 one-day-old first instar nymphs were used as a cohort and biological and demographic parameters of aphid were measured and compared using the paired bootstrap test.

Aseman variety had higher resistance to S. graminum compared to Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties, based on the values of demographic parameters. Due to aphid’s longer nymphal developmental time and mean generation time (T), shorter longevity and lower fecundity on Aseman variety, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) on this variety (0.245 1/day) was significantly lower than Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties (0.348 and 0.358 1/day, respectively). In all varieties, pre-infestation to aphid reduced the values of biological and demographic parameters, but the effective pre-infestation duration was different according to the variety and studied parameter. With increasing pre-infestation duration from 0 to 8 days, the nymphal developmental time increased, while fecundity and the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) decreased significantly. In Aseman, Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties, the rm decreased from 0.245 to 0.187, from 0.348 to 0.275 and from 0.385 to 0.335 1/day, respectively, while pre-infestation duration increased from 0 to 8 days. In Aseman variety, which was relatively more resistant to S. graminum, the nymphal developmental time and the intrinsic rate increase (rm) changed significantly after a 2-days pre-infestation period, while aphid’s fecundity changed significantly after a 6-days pre-infestation duration. In Morvarid variety, nymphal developmental time, female fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase changed significantly after 6, 4 and 2-days pre-infestation durations, respectively. In all three varieties, intrinsic rate of increase (rm), as the most important demographic parameter, was changed significantly after a 2-days pre-infestation time.

The demographic response of S. graminum on the studied varieties was different and Aseman variety had higher relative resistance to wheat green aphid. In all three varieties, the pre-infestation of wheat plants with aphids led to induced resistance in them and reduced the biological and demographic potential of green aphid. Because of showing the appropriate induction reaction to S. graminum, planting Kohdasht (is recommended as a resistant variety to pathogenic fungi and suitable for cultivation in dry and semi-arid drylands) and Morvarid (a variety resistant to pathogenic fungi for planting in humid and plain areas) varieties can help to reduce the population of this aphid and increase wheat production in these areas. The results of this research can be useful in identifying resistance sources and mechanisms and implementation of integrated management of aphid in wheat fields of Iran.

The beech tree has the ability to produce shoots and form a coppice stands under specific natural climatic and environmental conditions or under unusual circumstances caused by human interference. The current research aims to compare the structural characteristics of coppice and standard stands of beech in the Hyrcanian forests in the Chetan area in Nowshahr. The diameter at breast height of all trees was measured using the full calipering method to determine the stocking volume. Half-hectare sample plots were established using the distance-azimuth method to study the spatial structure. The standing and log stocking volumes were also determined. According to the results, the number of live and dead trees in the coppice stand was 174 and 9.7 per hectare, respectively, and their volume was 146.2 and 3.6 m³/ha, respectively. In the standard stand, the number of live and dead beech individuals was 145 and 11 per hectare, respectively, while their volume was 147.5 and 12.1 m³/ha, respectively. About 55% of the standing dead trees in the coppice stand and 35% of the standing dead trees and 42% of the fallen dead trees in the standard stand were primarily in the first decay degree. The highest number of individuals in a beech coppice group included four, which is 17%. Groups of five individuals and two individuals also accounted for 16.9% and 16.5%, respectively. Spatial structure indices of beech coppice, including the Pielou segregation, Clark and Evans, Mingling, DBH differentiation, DBH dominance, and uniform angle, indicate species continuity, clustering, severe dominance of beech species, moderate differences, small size dominance, and clump distribution, respectively. Traditional uses of forests have influenced the structural characteristics of beech stands. Therefore, it is suggested that these and other similar stands be protected as a forest reserve to ensure the development of these habitats towards a more favorable state and the stability of the landscape in these areas.

This research has been conducted to investigate the effects of eight weeks of sports exercises in water on sleep disturbance and alexithymia in inactive veterans.
Materials &

This semi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test control group design was conducted in the Spring of 2023. The research statistical population consisted of all non-athlete veterans, over 25% of anatomy being disabled (inactive) in Ilam city, Iran, among whom 28 individuals were selected by available and voluntary sampling and were divided randomly into two groups; experimental and control. Standard sleep quality questionnaires of Pittsburgh (1989) and Toronto Alexithymia (1994) were used to collect data. For analyzing the data, univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance was employed in SPSS 24 software.

Before the exercise intervention, there were no significant differences in sleep disturbance and alexithymia between the experimental and control groups, and the two groups were homogeneous. However, after the exercise intervention, improvements in sleep disturbance and alexithymia were observed in the experimental group compared to the control group (p≤0.05).

Sports exercises in water have a negative impact on sleep disturbance and alexithymia in the veteran population.

Suppliers as one of the main sources of vulnerability may lead to disruption and risk in supply chains. Thus, resilient supplier selection can lead to an increase in the resilience of the supply process, especially in automotive supply chains. The goal of this study is to select a set of resilient suppliers and optimal demand allocation in an automotive supply chain under risk. For this purpose, a bi-objective two-stage stochastic programming model is presented. In contrast to previous mathematical models, our model includes a new objective function to consider the supplier’s delivery performance as one of the criteria of resilient supplier selection and also the k-means clustering method is used to cluster and decrease the number of disruption scenarios. In the proposed model, due to the uncertainty of demand, chance-constrained programming approach has been utilized. The augmented Ɛ-constraint method is implemented to solve the presented model. Finally, sensitivity analysis has been done to determine the effect of parameter changes on the final results. The results of the research indicate that contingency planning can reduce the effect of disruption risks. The findings also show that the strategy of the supply chain regionalization is important in reducing the effects of environmental disruption.

Chromite is one of the most used strategic metals. Among different types of Chromite deposits, Padiform Chromite is more considerable economically. On other hand, decision-making for mineral exploration investigation requires accurate estimation of the quality and quantity of new deposits. For estimation of the quality and quantity of deposits, quantitative mineral resource assessments are required. Quantitative mineral resource assessment is based on descriptive, density, and average grade-tonnage models. In this research, a three-part assessment method has been used to estimate podiform chromite deposits in Naeen’s Ophiolites. The three-Part assessment method is based on an inverse relationship between the permissive area for a specific deposit type and the number of deposits. Evaluation by the three-part assessment method shows that the understudy region is high potential. Results show a 50% chance of at least 19 deposits with at least 69400 metric tons of chromite & 10% chance of at least 40 deposits with at least 46700 tons of chromite existing in the understudy region. Geochemical anomalies have been used for validation. These anolmalies have been separated based on the concentration-area (C-A) and singularity index methods. At least three geochemical anomalies in the east margin of Naeen ophiolite were identified.

Background & Objectives Obesity can create physical and mental disabilities in social interactions and communication skills. One of the factors affecting obesity is body image, i.e., mental representation of body size, shape and form. Body image comprises cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. Also, obesity may cause anxiety. Overeating is another psychological factor that can affect obese women. Cognitive–behavioral therapy is one of the treatment techniques that may positively affect the psychological status of obese women. Group cognitive–behavioral therapy is a type of psychotherapy that combines cognitive and learning theories with therapeutic techniques derived from cognitive therapy and group behavioral therapy. Another helpful therapy is mindfulness–based reduction stress therapy. It is one of the psychological approaches that may be effective in reducing psychological disorders in obese women. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two stress reductive approaches on improvinNowadays, due to environmental issues, government laws and economic interests, attention to product collection and reproduction has increased. In this thesis, a two-level closed loop supply chain is considered, which includes a manufacturer and a retailer, and the demand is met through manufactured and remanufactured products. The quality of second-hand products that are remanufactured is not as same as the quality of new products, it is random and follows the distribution. Also, the rate of return of goods is considered random and follows a uniform distribution. The manufacturer determines the wholesale price of the remanufactured and manufactured products in order to maximize their profit, and the retailer determines the retail price of the manufactured and remanufactured products and the length of the cycle in order to maximize the profit. The interaction between the retailer and the manufacturer has been modeled by using the game theory approach in the static and Stackelberg (either the leader manufacturer or the leader retailer) games. According to studies, the profit of the supply chain (the manufacturer and the retailer) in Stackelberg game is more than static game.

Today, the application of game theory has been proven in many sciences. However, for many years, many sciences such as economics, sociology, and politics have been progressing in a less than favorable way; because according to the personal and social situation of the players, different results can be obtained from the same game. Meanwhile, knowing the behavior of each player and its mathematical inference requires prerequisites, which include knowing the beliefs and culture of the society in which he lives. Meanwhile, the value of the literary treasure of that society cannot be ignored. Therefore, the authors of this article decided to open the way by examining three anecdotes of Saadi’s Golestan in the form of a game.

Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) (Mastrevirus, Geminiviridae) has a wide natural host range. Despite of possessing the potential loss, until now the virus has not been studied in eastern and southern Iran. In this research, natural leguminous hosts of CpCDV in Kerman, Razavi Khorasan and Fars provinces were studied and the full-length genome of a chickpea isolate from Rabor (Kerman province) was characterized. Samples were collected from leguminous plants in different regions of the three aforementioned provinces and the CpCDV infection was tested in PCR. Results showed that leguminous plants including pulse, vegetables, foliage and wild species have been infected with the virus. The full-length genome of the Rabor isolate of CpCDV was sequenced and the resulted sequence was compared with the sequences of similar isolates available in the GenBank. Furthermore, the infectious clone of CpCDV was constructed and agroinoculated into some plants. Thus, the pathogenesis of the virus was demonstrated. Collectively, the results of this study indicated that CpCDV has a wide natural host range in the family Fabaceae. Fenugreek, common sainfoin, alfalfa and sophora are reported as the new hosts of the virus in Iran.

The Influence Maximization Problem in social networks aims to find a minimal set of individuals to produce the highest influence on other individuals in the network. In the last two decades, a lot of algorithms have been proposed to solve the time efficiency and effectiveness challenges of this NP-Hard problem. Undoubtedly, the CELF algorithm (besides the naive greedy algorithm) has the highest effectiveness among them. Of course, the CELF algorithm is faster than the naive greedy algorithm (about 700 times). This superiority has led many researchers to make extensive use of the CELF algorithm in their innovative approaches. However, the main drawback of the CELF algorithm is the very long running time of its first iteration. Because it has to estimate the influence spread for all nodes by expensive Monte-Carlo simulations, similar to the naive greedy algorithm. In this paper, a heuristic approach is proposed, namely Optimized-CELF algorithm, to improve this drawback of the CELF algorithm by avoiding unnecessary Monte-Carlo simulations. It is found that the proposed algorithm reduces the CELF running time, and subsequently improves the time efficiency of other algorithms that employed the CELF as a base algorithm. Experimental results on the wide spectral of real datasets showed that the Optimized-CELF algorithm provided better running time gain, about 88-99% and 56-98% for k=1 and k=50, respectively, compared to the CELF algorithm without missing effectiveness.

The increasing trend of pollutant gases emission into the atmosphere, particularly greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and their role in global warming, has led to numerous investigations to separate these gases. For this purpose, the hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) technology, possessing advantages over traditional separation processes, has drawn a great deal of attention. Some of these advantages include consumption of less energy, low footprint, providing high contact area for mass transfer, and easier scale up. Therefore, compared to traditional separation methods, such as chemical absorption in packed columns, adsorption, and cryogenic distillation, HFMC might be considered as a proper alternative for separation of pollutant gases, more specifically CO2, which is the most important greenhouse gas. In this paper, technical characteristics and effective parameters on separation performance of HFMC along with a number of studies conducted by foreign and internal researchers have been investigated and some active companies involving in this field have been also introduced.

The international drug classification systems are very helpful tools in the managing process of drugs and drug related information. This narrative review study aims to survey and compare the characteristics and applications of these systems.

In order to identify the international drug classification systems, a search was done in 2019 and in various sources, including PubMed and Scopus databases, as well as Google Scholar search engine, drug databases, specialized websites and electronic files containing information about the system. The search strategy consists of the keywords Drug, Classification system, Coding system and International along with their synonyms. Systems were entered into the study for which information was available. These systems were examined and compared in terms of release date, classification domain, developer organization, basic framework, system structure, code structure and updating period. The main applications of these systems were also extracted.

The search resulted in 10 international drug classification systems, ATC/DDD, ATCvet, HerbalATC, AT-EphMRA, NFC, AHFS, PCNE, UNSPSC, ICPM and ICD-10. Forty percent of systems, classify certain groups of medicines or specific drug information such as herbal medicines, veterinary medicines, medication forms, and drug related problems. All of these systems have been developed by authoritative international organizations and have hierarchical structure. The most significant applications of these systems are to identify drug products, monitor and compare medication usage and study drug related problems.

The international drug classification systems have been developed to classify different drug groups and their information. However, none of them comprehensively cover all the drug information. Therefore, the development of a comprehensive international drug classification system can be a good way to use these systems more effectively in drug management.

Ensuring patient safety is the first vital step in improving the quality of healthcare services. Patient safety is defined as an event that prevents unwanted injuries to a patient due to functional and unintentional actions. Safety standards are a set of requirements that are critical to implementing patient safety programs at hospitals. These standards provide an operational framework to help the hospitals fully match with the dimensions of patient safety in order to provide quality and patient-centered services. Therefore, 100% compliance with the required standards of patient safety-friendly hospital should be the priority of every hospital. The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the emerging infectious diseases that has affected the whole world in recent months. As its outbreak is an unexpected event or sequence of events of enormous scale and overwhelming speed, it has led to a high degree of uncertainty and has posed a variety of challenges to healthcare systems. Therefore, the realization of this important issue is felt more than ever in the structures and processes of each hospital of the healthcare system, in order to successfully control and efficiently manage this disease and preserve national assets. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the compliance of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Tehran with the patient safety-friendly hospital standards with respect to COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from September- December 2020 in Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex of Tehran during COVID-19 pandemic. 266 nurses with inclusion criteria were selected via stratified random sampling. For this purpose, the required list of 1,200 nurses was received from the nursing office of the complex. 866 nurses from 50 different wards were selected from the list based on the inclusion criteria. Then, the nurses who were in the same wards were placed in one stratum, so that the existing 50 wards including emergency department, operating room, ICU, CCU, NICU, dialysis, internal ward, surgical ward, infectious disease wards, oncology, pediatric ward, VIP and diagnostic wards were finally placed in 13 strata. Therefore, 292 samples were selected based on the quota of nurses from 13 existing strata via simple random sampling to provide a specified sample size of 266 nurses with an additional 10% to manage their attrition. Online sampling was performed by sending the link of the questionnaires through the virtual network of the study. The questionnaires included nurseschr('39') demographic information and patient safety-friendly hospital standards (Parvizi et al), including 27 items and five dimensions. The minimum score was 27 and the maximum score was 135. A higher score from the point of view of the research unit meant that the hospital was more in line with the standards of a patient safety-friendly hospital. Item 21 was scored in reverse. Scores 108-135 showed high compliance, scores 80-107 indicated moderate compliance, and scores 27-79 indicated the poor compliance of the hospital with the standards of patient safety friendly hospital. The internal consistency of the instrument was determined to be 0.934 using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. After introducing the researcher and explaining the research objectives to the research units, data were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including absolute and relative frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation in SPSS software version 16.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of nurses was 38.6 ± 7.94 years and most of them (90.2%) were female. The mean and standard deviation of the total length of service as a nurse and the length of service in the current ward was 13.87 ± 7.41 and 6.87 ± 5.80 years, respectively. ICU nurses had the highest frequency, 25.6%, compared to other hospital wards, and also rotating shifts with 42.4% had the highest frequency. The level of compliance with the standards of patient safety friendly hospitals was 97.35 ± 16.59 from the perspective of most nurses (61.7%) (80-107), and 3.58 ± 0.62 based on a Likert scale, which indicates moderate compliance. Continuing education dimension with the average compliance equal to 3.87 ± 0.69 had the highest mean and governance and leadership with the average compliance equal to 3.41 ± 0.71 had the lowest mean scores. Mean scores of dimensions of a safe environment, participation, and interaction with patients and the community, safe clinical services were 3.45 ± 0.67, 3.44 ± 0.85, and 3.71 ± 0.7, respectively.

Based on the findings of the present study, the level of compliance with the standards of a patient safety-friendly hospital was moderate in the Imam Khomeini Hospital complex during the coronavirus pandemic. The highest and lowest levels of compliance were related to the dimension of continuing education and the dimension of governance and leadership included in the standards of patient safety-friendly hospital. To improve the current situation, purposeful and evidence-based management of organizational resources, attention to "barriers to achievement" dimensions of patient safety, institutionalizing patient safety culture and promoting safety, attention and focus on patient safety indicators, continuous and effective training of educational staff needs are needed to improve the safety of beneficiaries, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Relying on the results of the present study, managers can take appropriate corrective measures to achieve 100% compliance with patient safety-friendly hospital standards and national accreditation standards, and achieve patient safety goals and provide quality and patient-centered services in the healthcare system. The results of the present study can provide a basis for examining the patient safety status and monitoring it in future researches. It is recommended that future researchers, in order to ensure patient safety and monitor the quality of healthcare and patient-centered services, analyze non-compliance in mandatory, basic, and advanced standards of patient safety-friendly hospitals using PSFHI checklist of the World Health Organization through the process of observation, interview, and review of documents in the Imam Khomeini Hospital complex.

High intakes of saturated and trans fatty acids can increase risks of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Therefore, removal of partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils containing trans fatty acids has been suggested as one of the most effective health interventions. The aim of the current study was to investigate the policy effects of decreasing trans fatty acids in partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils as well as increasing intakes of unsaturated fatty acids through the introduction of novel products into the market and assessing the averages intake of saturated and trans fatty acids by households of capital cities in West Azerbaijan, Fars, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Semnan and South Khorasan Provinces.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on households in capitals of six provinces. Data were collected from the begging of May to the end of July 2014 using telephone interviews. Information on the types of fats and oils used for cooking as well as the purchase pattern and their quantities were collected using questionnaires. Fatty acid profiles of the consumed fats and oils were investigated as well.

The commonly consumed oils in the provinces included partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils, blended oils and frying oils. These oils included more than 70% of the total oil intakes. Furthermore, the average intakes of oils and fats per capita in the provinces were ordinarily West Azerbaijan, Khuzestan, Lorestan, South Khorasan and Fars. Intakes of trans fatty acids ranged from 0.32 in Fars to 0.67 g/person/day in West Azerbaijan. Results of this study showed that quantity of the trans fatty acids in partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils  has decreased by 95%, compared to that in previous decade. Moreover, consumption of partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils by households has decreased by 45%, compared to that in the last decade.

Effective policies, reformulations of oils and decreasing of trans fatty acids in partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils have included positive and effective changes, which have led to improve quality of fats and oils consumed by the households.

This paper investigates a competitive location problem with reliability. The reliability is the probability of out of service facilities for customers who cannot be served because of natural causes or human reasons. In this case, for each customer, there are several levels of allocations. If a facility fails to serve a customer, the customer will be served by the facility at the next allocation level. The two firms determine their optimal location, respectively. The problem is modeled based on a Stackelberg game, in which the leader's and follower's facility locations are determined respectively. The follower chooses the location of his choice according to the leader choice. The object of each competitor is maximizing the profit. Demographic parameters are considered as effective factors in choosing the location for leaders and followers, which means that the candidate location with more positive demographic factors is a better choice for facility establishment. The behavior of customers in choosing any of the facilities is affected by the quality and distance parameters which are considered in the model. According to gravity huff model, when the distance between costumers and candidate location is shorter and the quality factor is higher, the candidate location is a better choice for establishment. To solve the small part of the problem, the full space searching method is used, in which all possible points in space of answer are investigated. The answers are compared and Pareto optimal solutions are obtained which are shown in figures. As the problem is NP-hard, NSGA-II meta-heuristics algorithm is used to solve the medium and large size of the problem. Representation of answer and crossover and mutation operator for algorithms also specified for the problem. Ultimately, the numerical problems are randomly generated and Pareto optimal solutions are identified for each problem which is shown in figures. The answers obtained from both methods for small size problem are also compared.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of meaning of life and theism in the relationship between a person's attachment style and premature mourning in people with M. It was done. The present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all members of the Shiraz MS Association in 1400. Among the statistical population by available sampling method, 205 patients. Were selected and studied. Data were collected using the Meaning in Life Stigger et al. 2006 (MLQ) questionnaire, Premature mourning, Beck and McDonald (2004), Hazen and Shaver attachment styles 1985 (AAQ). After collecting and extracting data, participants' scores were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the meaning of life, attachment to God and safe attachment style with premature mourning (0.01) and a positive correlation between avoidant attachment style and ambivalent attachment style with premature mourning (0.05).The results of the indirect effects of mediating variables also showed that the meaning of life and attachment to God play a significant mediating role in the relationship between a person's attachment style and premature mourning in people with MS. They play.

Lifestyle and its various components have multiple effects on human health and disease. These include dietary intakes and nutritional patterns, which can greatly prevent non-communicable diseases by adhering to dietary recommendations and guidelines. One of the most important and practical studies, showing relationships between the diets and diseases and the level of health in each country, is the cohort design of the study that can show the trend of changes in incidence and exposure over time. Design of the Iranian teacherschr('39') cohort, which specifically investigates relationships between the food intake, nutritional status and physical activity and the incidence of non-communicable diseases, began in 2001. To design the study and compile the questionnaire, advices of Dr. Walter Wilt from Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, USA, were used. This study was carried out in collaboration with the Office of Community Nutrition Improvement, the Office of Health and Wellness of the Ministry of Education and the Center for Research on Social Determinants of Health, Iran. The choice of teachers was due to their ability to understand and answer questions. The self-administered questionnaire was developed based on the data from the Institutechr('39')s 2000–2002 national food consumption survey as well as statistical methods to investigate food items and their portion sizes. In a pilot study on 1000 teachers in Tehran, the feasibility of the study was verified. In general, follow up of outcomes in teachers includes fewer barriers due to their use of national insurance services.

 The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on the psychological hardiness of students referring to the Student Counseling Center of Shahreza University in 2016-2017.

The present study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with the control group. In this study, 34 subjects were selected by simple random sampling and were divided into two groups of control and experiment. The experimental group received an 8-session course of metacognitive therapy, and both groups answered a pre-test and post-test Kobasa’s Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire, followed by 4 weeks of follow-up.

There is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up in the psychological hardiness variable (p= 0.001).

Metacognitive therapy helps to improve and enhance psychological hardiness in students and is a good way to increase the level of this positive trait.

The consequences of misconduct in societies are not well understood and vary depending on the social and cultural context of each country. Identifying the consequences of abuse from the point of view of elderly people who are abused can help the community in particular. This study is part of an extensive qualitative study aimed at explaining the consequences of abuse in the elderly.

This study is a qualitative study in which the conventional content analysis approach is used to collect and analyze data to explain the consequences of elder abuse. In this study, 20 elderly people living in the community were selected by purposeful sampling. The method of gathering information was conducted using in-depth semi-structured interviews in person and face to face. MAXQDA Version 10 software was used in this study to help with data management.

The results of the data analysis led to the identification of two categories of corruption and the threatened object that the corruption category had under the categories of kicked pride, exhaustion and distress.

Maltreatment of the elderly has different physical and psychological consequences, which may have psychological implications, as they may also have physical consequences. Recognition and awareness of the consequences can point to the devastating impact of abuse on the elderly and highlight efforts to preserve the dignity and self-esteem of the elderly.

In this paper, the production and release of vitamin B12 on the hydrogel carrier of hydroxyethyl methacrylate polymer were simulated by using COMSOL software. Three parameters were investigated in the simulation: system boundary velocity, initial concentration of drug loaded on carrier, and thickness of the hydrogel membrane. The provided results of the simulation revealed that in order to control optimal drug release from carrier into body, the thickness of the hydrogel carrier should be increased; In addition, the concentration of drug on the carrier increased more than the desired amount of over a period of time; Also the boundary layer’s velocity of the system is proportional to the velocity of water infusion into the hydrogel. The optimal simulation outcomes were obtained by initial concentration of 1000 mole/m3 for vitamin B12, thickness of 0.0004 mm for hydrogel membrane, and constant velocity of 2×10-11 m/s. In this study, the time required to reach equilibrium concentration for the constant boundary of system is 120000 s, while this figure for a moving boundary with the constant velocity of 2×10-11 m/s is 210000 s, and also for a moving boundary with variable velocity which is depended on time is 210000 s.

Peace psychology is defined as a field which is in search of developing theories and operations whose goals are prevention and reduction of direct and structured violence. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of intrapersonal and interpersonal peace-based intervention on emotional and psychological well-being of male aggressive adolescents.

This quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with the control group was conducted on 26 male aggressive adolescents selected via the randomized cluster sampling method in a male high school of Isfahan city in 2016. The students who got higher scores in Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), were randomly assigned into control (N=13) and experimental (N=13) groups. Then the Keyes Mental Health Continuum-Long form (MHC-LF) was implemented as a pre-test on both groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of intra and interpersonal peace-based intervention, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Then post-test was performed on both groups. After gathering the data, it was analyzed by SPSS 24 software using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

By controlling the effect of pretest, after intervention, the mean scores of psychological well-being and emotional well-being in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001).

Intra and interpersonal peace-based intervention can improves psychological and emotional well-being of the male aggressive adolescents.