فهرست مطالب mahdi javaheri

United States Intelligence Community,Structures and functions based on the latest changes in 2022AbstractThe role of intelligence in governance is one of the main topics in intelligence-security studies and political science. This article focuses on the intelligence community of the United States of America and aims to present the role, structure and latest changes of this collection by 2022 (January). Given the role of the United States as a global arrogance, which has always considered itself a single power in acting in world affairs and is constantly seeking to interfere in the affairs of countries and various types of terrorist groups with different names and in order to carry out conflicts. Proxy clashes have created and supported them all over the world. The need to monitor the intelligence-security structure of this country in terms of goals and graphic strategies as an intelligence adversary is of considerable importance. Using the documentary-library method as well as monitoring the official websites of members of the US intelligence community, seeks to explain the US intelligence community and provide changes and how to manage this collection over a period of time. Keywords: Intelligence community, Intelligence -Security Structure, Intelligence Competitor, Intelligence Studies, Drawing Strategies, Action

Targeted combat against drugs and organized drug crimes within the country's internal sphere and the domestic security environment requires the identification of a pattern in this area. This identification will not only enhance domestic security in the law enforcement domain but also facilitate appropriate policymaking and implementation. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and employed thematic analysis. The participants consisted of twelve experts from operational, law enforcement, and academic fields (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, National Police Command, professors from National Defense University with years of experience in policy-making and law enforcement). They were selected through snowball sampling. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis. The dimensions influencing domestic security in the field of organized drug crimes are presented in three dimensions: 1) Interagency collaborations in the establishment of domestic security, 2) Interaction and cooperation in law enforcement mission areas, and 3) Exchange of information regarding criminal activities of drug trafficking gangs and organized drug crimes, along with seven identified components. The final results of this research led to the identification and enumeration of factors that affect domestic security, with an emphasis on law enforcement in combating organized drug crimes. Attention to these aspects is effective in formulating counteractive laws and fostering effective cooperation in the realm of law enforcement against organized drug crimes

Today, dealing with the issue of order and security in various fields and territories is considered one of the most controversial political and strategic issues. The factors, ideals and elements involved in order and security are also of special importance. Due to the rapid developments of these areas, like other areas, new and fresh discussions are being raised one after another. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the issue of order and security has special features on the one hand and on the other hand, it has raised different points of view. In the meantime, some phenomena such as Basij have also brought special roles and functions to the platform in these fields. In this article, in a descriptive way and with the approach of document and library collection, the role of Basij in national order in the military-security, political, socio-cultural and economic fields, as well as the functions of Basij in the field of internal security at two levels; That is, we provide hardware and software functions. Basij, with its cultural and social abilities and the wide range of ranks covered, and especially its flexibility and speed of action, at the same time as being low cost, in a situation where the Islamic Republic of Iran is facing limitations to increase the level of authority and national security in order to deal with different types of threats and unrest. plays a vital role in providing and maintaining national order and internal security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Intelligence data plays an important role in decision making. The present study seeks to review influencing components for using intelligence data emphasizing knowledge management.

The current study was descriptive-analytical in terms of method and in a survey approach. Statistical population included 400 of managers and intelligence – security experts that had been selected 196 of them as sample by Cochran formula. A research – made questionnaire was as data gathering tools which validity confirmed and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and normal level of data was certified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and analyses by T test.

The findings indicate that 3 indexes of educated managers, organizational culture and technology infrastructure are extremely significant for using intelligence data and implementation of knowledge management.

The importance of knowledge management implementation has been focused in promoting and achievement of intelligence targets, participation in intelligence process, decision making and finally providing intelligent plans.They will be effective for intelligence authorities and communities.

Investigating of energy flow and greenhouse gas emissions is one of the methods to compare energy efficiency, production efficiency and environmental hazards of agroecosystems. This study investigates the patterns of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential of dryland chickpea production in rural areas of Qoshkhaneh region of Shirvan city. Data for this experiment were collected through a face-to-face questionnaire. Farms were selected by random sampling. In this study, energy inputs included: labor, machinery, diesel, chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides and seeds, and the study output was grain yield and shoot yield (straw). The results showed that the average labor used per hectare of dryland chickpea farms in rural areas of North Khorasan was 21 people, nitrogen fertilizer 50 and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers 70 kg/ha, as well as diesel fuel consumption of 35 liters and the use of machinery 8 h/ha. Evaluation of energy consumption showed that among the inputs, nitrogen fertilizer with 3307 MJ/ha accounted for 40.06% of the total energy input and diesel fuel with 1970.85 MJ/ha, Consumed 23.23% of the total input energy. labor and seeds also had the lowest share of energy inputs with 0.49 and 1.87 percent, respectively. Total energy consumption efficiency (chickpea + straw) was 1.91, energy productivity was 0.08 kg/MJ and specific energy was 12.32 MJ/kg. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions was 399.20 kg/ha, the share of CO2 was 398.60, the share of N2O and CH4 was 0.02 and 0.57 kg/ha respectively. Global warming production potential per hectare of dryland chickpeas in North Khorasan Province was 419.13 kg CO2 equivalence. In general, the results showed that dryland chickpea fields have low energy consumption due to dependence on rainwater and lack of electricity consumption, as well as low consumption of chemical fertilizers. The most important strategies to reduce energy consumption in the production of dryland chickpeas is the use of appropriate crop rotation to reduce the use of herbicides and chemical fertilizers and also to observe the rules of farm traffic to reduce the movement of agricultural implements on farms.

Irrigation water salinity is one of the growing problems in the path of agricultural and horticultural production that researchers must determine different solutions to this problem and provide it to farmers. In this regard, silicon and selenium due to their positive role, both structurally and as cofactors of enzymes related to the metabolism of various antioxidants can play an effective role in increasing plant tolerance to salinity stress. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design including four salinity levels and three fertilizer sources of silicon and selenium compounds in normal and nano size in Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, Bojnourd University. Statistical analysis showed that the main effect of salinity stress, as expected, had a significant reducing effects on all studied traits (except essential oil). In these variables, although the main effect of fertilizer type was not statistically significant, but at different levels of silicon and selenium consumption, an increasing trend of these variables was observed, indicating the positive effect of simultaneous use of these two elements in reducing the effect of salinity. Also the main effects of salinity and fertilizer sources on leaf length and width factors, fresh and dry weight of stem, number of sub-branches, number of leaves and leaf area index were significant. In all these indicators, the application of silicon and selenium elements in nano size has always been more effective than the normal size of these elements, which should be considered as a management strategy in salinity stress conditions.

Today, the ominous phenomenon of drugs has destructive and catastrophic consequences in the behavior and actions of governments in various security, economic, social, cultural and political dimensions, and in this regard, leads to international sensitivity. In this regard, in addition to countries, international organizations also seek to confront and seriously fight against this subversive disaster by creating convergence at various levels.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For data collection, the tool of taking notes from books, articles, etc. is used and the UN conventions and treaties are also referred to as a process.

The present study is based on the hypothesis of "the United Nations as the highest authority for peace and security in the world by pursuing the demands of federalism and regionalism and the ratification of conventions and international laws and regulations related to drugs and its accompanying Regional and international organizations (International Narcotics Control Board, UN Narcotics Commission, World Health Organization, World Customs Organization, Counter Narcotics and Crime Office) through integrated border control, strengthening information-based research capacity and "Operations, control of internal routes of drug trafficking and treatment of addicts are aimed at converging and synergizing to address and eradicate this global problem."This article seeks to answer the question, "What is the role of the United Nations in bringing countries together to create lasting security?"

The roots of Islamic fundamentalism in the Islamic beliefs and ideas of the Central Asian region date back to the nineteenth century and have grown over the years during various crises. After the events of September 11, 2001 and the change in the US strategy against terrorism and the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, the sphere of activity and influence of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East has increased and its emergence in the Syrian crisis presents as an ethnic-religious crisis. It was fully manifested. Considering the developments in the region in 1400 (2021), the current study seeks to answer the main question that the how is the security policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the face of Islamic fundamentalism in Central Asia and the South Caucasus at the present time (1401-1400)? The hypothesis that arises in response to aforementioned question is that the fear of spreading this domino of tension and inflammation to Central Asia and the South Caucasus is due to the recent developments in Afghanistan and the Taliban regime, as well as the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis and the presence of Takfiri forces backed by Turkey and Azerbaijan. In particular, the Zionist regime (due to the deployment of military equipment on the territory of Azerbaijan) has forced the governments of this geographical territory, as well as the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia, to pursue their foreign policy and security view towards regional convergence, despite conflicting interests and differences. Approach and think of creating a new model based on common threats leads to the idea of forming regional security complexes in order to confront Islamic extremism in the form of Takfiri groups.

Drug trafficking is a complicated social issue of our era which leads to plenty of challenges and social deviations. The current study is intended to investigate the factors affecting the tendency to join organized drug trafficking networks.

This paper was conducted cross-sectional study in 2019. Statistical population included of the number of citizens over the age of 18 in Zahedan was 350،266. The sample size was calculated based on Morgan table 384 people and sampling was done by multi-stage cluster method from Zahedan city. The research tool was a questionnaire whose face validity was examined and Cronbach's alpha was used to ensure reliability.

The findings show that there is a tendency to join the organized drug trafficking networks. The findings of the simple linear regression test showed that the socio-economic status had the greatest impact on the tendency to join. It has drugs in organized drug trafficking networks، and also ethnic-religious divisions have the least impact on the tendency to join organized drug trafficking networks.

Local and governmental organizations in order to combat with organized drug trafficking in the territory of the eastern borders of the country should formulate and implement strategic and executive measures for preventing threats of organized drug trafficking (for cultural, social, economic, political and security development). Therefore, in addition to counter narcotics policies which have been done against this important phenomenon, some opportunities and capacity building must be created so as to prevent membership in drug trafficking networks.

In the military literature of any country in which military geography is a part, knowing geographic characteristics of ours and the enemy for defensive objectives is of considerable importance. Eight years of experience as a sacred defense have made the necessity of understanding the threats of natural and human factors (the size of military, cultural, economic, political, etc.) in national, regional and trans-regional levels (tactical and strategic) obvious. In this study an attempt is made to discuss the concept of geography, military geography, borders, border types, in particular Northwest and Western borders and border disputes and the influence of internal developments in the border areas of neighboring countries on border regions of Islamic Republic of Iran’ Northwest and West, as well as a military concept and scope of activity. In addition, a comprehensive definition of the concept of security-political geography, having the view on applied aspects in different levels of military actions, is offered. The research question of the role of military geography of western borders with neighboring countries in national security is also answered and explained in this way that the frontiersmen’s ethnic-religious integrity with residents of the other sides of the borders and the existence of present changes and challenges in the neighboring countries have led the same challenges to exist in these sides of borders and it primarily affects the security of the region and later the national security. Therefore, knowing the military geography of border regions and generally the political geography can extendedly prevent from the repetition of security incidents due to the crises on the other sides of the borders. The methodology of this study is a library-documentary type which has been conducted using library resources (books, articles, and theses), statistics and internet. The effective factors on creating unrests in northwest and west regions of the country have been investigated. And then by constructive analysis the obstacles of establishing the stability and security in the regions have been identified and finally the necessary guidelines for providing security in the borders have been proposed from the military-security viewpoints.