mahdi zamani

Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article investigates the relationship between philosophical and theological virtues in the transcendent philosophy developed by Mullā Ṣadrā. Christian theorists added three theological virtues: (1) faith, (2) love and (3) hope to the list of the four main virtues of philosophers, i.e. (1) wisdom, (2) courage, (3) moderation (chastity) and (4) justice. Mullā Ṣadrā contends that faith is the main and ultimate virtue and the famous four virtues are the path and means that can provide the basis for knowledge and closeness to God. The virtue of faith may be regarded as a sort of knowledge and its highest level is certainty; but faith that is strengthened in the heart is accompanied by love and sincerity. Accordingly, the virtue of faith leads the faithful to the virtue of love within the scope of emotions, and to the virtue of hope (trust, surrender, and finally attachment exclusively to God) within the scope of will. Hence, explaining the superior and guiding role of the virtue of faith, Mullā Ṣadrā separates himself from the Greek philosophers and their advocates.

Tissue regeneration is the process of renewal and growth of damaging tissue. It is sometimes done by induction of an external biological factor(s) such as the Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) which carries messages through its cellular receptor to induce biological processes such as cell growth, cell migration, cell survival, and cell differentiation. Due to the great importance of bFGF on cellular regeneration, in this study, we have concentrated on the effect of this factor on the regeneration of damaged muscle. In addition, the tumorigenic effect of this factor during this regenerative process was studied. In this study, we employed inbred mice. The cultured male mouse muscle cells were transplanted into the damaged muscle tissues of HLA_matched female mice. After about one month, selected samples from the transplanted regions of the female mice were analyzed. DNA was extracted from the samples and Sex determination was done to track the potential cell growth and repair by the introduced male cells in the presence and absence of bFGF. The tumorigenic effect of bFGF on this process was also assessed. We found that bFGF had a remarkable effect on damaged muscle regeneration compared to cells without injection of this factor, and more concentration of bFGF was determined to be more effective in muscle regeneration. However, no association was observed with tumorigenesis regarding bFGF injection. According to our findings, bFGF was effective in the regeneration of the injury site and confirmed the results of previous studies. However, no association was found with tumorigenesis.

Polyvinyl chloride owns a special place in various industries as the third most used polymer worldwide. Due to the widespread usage of synthetic leather, one of the research gaps in this field is the study and optimization of curing conditions. The present research aims to investigate the effects of temperature and time of curing on the mechanical properties of synthetic leather to establish the optimal temperature and time of curing. To this end, synthetic leather films were prepared using the knife coating technique (KCT). Then specimens were placed at different temperatures and times to perform the curing process. Thermal degradation was determined by checking the color of the samples. Also, to investigate the effect of curing conditions on the mechanical behavior of synthetic leather, dumbbell-shaped samples were prepared and subjected to uniaxial tensile tests. The results showed that due to the high molecular motions of the particles at 190°C, the plasticizer penetrates well into the chains of emulsion PVC and thus increases its mechanical properties. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the synthetic leather were enhanced by increasing the cure time at constant temperatures. Afterward, thermal degradation occurred due to the long-term curing process, reducing mechanical properties. According to the obtained results, the curing conditions can significantly affect the mechanical properties of synthetic leather. Likewise, identifying the optimal temperature and time of curing in the artificial leather industry allows the development of products with high mechanical properties without special fillers.

Fault diagnosis of rotary machines plays an essential role in reliability and safety of new industrial systems. Gears are considered as a vital part of the components of industrial machines, so that the defects of these components cause irreparable damages in industrial processes. Nowadays, many research workers conduct studies on the diagnosis of gear faults using data analysis. In this research, to acquire acoustic data from a sample gearbox, a system was fabricated and developed. Then, some common faults in the gearbox teeth were created artificially. In this research, cepstrum analysis method was used in order to detect the harmonics of gear mesh frequency and the family of sidebands created. In the primary investigation, the harmonics related to the gearbox shaft were identified with the cepstrum analysis method in the interval of 0 to 0.25 seconds. Then, in order to detect the faults of the gear, by analyzing in the interval of 0 to 0.0002 seconds, the faults related to the tooth were clearly visible and tracked. According to this research results by observing increase in amplitude of the first and fifth rahmonics, it is possible to detect faults such as broken and worn teeth of gears. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the presented method to diagnose the fault in the gearbox and prevent unexpected costs.

Dismissal is the cause of the fall of obligations, and is a legal act that takes place in the form of a contract and depends on the will of the discharger. The Civil Code of Iran, while allocating Articles 289 to 291 to express the nature, conditions and provisions of acquittal, has considered it as a reason for the fall of obligations. Exemption of the right of retribution and blood money, dowry, as well as exemption of the creditor is one of the examples of exemption. According to Article 290 of the Civil Code, discharge causes the obligation to fall when the obligor is qualified. According to Article 291 of the Civil Code, it is correct to absolve the deceased from the religion. Practical legal discharge is a kind of rite, which causes the religious right of the discharger to fall. In fact, acquittal is a subordinate rite and its validity depends on the existence of religion. so; If the discharge is before the creation or after the fall of religion, it will be void for some reason. It is worth mentioning that it is correct to ignore the religion that caused it. for example; If a woman discharges her future alimony, because there is a cause of religion which is a marital relationship, then the discharge is valid.

This study is going to infer and review the principles of ethical compatibility from Nahjolbalaghe viewpoint in a descriptive-analytical method. Compatibility is a necessary condition and for some necessary and sufficient condition to justify and validate the ethical approaches and holding compatibility inside the scopes of human being’s nature and also their interconnectivity is the  first criterion to assess their reasonability. Some of these principles has been argued in Nahjolbalaghe openly and some secondarily. Clarification and analysis of these principles in Nahjolbalaghe has two aspects: it shows authentication, justification and internal consistency in Imam’s approach, secondly it facilitate the way to instruct and educate human beings, because without analysis of men’s internal and external feelings’ compatibility it is difficult or impossible to recognize weak points and ethical diseases and paradoxical points and consequently the recommendation to remedy them suitably.

In the present work, the study of alumina-water nanofluid heat transfer between two concentric vertical cylinders has been done by modified Buongiorno’s model (BM) to examine the impacts of temperature jump and slip velocity boundary conditions for a wide range of Knudsen number. Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method, as a standard integration scheme along with a shooting method, has been chosen for solving nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) along with boundary conditions. The main concentration of this paper is on the temperature jump since the slip velocity has been extensively examined in many studies. The presence of temperature jump boundary condition by varying Knudsen number was considered to investigate the effects of the bulk mean nanoparticle volume fraction ϕB, mixed convection parameter Nr, buoyancy parameter Ng, and heat flux ratio ε on the total dimensionless heat transfer coefficient HTC and the dimensionless pressure gradient Ndp . The obtained results indicate that temperature jump boundary condition plays a pivotal role in temperature profile, heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop; for instance, the negligence of temperature jump near walls causes to undervalue heat transfer coefficient in continuum flow regime and overestimate it in slip flow regime.

One of the main desires of man is yearning for life. But death threatens this desire continually. The problem is how man can reconcile these two, and what moral and emotional consequences such a challenge may have. Being confronted with this emotional and philosophical conflicts, men are divided into two groups: some incline to deny the life chance, while others wish to gain it. Believing in the dynamic death, Attar accepts life and death as two undeniable realities. He believed that pondering on these two realms adorn man's soul with virtues such as searching for the perfect, self-promotion, living a conscious life, controlling the sense of dependency, appreciating the life chance, enjoying life as much as it would be sufficient, paying attention to the moral values and farseeing. The picture of life in the eyes of a man demanding for life and believing in the dynamic death is portrayed in the images like prison, heating fire of the bathhouse, field and caravansary. These images indicate that man realize worldly life as a medium. Therefore, he would adjoin his will to his function to experience an ethical life.

According to Sadr Almotallehin, just as any human soul, during its material life, evolves along a substantial motion, after the death, it continues its evolutionary process and reaches the more exalted states. Such an evolution occurs to every individual commensurate with his/her inherent capacities and continues up to the Afterlife. The present study tries, first, to explore and explain the quality of the aforesaid evolution with a descriptive -analytical approach and then, focus more on the ways in which such an evolution can be justifiable after the soul leaves the body and enters into the state of being abstracted from all its potentialities and capacities. So far, certain theories and notions have been introduced in this regard among which Molla Sadra's explanations based on the scientific evolution, although, seems more reasonable, cannot justify the evolution in the highest level of abstraction. One can, however, present a more suitable explanation for the Molla Sadra's strategy in the light of a teleological viewpoint , that is, the theory of "the appetite for the intellect". This approach is based on the assumption that through loosening the sensual ties and interests and the appetite for the intellect, the requirements for the evolutionary process of the soul are met without any need for the existence of the matter and capacity.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease arising from interactions of both environmental and genetic factors. The SNP rs6897932 is located in IL‐7Ra gene associated with MS susceptibility in some population. In this study, we investigated the possible association of SNP rs6897932 with MS susceptibility in 157 Iranian MS patients and 152 healthy controls. We also studied genotype-dependent severity and response to IFN-β in MS. Unlike some previous studies, our results clearly demonstrate that there are no significant differences in distribution of the SNP rs6897932 in our chosen Iranian MS patients and controls. Furthermore our results show, Interferon beta (IFN-β) therapy over a period of two years demonstrated an IL‐7Ra genotype-dependent therapeutic effect in MS population. Patients carrying TT or TC genotypes gave a better response to IFN-β treatment, whereas patients carrying the homozygous CC genotype were the worst responders to IFN-β treatment. In other words, despite the lack of linkage the therapeutic response to the severity and progression of MS was related to the genotype of SNP rs6897932 presented in our patient. Therefore, in light of our findings reported here, to reach higher certainties, further studies are needed to associate IL-7Ra gene with the pathogenesis of MS.

Rett syndrome is an X linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder which almost exclusively affects females. The syndrome is usually caused by mutations in MECP2 gene, which is a nuclear protein that selectively binds CpG dinucleotides in the genome. To provide further insights into the distribution of mutations in MECP2 gene, we investigated 24 females with clinical characters of Rett syndrome referred to Alzahra University Hospital in Isfahan, Iran during 2015-2017. We sequenced the entire MECP2 coding region and splice sites for detection of point mutations in this gene. Freely available programs including JALVIEW, SIFT, and PolyPhen were used to find out the damaging effects of unknown mutations. Direct sequencing revealed MECP2 mutations in 13 of the 24 patients. We identified in 13 patients, 10 different mutations in MECP2 gene. Three of these mutations have not been reported elsewhere and are most likely pathogenic. Defects in MECP2 gene play an important role in pathogenesis of Rett syndrome. Mutations in MECP2 gene can be found in the majority of Iranian RTT patients. We failed to identify mutations in MECP2 gene in 46% of our patients. For these patients, further molecular analysis might be necessary.

The two issues, death and the hereafter, play an irrefutable role in explaining the meaning of life. While using a comparative analytic method to analyze Avicenna’s and Ibn Arabi’s points of view in this regard, this paper explores points of view supporting and opposing their statements. To both of them, mankind’s this-worldly life, without belief in the hereafter and immortality, and without achievement of eternal salvation, does not possess a reasonable goal, a considerable value, and a defensible function. Although both of them agree on issues such as an optimistic attitude towards death, the absolute dependence of the hereafter on the this-worldly life, belief in both the physical and spiritual aspects of the hereafter, but apart from the fact that Avicenna explores these issues through his rational method, and Ibn Arabi through combining the two methods intuition and referring to the Qur’anic verses and the traditions, these two thinkers have two different views on other issues, such as their perception of the physical hereafter, the explanation of the proportion between mankind’s two existential essences, the topic of eternity, and dealing with the issue of fear of death. The importance of addressing this issue arises from the fact that as the issue of the meaning of life, like an ever-lasting stream full of adventure, has approached the recent centuries that feature industrial and technological development and increased social welfare and bio-facilities, it has become more highlighted and controversial for multiple reasons. In the meantime, what has made this issue face a more serious challenge is the issue of death and the quality of the hereafter. The emergence of atheistic schools, such as: Marxism and materialism, which have introduced death as the end of human life, and which have considered the hereafter as an unreasonable and unjustifiable issue, has made mankind face the following serious question: “If this is the case, will this short life with a great deal of all kinds of hardships and pain worth living?”, “Does our existence basically lead to a strategy other than what we see and hear?”, and “Is it possible to imagine any functions for life other than satisfying the lusts and animal instincts?”  This way, death finds its own place in the course of human life. Avicenna and Ibn Arabi have made efforts to remove the ambiguity of this mysterious fact as far as possible through reason and thought, and have shed light on the dark angles of this perpetual concern of human beings, so that both; life can find meaning in the light of the reality of death, and death can become a desirable thing in transitions through life. Avicenna defines death as follows: “Death is nothing but the separation of the immaterial spirit from its material attachments. Death is like a blacksmith's tools and equipment when he leaves those tools and equipment. Avicenna’s attention to death, as the final point of mankind’s this-worldly life, stems from his attention to the fact that the misunderstanding and misrepresenting of death can greatly harm the attitude that “life is meaningful”. His research into death begins by exploring how the soul emerges and explaining the relationship between the soul and the body in mankind’s this-worldly life. In the Soul section of The Book of Healing, he emphasizes the creation of the soul by denying its existence prior to the existence of the body, and recognizes the creation of the soul to be simultaneous with that of the body, albeit he regards the body as a tool for the soul as well as its realm. According to Avicenna, fear of death is the greatest fear that seizes humans. The main cause of this fear is mankind’s ignorance, and Avicenna’s solution is paying attention to the fact that while leaving the body, the spirit continues its life in an intact manner by cutting its bodily attachments, thus achieving its true salvation. According to Avicenna, the necessity of a meaningful life (at least in its purposeful perception) is belief in the existence of the hereafter, which is subordinate to the acceptance of the independence of the soul. But in his definition of death and life, Ibn Arabi considers ignorance equal to death in the sense of nonexistence and annihilation, whereas most people consider benefiting from wealth and position as a sign of life. But death, in the sense of alertness and wakefulness, is what he calls a "Gate towards God", in case of whose absence, nobody and no nations will succeed in their desires and goals. Therefore, his advice to anybody who aspires for a meaningful life is that he or she mortify his or her own senses and their achievements, and listen to his or her own inner call, which is full of divine inspirations. This way, a human achieves the ultimate meaning of life. On the other hand, he regards death as a separation wall between the beloved and the human, who is very eager to overwhelm this obstacle and pass through it to visit their beloved as soon as possible. But since this is out of their power and authority, they have to be patient and disappointedly wait until the period of this "blessing"; i.e. life, ends, and the obstacle is removed. Although Ibn Arabi regards death as the separation of the soul from the material body, which has brought its sensory life, elsewhere, he avoids using the word death, and is more willing to call it “glad tidings about reunion”. But by emphasizing the inability of reason in all areas related to the hereafter, and relying on intuition from his heart and narrative sources, Ibn Arabi regards the physical hereafter as being decisive and essential, and considers belief in the mere spiritual hereafter as being due to ignorance of existential essences. In this regard, he says: “This group has been ignorant of the fact that there are two essences: the essence of bodies and the essence of spirits. They have tried to prove the latter, and have neglected the former. But we take both of them into consideration.” Accordingly, he considers both the physical and spiritual aspects for the hereafter, except that he has his own interpretation of the physical hereafter. “When God takes mankind to himself, he gives them a body, but not this earthly body, but rather something deserving the domain to which they have been transferred. That place is home of eternity and a house for eternal life, which is consistent with a moderate existence, leading neither to death nor to the disintegration of parts. Since the misrepresenting of the hereafter can disrupt the meaningfulness of life, Ibn Arabi tries, in the light of the holy Qur’anic verses, to depict a realistic image of the truth of the hereafter and mankind’s status and life in it. In this regard, since both absolute disappointment and false and illusory hope act like bandits on this path, he mixes the hereafter with a kind of fear and hope. If the main benefit of the topic of meaningfulness is to find the spirit of hopefulness towards life, and to be free from suffering from purposeless and absurdism, exploring Ibn Arabi’s works and paying attention to his special attitude toward the meaningfulness of life, in the light of belief in death and the hereafter, can be an appropriate way to achieve this goal. Considering the image that Ibn Arabi has presented of death and the hereafter, and on the assumption that we ponder and correctly perceive these concepts, in addition to the fact that no doubt will remain about the inherent value and usefulness of the tiny and huge streams of this worldly life, it is also likely that in the light of this perception, human life becomes filled with enthusiasm for traveling from this house to the eternal house, and thus becoming free from the constraints of materiality and the miracles of material and bodily pleasures. And this is the exact final point of all efforts having been made by Ibn Arabi to lead humans toward this pleasant stage and brilliant point of life.

The issue of “The meaning of life” has always been the background of all people’s mind and the prelude of philosophers, psychologists and ethics scholars’ works. ”, Avicenna, as one of the greatest existential philosophers, recognizing the importance of the problem, always, in all his works, tries to give reasonable and well-founded explanation about the meaning of life. From three main applications of the word “meaning” i.e. “aim, value and application”, the main focus of Avicenna was on achievement of “the aim of life”.
This essay intends, through descriptive, analytical and comparison methodology, to examine the problem in three metaphorical stories of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Risalat al-Tayr and Salaman and Absal. In Avicenna’s view, recognition of meaning of life and to reach its final aims is a way so difficult and a path abundant with obstacles. He sometimes interprets the obstacles as “bad friends”(in Hayy ibn Yaqdhan), sometimes as “net, seed and chain”(in Risalat al-Tayr)and sometimes as “coquettishness’” (in Salaman and Absal). Avicenna explores the only way to freedom of such disagreeable circumstance, and obtaining the meaning of life, in conscious action, continuous struggle, and a deep and broad vision of the human life.

Human's confrontation with death greatly effects on his/her method of life which can either impel human to a meaningful and real life or make him/her feel hopeless, disappointed, and absurd and lead to meaninglessness of life.
I will investigate the effect of thanatopsis [thinking of death] on meaningfulness or meaninglessness of life, emphasizing on the views of Irvin Yalom. Yalom's approach in this regard is affected by some existentialist philosophers.
Yalom tries to teach us how we can avoid having a repetitive and annoying everyday life by staring at death and accepting its reality. Some critical considerations on Yalom's view are mentioned at the end of this article. The main consideration is as follows: although awareness of death is an awareness which is necessary for finding the meaning [of life], but it is never sufficient. Human's positive view of the life after death can create a kind of optimism and hope to the future of life and such optimism is required for the meaningfulness of life.

A reasonable number of male infertility cases are related to genetic factors. Considering the high prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities related to male infertility, this study investigated the association of the chromosomal aberrations and chromosome variants with hormonal levels, a positive family history, parental consanguinity and a specific lifestyle. We also aimed to find a predictive factor to estimate the risk of the presence of an abnormal karyotype in the azoospermic and especially sever oligozoospermic men.
A total of 230 infertile men and 50 healthy controls enrolled in the study for cytogenetic evaluation. Data on patients" characteristics were gathered, accurately.
Among aforementioned factors, only luteinizing hormone (LH) >12 IU/l raised the chance of detecting a chromosomal abnormality (P Conclusiond: This study suggests a positive family history of infertility, parental consanguineous marriages and high levels of FSH as strong determinants or risk factors for male infertility. Nonetheless, the presence of these patient characteristics did not prove to have a direct correlation with chromosomal abnormalities in male infertility. Among the various possible risk factors studied, an elevated gonadotropin level provides a better risk assessment for the incidence of chromosomal abnormality in infertile men.

Teachers and students according to their position in society are the most important drivers of organization and play a pivotal role in the development of quality higher education.Today the world's most prestigious universities are seeking for educational methods that promote continuous learning, creative self-centered and students. Many theorists believe that learning style should be consistent with the style of teaching to learners to achieve maximum success. During the past decade different approaches to psychology focusing on individual differences, experience and concrete ways with different theories in the domain of learning the principles discussed and based on these studies have suggested ways to learn. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of teaching on students’ learning at Payamnoor University Ray branche. This is a descriptive survay research and  in terms of data collection was inductive inference and  in terms of design analysis was survey research. The research tool was a questionair with 49 questions measures in the form of Likert scale (very high to very low). The study population consisted of students of PNU at Rey branch. To analyze collected data step by step regression analysis was used. Findings of this study shows that four factors of educational content, assessment, teacher, teaching were put in regression model and respectively 1/49 persent of  the variance have impact on learning. And practical suggestions were presented to fix some of the problems of students.

Ethics and aesthetics are the most important values in human life, and they have since a long time ago been subject to inquiries by intellectuals. In this paper, we will be concerned with an account of the nature and manner of the relationship between the two values in Schopenhauer’s philosophy with a descriptive-analytic method. Schopenhauer takes ethics and aesthetics to be two ways of emancipation from the phenomenal will and selfishness. The nature of ethics is compassion and beneficence, which is obtained through transcending the phenomenal self and is accompanied with justice; that is, seeing oneself and others to be equal. An aesthetic understanding and artistic ingenuity are possible if one negates selfishness and transcends the utilitarian self-interested outlook, leading to the openness of one’s heart and knowledge of the absolute example. Thus, in both art and ethics, one comes to observe the reality of himself and the being, and by negating the will, one comes to see his internal self as equal with the reality in itself. Many artistic forms, such as tragedy, can help in the negation of selfish will and ethics. And ethics paves the path for aesthetic understanding by helping one transcend selfishness and self-interestedness.

In recent years, high consumption of energy has become one of the major problems of world, especially in big cities. One of the solutions given for this situation is using solar energy as much as possible. If buildings are constructed in accordance with solar radiation and regional climate, they can absorb the lowest energy in hot and the most energy in cold periods; there will then be noticeable saving in energy consumption. Since Zanjan has special location, the buildings’ orientation should be in a way that the most possible energy could be absorbed by the building through the cold periods, and the lowest amount of energy would be able to hit the building in hot periods. In this research, to reach the most efficient use of solar energy in Zanjan, as the case study of research, first the climate information of 40 years timing was collected from Zanjan Synoptic Center, and the orientation and height of sun was extracted afterwards by using Q-BASIC software. The amount of solar radiation on vertical surfaces of walls in various angles was calculated using law of cosines. And finally the best orientation for buildings in this city has been determined. The results of this research showed that vertical surfaces with the orientations of 힝 and -150 south-west absorb the most amount of energy, and the surfaces with orientations of and -15 north-east and west absorb the lowest energy in cold and hot months of the year. The highest difference of radiated energy in vertical surfaces is at 흾 south - east and – 135 southwest through hot and cold periods. According to the research results, the best settlement orientations for buildings are 135 degree and 225 degree of Azimuth angle.

Today, tourism industry, as a dynamic industry, has devoted an important part of production activities in the world by its development-oriented features. Hence its development in a country requires factors such as an appropriate strategy, planning and efficient management. In this paper, the status of tourism industry in Zanjan Province has been evaluated using SWOT technique and Input-Output table. The use of expert judgment of “Delphi” is used so that the judgment of the expert group a list of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) influencing the approach taken and the quantification was carried out .Methods of data collection and data analysis are applied and descriptive-analytical. According to the research findings, Zanjan province can become one of the big tourism hubs in the country because of its special geographical location and being between two industrial hubs of Tehran and East. Azerbaijan Provinces. Its strategy is defensive one, and strategies were proposed based on QSPM matrix at the end. Based on research findings in Zanjan province, tourism industry and its related sectors, in terms of linking with other sectors of the economy, can be considered as leading sectors in the economy of Zanjan Province. Therefore, this industry can boost the whole economy of Zanjan by supplying tourism services, demand for enjoying them, and producing tourism goods in other sectors. With regard to these potentials, tourism should be placed on the priority of the province planners in order to exploit them in line with the economy of this province.

The meaning of life is one of the common issues between past and contemporary humans and each of them with their own attitudes viewed this category. Analysis of the type of the past human’s attitude in this regard-particularly, if it enjoys a mystical world view-is worth considering for contemporary human beings. Although it may seem that this attitude does not pay too much attention to the life of this world, this research, with emphasis on Mossibat-Nameh will indicate that Attar knows that finding meaning is part of human nature. He knows that meaningful life is related to pain, search, God, love, and paying attention to quality of life, and not its quantity. Since these affairs, somehow enjoy the intellectual and spiritual background and result, they have been approached through Attar’s attitude to the theory of supernaturalism. He indicates nature/functionality of life and the type of confrontation of humans to that, in the form of images of life, such as play, hell, prison, saltmarsh, the demons’ ruins, market/bridge/farmland, wind/lightening, and capital. Finally, through them, he states that the life of this world is not final or the main target, rather it is a tool to achieve the life of the next world.

The right of patients to make decisions about their medical care, based on informed consent rule and the principle of respect for autonomy rooted from philosophy of liberalism. Patients with capacity are responsible for decision-making, but in those lacking capacity, a surrogate decision maker is needed. This process consisted of three parts: choosing surrogate decision maker, how to make decision and its criteria, if they founded on the intellectual foundations of liberalism, will faced with the challenges, so, must be sought the its solution ways in other philosophical systems. This narrative research tries to analyze and criticize the process of surrogacy decision making based on theoretical essentials of liberalism, meanwhile descript epistemic sources of liberalism. In conclusion, although, medical ethics based on liberalism principles has been designed in a structured manner and can resolve some problems of ethical decisions in medicine, could be however faced with serious challenges.

In this study, the self-starting of a Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) is enhanced using a J-Shaped airfoil profile. The paper investigated the performance of VAWT with the J-shaped blades. Since the J-shaped blades utilize the lift and drag forces simultaneously, the turbine performance at low tip speed ratios (TSRs) enhances. Thus, it is expected that using these blades improves the starting torque and output power. The main goal in this study is to find an optimum J-shaped profile acquiring the best performance of wind turbine. For this purpose, a 3kW J-Shaped straight-bladed Darrieus type VAWT is investigated numerically using OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamic package. It employs the finite volume method to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. The J-Shaped profile is designed by means of eliminating a fraction of pressure side of Du 06-W-200 airfoil. The results indicate that the performance of turbine is optimized for J-shaped profile which eliminates the pressure side of airfoil from the maximum thickness toward the trailing edge. Moreover, employing this J-Shaped profile, the wind turbine performance is intensified TSRs and self-starting of turbine is improved.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the leading neurodegenerative causes of physical disability world-wide. Genetic aberrations of autoimmunity pathway components have been demonstrated to significantly influence MS development. Cluster of Differentiation 58 (CD58) is pertained to a group of genes which had been assayed in several recent association studies. Given the significance of CD58 in modulation of T regulatory cells that control autoimmune responses, the present study was conducted to investigate the frequency of rs12044852 polymorphism and its effect on the outcome of interferon beta (IFN-β) therapy in a subset of Iranian MS patients. Two hundred MS patients and equal number of healthy controls were recruited to be genotyped in an experimental case-control based study through polymerase chain reaction using specific sequence primers (PCR-SSP). Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients administered IFN-β therapy were followed up with clinical visits every three months up to two years. The mean of multiple sclerosis severity score (MSSS) and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) were measured to monitor the change in severity of MS in response to IFN-β therapy. Pearson’s Chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were the main statistical methods used in this study. Strong association was found between the CC genotype and onset of MS (p=0.001, OR=2.22). However, there was no association between rs12044852 and various classifications and severity of MS. Pharmacogenetics-based analysis indicated that carriers of CC genotype had the highest MSSS score compared to others, implying a negative impact of rs12044852 on response to IFN-β t herapy. Taken together, our findings revealed the critical effect of rs12044852 polymorphism of CD58 on the progression of MS disease. This indicates that genotyping of MS patients may expedite achieving personalized medical management of MS patients.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is a clinically heterogeneous disorder especially in terms of disease severity. Current investigations suggest that genes and gene-gene interactions not only influence on susceptibility to MS but also affect the disease severity. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the HLADRB1*1501 allele and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CD24 gene and also combined genotypes of the HLADRB1*1501 and CD24 SNP to disease severity in Iranian MS patients. We have reported previously that the HLA- DRB1*1501 allele and the CD24v/v genotype associated with disease susceptibility and some other studies proposed that HLA-DRB1*1501 allele be associated with MS severity. In this study, the results showed a significant difference in the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) of the nine different genotypes (F=2.838, P=0.007). Subsequent analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the MSSS between the MS patients who were carriers of HLA-DRB1*1501/1501 and those who were not carriers of HLA-DRB1*1501/1501 genotypes (P=0.04). Moreover, the MS patients carrying combined genotypes of the HLA- DRB1*1501/x-CD24 v/v had statistically severe disease than the patients who did not carry the HLA- DRB1*1501- CD24 v/v (P=0.047). In conclusion, our findings suggest that, HLA-DRB1*1501/1501 and bigenic genotypes of the HLA- DRB1*1501/x- CD24 v/v may influence on disease severity in Iranian MS patients.

Celiac disease (CD) is developed via autoimmune reactions against gluten which is mainly found in grains. Although HLA DQB1 locus is the most important genetic susceptibility to CD, some other variants such as A49G and G1359T of CTLA4 and CD14 genes respectively have been proposed as CD predisposing genetic factors in many various studies. We aimed to assess possible roles of A49G and G1359T polymorphisms in CD susceptibility in the Iranian population. In this case-control, one hundred CD patients and 100 healthy matched controls with average age of 30-33 years were selected. They were genotyped for both A49G and G1359T polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). There was no association between genotypes of A49G variant of CTLA4 and risk of CD (p<0.05). The G1359T polymorphism of CD14 gene also did not show any significant association with risk of CD among the studied population. However, patients with CD14 T/T genotype were more classified in the severe form (Marsh III) of CD, showing border line significance (p<0.05). No association was identified between the combination of 1359T and A49G alleles with risk of CD. These lacks of association could be due to small sample size and considering further studies in various populations and ethnicities seems to be required.