mahdi zeynali tazehkandi

The study׳s aim is to determine the concepts, methods, and applications of overlap and to describe the differences between the domestic and international studies.

The documentary method is used in this study to analyze the concepts of overlap and the differences between the domestic and international studies through a literature review.

In the overlap area, title overlap, information resources overlap, and topic overlap, have been reported in measuring the databases overlap. A literature review showed that overlap studies had been carried out for one of the following

Overlap theoretical development, explanation of statistical and sampling methods, comparison of the indexing policy of secondary resources, selection of appropriate databases, determination of proper Web search engine, the establishment of interlibrary cooperation, and drawing the relationships among the sciences. It is recommended to use statistical methods to provide the right and enough information for studies. Finally, one may say that the advent of some terms such as journal overlap, journal article overlaps, and topic overlap is due to the researchers' different views. Thus, the topic overlap is used to investigate the indexing policy of the databases and to draw the relationships between the sciences. 

  Finally, it must be said that theory and practice are intertwined. Therefore, choosing the appropriate method to measure the overlap depends on the research objectives.

 This theoretical study is worthwhile as the local studies carried out up to now, are only practical ones.

Intruduction: 

The aim is to briefly describe the pragmatist philosophy and to explore and analyze the pragmatist approach to the concept of relevance in information retrieval.

The article is a conceptual analysis that uses the Theory of Activity and literature review to explain what is happening in practice so that a person in need of information can solve his or her information needs. The theory of Activity is a comprehensive theory, by which the pragmatist approach of relevance concept is explained.

The system-oriented approach and the user-oriented approach have their origins respectively in the positivism and the hermeneutics. Only the studies on the evaluation of information retrieval (relevance) will be successful which have benefited both from the system-oriented approach and user-oriented one in studies in which all aspects of the relevance concept are considered. Pragmatists argued that a false dichotomy exists between two quantitative and qualitative approaches, and one may combine the two approaches so that the combination focuses on action. According to the pragmatic school, a document which is used is relevant. On the one hand, A can be considered relevant to task 1, only if A can help a person to achieve his/her goal and answer his/her information needs. On the other hand, that document in terms of its facial and intrinsic features should be in accordance with the need of the person who needs information, accepted by the culture of the intended community and accessible for the individual who needs information. In other words, a document that actually meets information needs is actually relevant.

Relevance is a complex concept and various factors affect its final outcome. Hence, in spite of numerous studies on the concept of relevance, further research is needed on this subject. Finally, one can say that thinking of the philosophy of science is necessary to understand the concept of relevance according to whether the purpose of science is to describe what is actually happening and is easily visible to us, or science should explain what is not readily apparent, and to determine it.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Parsijoo, Yooz, and Rismoon search engines to determine the efficient search engine to retrieve relevant documents to users.

This research was an applied evaluative study. The population of this research consists of three sections: Persian search engines, simulated work tasks (thematic title), and participants (students). In this study, three search engines, Parsijoo, Yooz, and Rismoon, were selected for evaluation. Also, 32 subject headings were selected from the list of Persian subject headings, and then, based on them, simulated work tasks were compiled. 192 students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were asked to search the information created from the simulated work tasks in the relevant search engines, then copy the relevant URL and register it in the search form. The 192 students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were asked to enter the information required from the simulated work tasks in the relevant search engines, then copy the relevant URL and register it in the search form. Finally, when an URL was chosen more often by students as a relevant website, it was given a higher relevance score.

Findings showed that the three search engines including Parsijoo, Yooz, and Rismoon had a significant difference in the metrics of normalized discounted cumulative gain, and precision, but no significant difference was observed between the three search engines in the recall metric. The general findings of the study also showed that the effectiveness (mean of normalized discounted cumulative gain, precision, and recall) of the search engines was significantly different. In addition, at a 95 percent confidence level, the effectiveness of Parsijoo about 42 percent to 45 percent; Yooz about 43 percent to 46 percent; and Rismoon about 15 percent to 17 percent are estimated. Our estimate indicates that the Rismoon search engine is performing poorly. Also, the effectiveness of Yooz search engine is slightly higher than Parsijoo search engine.

Each of Parsijoo, Yooz, and Rismoon search engines has their own policies, capabilities and strategies; hence the effectiveness of each of them is different. Users are advised to use efficient search engine to get the information they want. In this regard, Yooz, Parsijoo, and Rismoon search engines are the most efficient, respectively. In addition, policymakers of Parsijoo, Yooz, and Rismoon search engines are also recommended revising hardware equipment, retrieval algorithms, user interfaces, and information display methods. Finally, it can be concluded that despite the low age of native search engines, the effectiveness of both Yooz and Parsijoo search engines is at a satisfactory level.

There are several metrics for evaluating search engines. Though, many researchers have proposed new metrics in recent years. Familiarity with new metrics is essential. So, the purpose is to provide an analysis of important and new metrics to evaluate search engines.

This review article critically studied the efficiency of metrics of evaluation. So, “evaluation metrics,” “evaluation measure,” “search engine evaluation,” “information retrieval system evaluation,” “relevance evaluation measure” and “relevance evaluation metrics” were investigated in “MagIran” “Sid” and Google Scholar search engines. Articles gathered to inspect and analyse existing approaches in evaluation of information retrieval systems. Descriptive-analytical approach used to review the search engine assessment metrics.

Theoretical and philosophical foundations determine research methods and techniques. There are two well-known “system-oriented” and “user-oriented” approaches to evaluating information retrieval systems. So, researchers such as Sirotkin (2013) and Bama, Ahmed, & Saravanan (2015) group the precision and recall metrics in a system-oriented approach. They also believe that Average Distance, normalized discounted cumulative gain, Rank Eff and B pref are rooted in the user-oriented approach. Nowkarizi and Zeynali Tazehkandi (2019) introduced comprehensiveness metric instead of Recall metric. They argue that their metric is rooted in a user-oriented approach, while the goal is not fully met. On the other hand, Hjørland(2010) emphasizes that we need a third approach to eliminate this dichotomy. In this regard, researchers such as Borlund, Ingwersen (1998), Borlund (2003), Thornley, Gibb (2007) have mentioned a third approach for evaluating information retrieval systems that refer to interact and compose two mentioned approaches. Incidentally, Borlund, Ingwersen(1998) proposed a Jaccard Association and Cosine Association measures to evaluate information retrieval systems. It seems that these two metrics have failed to compose the system-oriented and user-oriented approaches completely,  and need further investigation.

Search engines involve different components including: Crawler, Indexer, Query Processor, Retrieval Software, and Ranker. Scholars  wish to apply the most efficient search engines for retrieving required information resources. Each   metrics measures a specific component, to measure all, it is suggested to select metrics from all three mentioned groups in their search.

Data mining detects patterns in the massive volume of data used in many disciplines. It can also be useful in our field, especially in information retrieval. In information retrieval, first the system-oriented paradigm and then the user-oriented paradigm have been introduced, the second paradigm being concerned with information needs. In the second paradigm, the inclusion of inappropriate queries is considered the main reason for not retrieving relevant documents. Therefore, one of the main topics of this paradigm is proposing and extending the appropriate query in the recommender system that can be used for data mining methods. There are four important methods to propose a query to strengthen the recommender system. The time series rule is one of these methods that deal with query frequency in a particular time unit. Another method is the association rule that addresses the dependency and association of queries. In addition to the dependence and association of queries, the order of query terms is also considered in the method of Association rule with Levenshtein distances. However, in all three of these methods, the log file is used, while in probabilistic theory, the document words are used to repair the lexical gap between the queries and the documents. Therefore, it seems that using probability theory to suggest the query yields better results.

In order to design user-friendly information retrieval systems, it is important to pay attention to characteristics of users. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of demographic variables of users during their search in search engines.

This is an applied study in terms of purpose, which was done by the evaluation method. To conduct the research, firstly, 32 subject headings were selected from the "Persian Subject Headings" and simulated work tasks were developed based on the selected subject headings with the cooperation of three experts in knowledge and information science. Then, according to the characteristics of the population, such as gender, grade and field of study, age and residential area of the students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 192 people were selected as sample members. The research form was then given to them, which consisted of three sections: demographic information, simulated work tasks, and a place to record relevant links. They were then asked to study the simulated work tasks that they had developed based on the selected subject headings from the Persian Subject headings, and search in Google, Parsijoo, Rismoon, and Yooz search engines in Persian language, and then to record the relevant URLs in the given form. Finally, based on the recorded URLs, the relevance score of the students' retrieved results was calculated according to the Jaccard index. To determine the validity of the research tools, the opinions of faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were asked as well as the relevant literature was reviewed. Pearson test was also used to determine the reliability of the study, which confirmed the reliability of the study with a correlation coefficient of 0.725.

The findings indicated that the FUM students’ judgement relevance scores with a 95% confidence level were about 0/36 to 0/42. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the students' judgement relevance scores in terms of their educational levels, age groups and their residential areas, while there were no differences between the student's judgement relevance scores in terms of gender and academic field.

It can be said that paying attention to both personalization and customization in designing information retrieval systems will satisfy users. Thus, this paper finally directs the attention of information managers and designers of information retrieval systems to this fact that in designing information systems, more attention must be paid to the three demographic variables, namely education levels, age groups, and residential areas.

the study aimed to evaluate the quality of the website owned by Information Center andCentral Library of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as one of the top universities in the country.

 the research is and applied one in survey method. The statistical population were the total number of students studying in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A set of 380 students was selected as the appropriate sample. The data were collected using a questionnaire which were then analyzed by software SPSS.

 among the attraction components of the website owned by Information Center and Central Library of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, the use of attractive media had the highest score and the typography had the lowest one. Regarding the usability component, consistency had the highest and the structure had the lowest score. Moreover, the degree of satisfaction among the students from the quality of the website was evaluated as medium.

although a new website is designed for Information Center and Central Library of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, there appeared, however, a need to revise its quality especially in terms of usability.
 
 

The aim of the study was to improve Persian search engines’ retrieval performance by using the new measure. In this regard, consulting three experts from the Department of Knowledge and Information Science (KIS) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 192 FUM students of different degrees from different fields of study, both male and female, were asked to conduct the search based on 32 simulated work tasks (SWT) on the selected search engines and report the results by citing the related URLs. The Findings indicated that to measure recall, one does not focus on how documents are selecting, but the retrieval of related documents that are indexed in the information retrieval system database is considered While to measure comprehensiveness, in addition to considering the related documents' retrieval in the system's database, the performance of the documents selecting on the web (performance of crawler) was also measured. At the practical level, there was no strong correlation between the two measures (recall and comprehensiveness) however, these two measure different features. Also, the test of repeated measures design showed that with the change of the measure from recall to comprehensiveness, the search engine’s performance score is varied. Finally, it can be said, if the study purpose of the search engines evaluation is to assess the indexer program performance, the recall use will be suggested while, if its purpose is to appraise the search engines to determine which one retrieves the most relevant documents, the comprehensiveness use will be proposed.

The purpose of the study is to identify the appropriate research method(s) for interdisciplinary sciences, including knowledge and information science. In this regard, this is an analytical review article concerning some important philosophical schools related to research methods in which the characteristics of each philosophical school is mentioned and discussed. The findings show the positivist, pragmatist, realistic and Parmenides philosophical schools may be regarded as reductionist approaches which tend to discover the laws of nature; the existentialist and Heraclitus philosophical schools are holistic which tend to consider the change of entities. Since, it is the nature of the problem and the subject of the research that determine the appropriate research method and philosophy; Hence, for interdisciplinary sciences that often have complex, multi-faceted problems, the use of dual philosophical schools such as Plato’s philosophy (the composite approach) is more appropriate. It seems awareness of the fact that every research follows a series of philosophical assumptions has implications on how problems in the knowledge and information science should be studied.

Relevance is a fundamental notion in information science. The aim of this paper is to provide a perspective on two large questions, the first historical the second contemporary: (1) Why did relevance become a central notion of information science? (2) In this day and age of huge advances in information technology, why did relevance still remain a central notion? In 1950s, relevance emerged as a central notion in information science because of extensive theoretical and practical concerns with and commitments to searching and not only with organization of information. In turn, searching was connected to and made possible by many innovations in computers and computing.