mahdieh rezaei

The aim of this research was to validate an educational model for environmental etiquette that was designed based on the Islamic-Iranian progress model. To this end, a descriptive survey method was employed, and the perspectives of 111 specialists were collected through purposive sampling using the snowball technique and a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the tool was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha, and its validity was established through convergent and divergent validity tests, as well as the Fornell-Larcker criterion. The results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. After examining the fit of the measurement models, the fit of the confirmatory factor analysis model was assessed, and the proposed model was presented using structural equation modeling techniques and SmartPLS software. The overall model fit was evaluated using the GOF criterion, and the comprehensive validity of the model from the specialists' perspective was also examined. Ultimately, the validity of the model and its comprehensive validity from the specialists' viewpoint were confirmed.

Today, environmental issues and problems have become many challenges and concerns for society. Many believe that these problems stem from cultural weakness. Bourdieu sees the root of environmental crises in the Western worldview, which has a hegemonic view of the environment. In fact, without the formation of environmental culture, the formation of a society with high environmental responsibility is not possible. Therefore, in the present study, a qualitative study of the determinants of environmental culture was performed. Using qualitative method and semi-structured interviews with 15 experts, data were collected and then content analysis was performed. Finally, two comprehensive themes and five organizing themes were achieved. Regarding the components of environmental culture, 7 basic themes were obtained, which could be divided into comprehensive and organizing themes. These basic themes were divided into two general categories: subjective and objective. Regarding the factors affecting environmental culture, 12 basic themes were mentioned, which could be divided into comprehensive and organizing themes. These basic themes were divided into three general categories: socio-cultural factors, motivational factors and economic factors. Finally, in order to check the content validity of the model, the CVR index was used, the results of which indicate the approval of the model designed by experts.

The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of factors affecting the development of scientific tourism in Iran's higher education system. The research method was a modeling case study. The statistical population of the research was the experts familiar with the field of scientific tourism, including the faculty members of Iranian universities, who were selected by purposive sampling of 37 people. The data collection tools included documents, interviews, and researcher-made questionnaires, and the interpretive structural modeling technique was used to analyze the data. In the first step, the factors affecting scientific tourism in higher education were extracted by reviewing the research literature using a systematic review method and also through interviews with experts and using the elicitation approach; and in the second step, using the 6-step Structural-interpretive modeling, the intended model was extracted. The obtained results showed that the 9 main factors affecting the formation of higher education tourism in Iran in influence order are: dynamic political exchanges with the world at the national level, the existence of macro-national policies in the field of academic interaction, facilitating the admission process in the political and administrative dimensions, the existence of economic and technical infrastructures for foreign students, the international language level of faculty and staff members and the structure of dynamic and accepting higher education, the existence of a sense of security in the social, security and political dimensions for foreign students and brand-making factors of universities, and presenting historical, cultural and religious attractions to the world.

 The purpose of the research is to investigate the factors affecting the model of health, safety and environmental (HSE) risk literacy. Organizations can’t work without without healthy and safe employees. Health literacy deals with the issue of whether a person meets the complex requirements of promoting and maintaining health in modern society.

 The researcher has analyzed the results and findings of previous researchers by applying a systematic and meta- combination approach and by performing the 7 steps of the Sandelowski and Barroso method; he has identified the effective factors. Among 556 articles, 55 articles were selected based on the CASP method, and the validity of the analysis was confirmed with the Kappa coefficient value of 0.711. In this context, in order to measure reliability and quality control, the transcription method was used, and its value was identified for the indicators identified at the level of excellent agreement. The results of data analysis collected in MAXQDA software led to the identification of 84 primary codes in 16 categories in 5 dimensions.

 Finally, five dimensions of planning, concepts of literacy development, implementation of education, evaluation and revision were identified as influencing dimensions of health, safety and environmental risk literacy.

 Organizations can focus on these factors in order to improve the literacy of HSE risks as one of the preventive and improving decision- making factors among their employees. What can be inferred from the categories and dimensions is the impossibility of balanced and proportional promotion of HSE risk literacy in an organization by one person and one department and even the organization itself alone. Improving the literacy of HSE risks requires the attention and assistance of extra-organizational, organizational and individual factors.

This research has been done to survey, identification, and prioritization the educational needs of the employees at the Ports and Maritime Organization in the implementation of the contents of the ship's ballast water management convention in Iran. This research has been "functional" in terms of purpose and "descriptive" in terms of data collection method and of the type "survey". Documentary method was used to access the research literature and a researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting data which the content validity of the questionnaire was provided by the opinions of 22 experts and its reliability was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.70. The statistical society of this research included 700 managers and experts in port and shipping lines, ship's personnel and crew members, experts in the field of international maritime law and environmental experts that by citing of Morgan table and random sampling method, 248 subjects out of aforementioned people were selected. The methods of descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. In the inferential statistics section, Friedman test was used and the data were analyzed by using of SPSS23 software. Based on the results, there is a significant difference between the average rankings of knowledge, attitude and skill areas which the results showed that the known educational needs of the knowledge area are in the first rank and then the educational needs of all three areas were prioritized and finally suggestions were presented in accordance with the objectives and results of the research.

To validate the designed model of integrated education on environment and health during the coronavirus disease using a qualitative approach and the database method, this research employed a quantitative method with a descriptive, correlational type of approach.

The participants in the qualitative part were academic faculty members in the field of health and environment, 10 of whom were purposefully selected to conduct in-depth interviews, and the result of that research was a pattern of 363 primary conceptual propositions with 57 subcategories and 27 propositions. A main category was obtained in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigm model.

The results of the quantitative model test, which was the result of the assumptions derived from the qualitative model, the whole of the paradigmatic model including six dimensions of causal conditions including audience, educational and lesson planning, teacher, needs assessment, how to implement integrated education; The main phenomenon includes: training method and competence; Strategies include: participation, general and basic education, institution building, effectiveness evaluation, trust building; Background characteristics include: infrastructure condition, management, financing, culture, legal guarantee; Environmental conditions include: government sector, environmental management, educational environment, social and cultural conditions; Consequences include: improved competence, environmental effects, health effects and economic effects were confirmed.

The model included the two main phenomena of education method and competence, that all integrated educational activities of environment and health should include these two main cores.

Unfortunately, nowadays, the environment has faced many challenges, and addressing these challenges requires rethinking, re-creating, and repairing in order to preserve human life on Earth. Environmental education, especially in schools, has an undeniable role to play in alleviating these problems. The way of teaching, especially active teaching methods, has a great effect on students' self-learning abilities, one of the most important of which is the cooperative method. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the teacher-assistant plan on the transfer of environmental concepts to 11th-grade high school students in Kashan. The research method was quantitative and based on the quasi-experimental method. The population of the study consisted of all male students of 11th-grade public schools in Kashan, 1171 people, who were selected using the available sampling method of two classes of 30 people. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, the content validity of which was confirmed by environmental experts, and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.87. Data were analyzed at two levels, descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance) with SPSS26 software. The results showed that education based on the teacher-assistant plan is effective in transmitting environmental concepts and their components (excluding sound and biodiversity and tourism) to students. Therefore, it is possible to increase the quantity and quality of the transfer of environmental concepts in students by using appropriate teaching methods, the overflow of which can improve the environmental level of society.

The purpose of this qualitative research is to identify the dimensions and components of the model of integrated education of environment and health in the era of corona disease pandemic.

The current research method is a qualitative type of grounded theory (systematic approach). For this purpose, theoretical sampling and in-depth interviews with experts were used and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In order to analyze the data, an open, central and selective coding system was used.

Data analysis showed that causal conditions from 5 main categories (audiences, educational and curriculum planning, teacher, needs assessment, how to implement integrated education); core phenomenon from 2 main categories (education method and competence), strategy from 5 main categories (participation, general and basic education, institution building, evaluation of effectiveness and trust building), environmental conditions from 4 main categories (public sector, environmental management, environment educational and social and cultural conditions), background characteristics from 5 main categories (infrastructural conditions, management, financing, culture and legal guarantee) and outcomes from 4 main categories (competency impro1vement, environmental effects, health effects and economic effects) Composed.

The results showed that the integrated education of environment and health in the era of corona virus pandemic should pay attention to the components and framework extracted from this article in the form of a paradigm model.

The category of culture and its impact on the environment is one of the dimensions of sustainable development and the first step towards achieving this goal. We need environmental ethics to achieve sustainability, development and environmental protection. An ethic that recognizes and responds sensitively to the complex and changing connections between man and nature. In order for such ethics to emerge, it is necessary to review educational methods and systems. The aim of this study was to study the effectiveness of teaching method based on the teacher- assistant project on environmental ethics of Kashan high school students.

The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature of the collected data, quantitative and based on a quasi-experimental approach (pre-test-post-test design with control group). The statistical population consisted of all male students of 11th grade public schools in Kashan with a number of 1171 people who were selected using the Convenient sampling method in two classes of 30 people. To collect data, Firoozfar, Faqihi & Erfani (2021) environmental ethics questionnaire was used, the content validity of which was confirmed by environmental experts, and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.927. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance) with SPSS26 software.

The results showed that teaching method based on the teacher- assistant project has a positive effect on environmental ethics in students (P<0.0005). Also, teaching method based on the teacher- assistant project has a positive effect on the components of environmental ethics (air, soil, water, plants and animals) in students (P<0.0005).

Various studies show that among the many ways to deal with environmental problems, the most fundamental, effective and cost-effective way to prevent environmental degradation is public education and culture and the participation of people in the community. The way of teaching and teaching, especially active teaching methods, also has a great effect on students' self-learning abilities. One of the most important active teaching methods is the method of cooperation between teacher and students and students with each other. Therefore, by using appropriate teaching methods, efforts can be made to improve the level of environmental ethics in students, so that it can be felt in society.

In recent years, researchers have paid increasing attention to the concept of resilience against disasters. Natural disasters, which are part of the human life and increase in number and diversity every day, have been raised as a fundamental challenge to achieving sustainable development of human societies. The aim of this study was to predict the social resilience of citizens against natural disasters based on religious attitudes with the mediating role of corona anxie ty .

Methods :

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of method of implementation. The statistical population of this study included all citizens of 15th district of Tehran in 2021. From the present statistical populatio n, a sample size of 380 people was selected by stratified random sampling method based on Morgan’s table. Data were collected using the George Religious Attitude Questionnaire, the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire and the Alipour’s Corona Anxie ty Scale. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, regression, and path analysis. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests .

The results of data analysis showed that religious attitude can predict the positive and safe emotions of citizens and control negative effects. It was also found that corona anxiety could play a mediating role in predicting citizens' social resilience to natural disaste rs based on religious attitudes .

It can be stated that to promote citizens’ social resilience to disasters, in addition to paying attention to the religious attitude of individuals, experts and thinkers should use programs to reduce anxiety .

The water crisis is one of the most paramount challenges in Tehran province. Virtual water management and education in many countries is a measure to overcome water shortage, especially in the agricultural sector. In Iran, virtual water consumption per capita in the agricultural sector is about 20% higher than the world average. This research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of virtual water education in the agricultural sector with the approach of resistance economy and sustainable development in order to inform the users of virtual water and protect the environment, water resources, and sustainable development in the year 2021.

The method of this research was a combination. In the qualitative phase of the research, in order to identify the main and sub-components of the model, the technique of grounded theory was utilized. A semi-structured interview method was conducted to collect data in this phase. The purposeful snowball method was applied in the qualitative phase for sampling. The statistical population of the quantitative part included professors of related universities, experts, and managers of the executive organizations of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. According to the statistics and information obtained, the total number of contacts was 360. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula of 181 people. A researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was designed to collect data. Descriptive statistics measures (mean, standard deviation, variance, frequency, and percentage) were calculated for data analysis in the quantitative phase, and confirmatory factor analysis was employed in the inferential phase.

The results of comparing the mean value of the components obtained from the test (t-test) illustrated that there is a significant difference of 1 percent between the current and desired means in all components and the current state of virtual water management education is not desirable. The validity of the questionnaire constructs was calculated by the convergent validity method at the level of 0.49 and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by the ordinal coefficient alpha at the level of 0.81. The qualitative findings of the research revealed that 11 components and 37 sub-components were the components of the virtual water education model in the agricultural sector. Based on the standard factor loadings of qvh(γ), the content components of virtual water education (0.97), methods of virtual water education (0.96), and principles of virtual water education (0.92) are respectively, the most substantial in explained the model of virtual water education. Moreover, the confirmatory factor analysis of the components illustrated that the identified components had sufficient factor loading to predict virtual water education in the agricultural sector.

The fit indicators of the education model in the agricultural sector illustrated that the developed model has a good fit and in addition to awareness and behavior change, the model can be a road map for the trustees and agents of education activities for virtual water users in the agricultural sector. Implementing virtual water education through the prepared model can be expected to prevent the wastage of water resources in the agricultural sector and protect natural resources. Furthermore, based on the upstream documents, it is an opportunity to attain modern agriculture, resistance economy, sustainable development, and environmental protection.

The issue of social responsibility for the protection of the environment at all levels of the society is explicitly emphasized in Article 14 of the General Environmental Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The city of Mashhad is the second most populated city in Iran after Tehran. A city like Mashhad, with a population of nearly five million people, is typically faced with environmental problems such as extremely high temperature, demanding waste management, noise and air pollution, traffic congestion, water shortage, and drought. Expression of environmental problems is a concern, and requires the cooperation of experts and the public to find solutions. Researchers have come up with a variety of solutions to environmental problems, most of which are technological, but they are interested in changing people’s lifestyles and behavioral solutions today due to the high cost of these projects, because environmental hazards result from human intervention. The present issues can be overcome only through changes in human attitudes and behaviors. Citizens with pro-environmental behaviors feel most responsible for the urban environment and the preservation of its natural, historical, and cultural values. The aim of this study was to investigate environmental literacy and its relationship with background variables and the aspects of citizens’ environmental literacy in Mashhad. 

This cross-sectional survey adopted an individual unit of analysis. The population involved the citizens of Mashhad in 2021. A sample of size 689 containing residents in the thirteen municipal districts of Mashhad was selected using the systematic random sampling method, and parameters such as citizens’ awareness, knowledge, concern, and environmental behavior were measured as dimensions of environmental literacy. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, which was completed with reference to the respondents. For assessment of its reliability, a pre-test questionnaire was completed by a sample of fifty people for elimination of probable defects and calculation of reliability. A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient between 0.70 and 0.84 indicated the proper reliability of the questionnaire. Moreover, formal validity was used in this study.  The hypotheses were tested once the data were analyzed using correlation and comparison methods in the SPSS software.FindingsThe results of this study indicated the high level of citizens’ environmental literacy in terms of awareness and knowledge, while the respondents’ score in environmental concern and behavior was only slightly above average. The respondents’ individual environmental behavior ranged between moderate and high. Their environmental behaviors in the public sphere were significantly lower than average and close to low levels. The collective environmental behaviors of men are greater than those of women, but individual environmental behaviors are greater in women than in men. None of the indicators of environmental literacy was related to age except environmental behaviors. The average environmental behavior index was 3.17 for the 18-24 age group, 3.29 for the 25-44 age group, and 3.31 for the 45-64 age group, and the average environmental behavior index for people aged sixty-five years and older was reported to be 3.32. This indicated that the environmental behavior index increased slightly as age rose. The chi-squared test results demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between citizens’ academic degrees and the environmental knowledge index in Mashhad. In other words, environmental concerns increased as academic degree rose. Finally, there was a significant direct relationship with low intensity between environmental awareness, knowledge, and concern and environmental behavior.

The results of the study indicated a relatively poor tendency among the citizens towards environment-friendly behaviors, especially in the public sphere. Although the examined population was mentally concerned about the environment, the concern did not provide them with enough energy and motivation to take an action, for whatever reason. Environmental awareness can change only individual environmental behaviors, which is possible in a small space such as a family and impossible or trivial beyond that. Citizens consider the responsibility of protecting the environment outside their personal spaces, such as a house, car, or workplace, as a responsibility of the relevant municipal institutions, and hardly participate in voluntary activities aimed to protect the urban environment. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase citizens’ environmental literacy, and environmental education should be different for different age, occupation, academic, and gender groups. The capacity of non-governmental institutions to attract participation and cooperation among organizations should be used to promote responsibility in environmental behavior.AcknowledgmentThis article is taken from the doctoral dissertation entitled “Designing and validating a model for attracting public participation in the development of environmental literacy of the citizens of Mashhad”, which down in Payame Noor University of Tehran.

The purpose of this study was to study the degree of adaptation of the content of elementary school curricula to the needs related to the promotion of students' environmental literacy in the cognitive domain of elementary school teachers' point of view in Azna in 2019. This research is applied in terms of purpose and terms of data collection, it is a descriptive correlational one. The statistical population of all teachers employed in the elementary schools of Azna city in the school year of 2019-2020 was 951 teachers who were selected using a proportional multistage random sampling method of 270 teachers. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Bloom's cognitive domain classification. To investigate the validity of the questionnaire structure, confirmatory factor analysis with the covariance approach by Lisrel8.8 software, formal validity, and content with experts' opinions and reliability of Cronbach's alpha has been used. Also, to investigate the type of data distribution, the coefficients of skewness and elongation have been used and to study the research questions, the independent t-test and Friedman test have been used. The results showed that the curriculum of elementary corresponded with the needs related to the promotion of students' environmental literacy in the field of knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, composition, and evaluation from the elementary teachers of Azna. Of course, the degree of desirability of domains was not the same, and the ranking of domains in terms of the degree of attention in the curriculum was analysis, knowledge, composition, evaluation, application, and understanding.

Education is one of the institutions that can be the basis of the environmental behaviors. Human thought must be developed in such a way as to take into account environmental factors, and this requires the development of education in the field of environmental philosophy. The present study aimed to study the effects of teaching philosophy for Children on environmental behavior, in seventh-grade high school students in Karaj, Iran. This study was applied in terms of its approach and used a quasi-experimental method for data gathering; it also used a pretest-posttest design and included a control group. The population consisted of seventh-grade high school students in District 4 of Karaj; convenient sample included sixty students who were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, each consisting of 30 subjects/students. The tool for gathering data was the questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by past studies and a survey from 18 specialists; its reliability was determined to be 0.86 via Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The questions were analyzed using methods of statistical description and inference, and mean, percentage, and ANCOVA were analyzed via SPSS22 (P0.05). There results indicated that teaching philosophy had a significant, positive effect on environmental behavior. According to the results, it can be affirmed that positive effects of teaching philosophy in high schools shows the children access to variables which indicate their attachment to all animate and inanimate entities on the earth and their awareness of protecting the environment.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the content of human and environmental textbooks of the eleventh grade of secondary school. In this study, the content analysis method with Shannon entropy technique was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of the content of the human and environmental textbook with 115 pages, including 7 sections. The results showed that highest unit was assigned to soil index and the lowest one was for biodiversity index. The highest importance factor in water component was water management index and the least water quality decline, the highest importance factor in soil component related to soil conservation index and the lowest food security. the highest importance factor in air component related to air pollution index and the least human factors, the highest importance factor in energy component related to fossil fuel index and the lowest Clean energy and green fuels, the highest importance factor in the waste component related to the recycling index and the lowest waste accumulation and incineration, and the highest importance factor in the waste component related to the index Biodiversity and least waste The importance of conservation strategies index, respectively.

This study was conducted to study the level of ecological knowledge of sixth grade elementary school students in Tabriz and to study the role of gender and the level of education of parents in it.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection method. The statistical population was the sixth grade elementary school students in Tabriz in the academic year 1397-1397 that the sample size using Morgan table was 392 people. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by consulting professors and experts and its reliability was confirmed by halving method. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc test using SPSS25 software at a significance level of 0.05.

Based on the results of one-group t-test at a significance level of less than 0.05, the amount of ecological knowledge and its dimensions in sixth grade elementary school students in Tabriz were significantly lower than average. The level of studentschr('39') knowledge, except for the pollution dimension, was lower than average in other dimensions of ecological knowledge and was assessed at an unacceptable level. Also, the results of independent t-test showed that girls have more ecological knowledge than boys and only the knowledge of the material cycle in male and female students was not significantly different (p <0.05). The results of one-way analysis of variance also showed that the level of ecological knowledge and its dimensions are significantly different according to the education of parents (p <0.05). The results of Duncanchr('39')s post hoc test showed that studentschr('39') level of ecological awareness and its dimensions increase with increasing level of parental education.

The process of ecological literacy is drawing and expressing studentschr('39') progress; In other words, students can learn different subjects and subjects in ecology education in order to reach a defined level of understanding of ecology and ecological events.

Influenza is a highly contagious zoonotic disease in the world. Avian H9N2 influenza virus is a significant pandemic pathogen widely distributed throughout the world. Pet ownership has been documented as a risk factor for infection transmission to human. Considering major public health concern, the prevalence of antibodies against avian H9N2 influenza virus was evaluated in 170 serum samples of dogs by hemagglutination inhibition assay. This study is the first survey to assess the epidemiology of avian H9N2 influenza virus infection in dogs in Kerman, southeast of Iran. Out of 170 samples, 65 (38.23%) were positive for H9N2. Antibodies were higher in farm dogs that were kept with other animals and also in dogs were fed a raw diet. These findings emphasize the importance of close attention to these populations for control and prevention programs. It is important to reduce infection burden, especially in regions with widespread distribution of H9N2.

Abstract The present study aimed to study the effects of teaching philosophy to Children on environmental knowledge, sensitivity, and concern in seventh-grade high school students in Karaj, Iran. This study was applied in terms of its approach and used a quasi-experimental method for data gathering. The population consisted of seventh-grade high school students in District 4 of Karaj; the convenient sample included sixty students who were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, each consisting of 30 subjects/students. The tool for gathering data was the questionnaire devised by Veisi et al. (2012) whose face and content validity was confirmed by past studies and a survey from 18 specialists; its reliability was determined to be 0.86 via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) and leven tests and homogeneity of regression slopes were used for the statistical analysis. Finally, the questions were analyzed using methods of statistical description and inference, and mean percentage, and ANCOVA were analyzed via SPSS22 (P£0.05). Their results indicated that teaching philosophy had a significant, positive effect on environmental knowledge, sensitivity, and concern. The positive effects of teaching philosophy show the children access to variables which indicate their attachment to all animate and inanimate entities on the earth and their awareness of protecting the environment.

Background & Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of contextual interference on learning simple and complex tasks with indexes difficulty. A number of 56 right handed Yazd university students with a mean age of 22 1.3years were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to four groups which differed in scheduled practice and type of task performed (simple and complex). Fitts’ task with different indexes difficulty were designed as software and appeared on a computer monitor.The aim of this task was maximum movement speed and accuracy. The subjects practiced 8 blocks of 8 trails in the acquisition phase and then practiced 1 blocks of 8 trails in the immediate retention phase. In transfer tests, they performed 1 blocks of 8 trails. The data were analyzed by mixed factor ANOVA, two way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test (P The results showed a significant difference between various scheduled practices and type of tasks in different phases of movement speed. Meanwhile there was no significant difference between various scheduled practices of movement accuracy. These findings suggest that contextual interference effect depend on trade of speed and accuracy. The results suggested usage from low contextual interference (blocked scheduled practice) is appropriate in tasks that benefit from the principal of speed and accuracy.

The growth of social networking has made it possible to define new applications for this tool especially in learning, including formal, informal, and tacit education (visual, auditory and written). The purpose of this study was to explain the impact of the use of Eitaa social network on the environmental attitude of students in three cognitive, emotional and behavioral areas. The present study is the type of applied researches which regarding the purpose, and regarding the data collection tool, it is a semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The study sample has consisted of 46 students of Payame Noor University of Markazi province that were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two control and study groups. According to the results of the covariance analysis test, it was concluded that there is a significant difference between the three variables in the two stages of pre-test and post-test, which shows the effect of environmental training with the application of Eitaa social network on all of the three dimensions of the students' environmental attitude. The comparison of the mean of the two stages of pre-test and post-test showed that the mean of all of the three variables in the post-test was higher than the pretest. Scheffe post hoc test results also showed a higher mean in the study group than the control group in all three variables. According to the calculated level of effect, respectively about 70, 10 and 14 percent of the variance of the cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions of the environmental attitude of the study group was explicitly explained by applying the training method (environmental training of Eitaa).

Background and Educational function of the media has always been emphasized by experts in various fields, and formal and informal institutions have used their capacity. In the meantime, the medium of television as a medium of video and audio is important. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of environmental programs of television on the promotion of environmental awareness and attitude of university students.
Research The research method is practical, and the data collection tool isquasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test as well as control group. The studied population consists of 40 students from Payame Noor University, Markazi Province, who are selected by convenience sampling method and randomly classified into two experimental and control groups. The data collection tool includes a questionnaire, the content validity of which is quantitatively and qualitatively confirmed and the reliability is approved by Cronbach''s alpha method. The data are analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings: According to the results of the statistical analysis, significant differences between pre-test and post-test were observed in both variables. Comparison of the mean pre-test and post-test demonstrated that the mean of the post-test was higher in both variables. The post-hoc test also showed that the mean of TV experimental group was higher than the mean of control group in both variables.
Discussion and According to the findings, TV programs have a significantly positive effect on the environmental awareness and attitude of the students, especially their environmental awareness, which showed a higher extent of effect

In this study, the general anatomical features of the digestive tube and the transit time of the digestive tube of the Zarudni’s spur-thighed tortoises were examined by contrast radiology.
Design: Experimental study.
Animals: 4 adult female Zarudni’s Spur-thighed Tortoises (Testudo graeca zarudnyi).
Procedures: At a temperature of 25-27°c a set of dorsoventral radiograph was taken to locate the Gastrografin position.
The normal gastric, small intestine and large intestine anatomy were obtained and the mean gastric, small intestine and large intestine transit times were 0.2 hr, 2.1 hr and 27 hr, respectively. Our results showed some differences in the gastrointestinal transit time with that of other species.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: The noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques provide detailed information concerning gastrointestinal tract. Since there have not been any anatomical and radiological studies on this species in Iran, results of this study can use as a reference in this species.

The purpose of this study was to assess the achievement of educational objectives for management of the crisis (environment) in the earthquake-stricken area of Kermanshah province. The research method of this paper is a survey, and the statistical population is the citizens living in SarPol-e-Zahab, the NGOs involved in the Kermanshah earthquake and environmentalists with a sample size of 525 people. The survey tool is a closed questionnaire with a Likert scale and a distance scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through internal matching of the items (Cronbach's alpha). Findings showed that about 63% of respondents believe that awareness raising in the environmental field is essential, but 97% of respondents believe that triple action (government, NGO, and people) in the areas of the earthquake is not acceptable in the field of increasing awareness. Also, about 67% believe that promotion of knowledge in environmental issues is of great importance, with 80% of respondents acknowledging that the performance of this category in poorly seized areas has been weak. About 68% of respondents believe that positive attitudes toward environmental issues are necessary, and 72% think that the importance of this in earthquake areas is weak and very weak. Approximately 70% of respondents considered skills to be necessary, but 79% believed that the field was weak. In sum, the achievement of environmental education goals in a critical and realistic situation (SarPol-e- Zahab earthquake), which is considered in this paper, is in a fragile state.

Q fever is endemic zoonotic worldwide diseases which caused by Coxiella burnetii. This pathogen can be infecting domestic and wild ruminants, companion animals, insects and humans. Ruminants are the primary reservoirs of C. burnetii. A variety of tick species also act as reservoirs or vectors for disease via bite, shedding or vertical transmission. Dogs and cats could be infected via inhalation or ingestion of aerosol from milk, aborted fetuses or carcasses of infected animals. Some reports indicated that pet owners could be infected after inhalation of aerosol which shed during parturition or abortion by infected dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of C. burnetii in the blood samples of stray cats in Kerman city (Southeast Iran) using a nested Trans-PCR assay.
Blood samples were obtained from sixty stray cats which were trapped from different parts of Kerman city from May to September of 2015. DNA extraction was done using extraction kit (G-spin ¡South Korea) and specimens were refrigerated at -18 oC. Detection of C. burnetii was conducted by nested Trans-PCR assay using the specific primers.
Seven out of 60 (11.66%) samples were positive by nested Trans-PCR.
Our data showed that cats can be considered as the reservoirs for C. burnetii and noted zoonotic importance of these populations. As Q fever is an endemic disease in farm animal in Iran specially Kerman district, efforts should be focused on understanding the role and pathogenic importance of companion animals in transmission of Q fever to human population.

Q fever, as one of the tick-borne zoonotic diseases, is caused by Coxiella burnetii. Ticks may play an important role in C. burnetii transmission to animals and humans. By using nested Trans-PCR, we investigated the presence of C. burnetii in ticks collected from dogs in Kerman, southeast of Iran. A total of 375 ticks were randomly collected from 100 dogs. Eight pools were finally formed. The pools of tick samples were assessed for the presence of C. burnetii. Genomic DNA extraction was done and samples were evaluated by nested Trans-PCR. All tick specimens were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus regarding the taxonomical characteristics. Coxiella burnetii was detected in 1 out of 8 (12.5%) pool samples. One positive sample was subjected to sequence analysis, which successfully confirmed the accuracy of the PCR assay. Our data show that ticks infesting dogs can be infected by C. burnetii, providing zoonotic importance of these populations. Efforts should be focused on understanding the role and epidemiologic importance of dogs and their ticks, especially for human Q fever, which can be a life-threatening disease.