mahin nazari

 Diabetes is a significant and costly health problem worldwide, requiring effective interventions to improve adherence. The aim of this study was to increase treatment adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes using constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM).

 An educational intervention consisting of four sessions was conducted on 100 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the Diabetes Clinic affiliated with the Social Security Organization in Mobarakeh, Isfahan province, Iran. The mean difference before and after the intervention in HBM constructs and self-efficacy activities was compared using independent t-tests. The association between self-care behaviors before and after the educational intervention in both groups and the expected value of a part of the HBM was examined using linear regression. The threshold for statistical significance was P<0.05.

 After the intervention, the mean difference scores for all components of the HBM and self-efficacy increased significantly in the intervention group. In linear regression analysis, perceived vulnerability was the only variable that showed a direct and significant relationship with self-care in the intervention group.

 The results of the study suggest that patient education improved all HBM constructs related to treatment adherence. This underscores the importance and effectiveness of self-care education in controlling blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.

Poor awareness of mothers toward fetal development leads to anxiety and may harm the Maternal-Fetal attachment. This study investigated the effect of an educational program based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on Maternal-Fetal Attachment (MFA) in primigravid women.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 106 couples (in two groups of 53) using a convenience sampling method from 4 health centers, which randomly selected in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2016-2017. The intervention group participated in six sessions of maternal-fetal attachment training. Both groups were evaluated using two questionnaires before and four weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed with SPSS-22 software using paired t-test and independent t-test at a significant level of 0.05

Mean score of MFA after intervention in intervention and control groups (63.1±4.3 vs 57.8±4.3) was significantly different (P < 0.001). Also, the mean score of knowledge (5.9±3.7 vs 4.1±5.1), attitude (78.3±3.7 vs 71.2±5.1), subjective norm (45.9±1.9 vs 41.5±3.5), perceived behavioral control (56.7±1.9 vs 50.8±3.6), and behavioral intention (12.8±2.7 vs 9.6±1.2) of pregnant mothers were statistically different between the intervention and control groups (P<0.001).

The results of this study showed that educational intervention based on TPB can be useful and effective in promoting MFA. So, it appears that this model is an effective strategy for behavior change in the field of attachment.

Old age is a sensitive period of life and paying attention to its needs is a social necessity. The older adults are exposed to threats such loneliness, isolation, and lack of social support. The aim of this study was to investigate the index of intergenerational quality in Persian and Arab ethnic groups in aging society in Iran. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study on Persian and Arab ethnic groups. The statistical population of this research consisted of the elderly belonging to two ethnic groups: Persians and Arabs. The sampling was done using the quota randommethod. The sample size of this research was estimated based on Morgan’s table to be 217 older adults. In terms of health status, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Associational Structural Correlation, Normative consensus correlation, Normative consensus correlation, Emotional closeness, Intergenerational conflict, Ambivalence in the two groups were not significantly different. The general scale of the intergenerational quality questionnaire responses showed the closeness of the general scale of the questionnaire between the two groups. The comparison of the results of the two groups in this study showed that the Arab people had a better health status than the Persian ones.

Body image is a multifaceted construct and has been the subject of many recent studies in the field of psychology and social sciences. In this research, we aim to investigate the relationship between social self-efficacy and body image concern in female adolescents.

This is a descriptive correlational study with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 117 second-grade high school female students in Kavar County, Fars Province, Iran, in the academic year 2016-2017, who were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools included Littleton’s body image concern inventory and Connolly’s adolescent social self-efficacy scale. The collected data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software, version 26.

The mean score of social self-efficacy was 64.91±22.10, and the median, first quartile, and third quartile of body image concern were 72, 61.5, and 78.5, respectively. The results of Spearman’s correlation test showed a very strong and negative significant correlation between body image concern and social self-efficacy (P<0.001).

The officials and decision-makers in the field of mental health and education in Iran should design educational programs related to proper nutrition and physical activity for female adolescents to maintain their body weight within the normal range and consequently reduce their body image concern and increase their self-efficacy.

In the post-Cold War era, the international system continues to undergo a state of transition. In the emerging geopolitical landscape, the West Asia, and specifically the Persian Gulf region, occupies a unique role in the policy of major powers (e.g., the USA and China), thanks to its special geopolitical, geostrategic, and geo-economic significance, alongside its stable oil and gas reserves. China, as a growing East Asian country, has increasingly directed its focus towards strategic regions, such as the Persian Gulf, in recent decades. This shift is driven by China’s growing need to maximize its increasing power. China’s critical need for fossil resources has been a primary driver compelling the Chinese political elite to consider the Persian Gulf as a pivotal region in their foreign policy. To be more specific, since the late 1980s, China has been reliant on oil imports to sustain its economic growth and move up the global power hierarchy. This fundamental issue has, in turn, prompted Beijing to adopt a pragmatic and non-ideological perspective to consider closer collaboration with major energy actors such as the Islamic Republic of Iran (in opposition to Washington) and Saudi Arabia (in alignment with Washington). Relying on a descriptive–analytical approach, the present study endeavored to address the questions of what role China assumes in the economic and political future of the Persian Gulf region, and how it can impact Iran’s national interests.

Literature Review:

 In “China–Iran Relations Through the Prism of Sanctions,” Scita (2022) explains how China has dealt with the sanctions imposed on Iran. Scita not only delves into Beijing’s response and approach to the imposed sanctions, but also assesses the extent to which China complies with the these sanctions. The author notably argues that China–Iran relations are influenced by their relations with the US as well as their status in the international arena. In their article titled “Iran, China and the Persian Gulf: An Unfolding Engagement,” Shariatinia and Kermani (2022) address the question of how Iran views China’s growing involvement in the Persian Gulf region, particularly in light of China’s strong ties with Iran’s primary regional competitors.

Neoclassical realists posit that a country’s ambitions are primarily shaped by the capabilities of its government in the realm of foreign policy, as well as by its position in the international system. They contend that a government’s relative capability in mobilizing domestic resources forms the basis for formulating a balanced strategy in the international scene. In this light, it can be observed that conditions are indeed conducive to China’s economic growth and realization of its potential, owing to the recent significant changes in China’s foreign and domestic policies and the ensuing normalization of relations between this growing Asian country and the capitalist West. China’s vast geographic expanse, a population numbering in billions, the young and large workforce, and efficient management, have enabled China to achieve rapid and substantial economic growth. For over four decades, China has consistently maintained remarkable economic growth, averaging around 8%. However, to sustain the economic growth, China needs access to foreign markets, cheap and abundant raw materials, and notably, energy resources. Focusing on a country’s domestic capacitates and the structure of the international system (i.e., possibilities and limitations), the theory of neoclassical realism can explain the overt and covert competition between Washington and Beijing in the Persian Gulf.

The analysis revealed two scenarios about China’s presence in the Persian Gulf and its impact on Iran. The first scenario pertains to the maintenance of the status quo. In this case, the USA would continue its presence in the Persian Gulf region. If the Arab nations in the Persian Gulf trust the American presence and the alliance commitments, and the US exerts more pressure on its regional partners, it is conceivable that strategic industrial cooperation with China may be halted somehow without further progress. The second scenario revolves around the decline of the US presence in West Asia, including the Persian Gulf region. This essentially signifies the dominance of the Great Power Competition doctrine and the strategic prioritization of the Indo–Pacific region, specifically China, in American foreign policy.

What is particularly noteworthy here is the fact that the nature of the strategic relations between China and the countries in the Persian Gulf has not only placed the US in a strategic quandary in the region but has also significantly influenced Tehran–Beijing relations. Not solely relying on Iran to achieve all its regional objectives, China has tried to diversify and deepen its relations with the Arab countries in the region in order to diversify its energy supply sources. However, this approach does not imply ignoring Iran. China, given its strategic stance, has consistently aimed to maintain the most positive relations possible with Tehran, albeit at a more limited level. The findings point to the conclusion that China’s approach to the Persian Gulf region should not be viewed solely in terms of the energy economy and cooperation in the energy sector. It is also essential to analyze its implications within the context of regional security and solidarity. In fact, the Persian Gulf is recognized both as a focal point for global energy production and distribution, and one of the most unstable parts of the world.

Influenza is one of the leading causes of death in the world, especially in the elderly. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and intention of rural elderly about influenza prevention behaviors.

In this cross-sectional study was performed on 140 rural older people who were selected by multi-stage random sampling in Fasa, Iran. A questionnaire was developed to inform about individuals’ knowledge, attitude, and practice on influenza prevention measures. Data were analyzed using frequency descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test by SPSS-21.

A total of 61 men (mean age of 69.32 ± 6.81) and 71 women (mean age of 69.04 ± 7.52) responded to the questionnaire. The mean score of knowledge in women (6.8 ± 2.1) was significantly higher than in men (5.8 ± 2.7). The mean score of knowledge in illiterate people (6.45 ± 2.43) compared to literate people (6.08 ± 2.58) showed no significant differences. In addition, the differences between the mean score of attitudes in both men (5.67 ± 5.67) and women (6.05 ± 29.59) were not significant. Likewise, there were no significant differences between the mean scores of attitudes in the literate (28.74 ± 5.74) and illiterate (29.87 ± 5.89) elderly. The mean scores of intention in men and women were 6.18 ± 1.76 and 6.13 ± 1.53, respectively, which was not significantly different. Finally, the mean scores of intention in literate (5.85 ± 2.14) and illiterate (6.25 ± 1.42) participants were not significantly different.

The knowledge, attitude, and intention of rural elderly about influenza prevention behaviors are not satisfactory, and large-scale educational interventions are required in this regard, especially in rural areas.

Widowhood is an unwonted stage after married life accompanied by emotional and physical stress. Resilience plays an important role in coping with widowhood, but there is no appropriate instrument to help measure resilience among the Iranian population. Hence, the objective of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the widowhood resilience scale (WRS, 25-Items). In a psychometric study, 352 Iranian widows were randomly selected; then, the WRS, Loneliness, general resilience, and demographic questionnaire were used to gather data. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to extract the factors using IBM-SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24. The mean ages of 352 participants were 65.7±9.8, and the highest frequency of education level was no formal schooling (42.6%). The construct validity of WRS based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the six subscales explained a total of 85.35 % of the variance. The convergent validity of the WRS 25-items was compared to Iranian versions of UCLA-Loneliness (0.71) and CD‐RISC (0.78) as well (P<0.01). The WRS scale demonstrated excellent reliability and Cronbach’s alpha obtained 0.94 for the entire scale (P<0.001). The optimal cut-off point that best differentiates between resilient and non-resilient widows was 55, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 74.4%. Based on the results, the Persian version of the WRS is a valid and reliable tool that can be utilized to measure widows’ resilience. However, further investigations are suggested.

Adolescence is one of the most important and challenging stages in life. psychological, cognitive and emotional changes during this period can expose adolescents to high risk behaviors.

The current study examined the effectiveness of resilience training on emotional intelligence (EI) and assessed gender differences in this regard among adolescents living in the outskirts of Shiraz, Iran.

This pre-post study included 191 students and used an intervention consisting of nine resilience-training sessions. The evaluated outcomes were EI and its 15 components. The paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests were used to analyze the data.

Out of 191 students, 88 (46.1%) were boys. Before and after the intervention, the mean EI score for boys was 312.52 ± 37.79 and 327.31 ± 37.75, while for girls, it was 310.74 ± 30.05 and 312.20 ± 29.51, respectively. Following the intervention, the scores of boys in problem-solving (P = 0.007), happiness (P = 0.001), emotional self-awareness (P = 0.044), optimism (P = 0.029), self-regard (P = 0.046), impulse control (P = 0.013), and social responsibility (P = 0.042), as well as the total score of EI (P = 0.005), increased significantly. However, only the optimism score (P = 0.004) rose significantly in girls post-intervention. In addition, there were significant differences in the mean of problem-solving (P = 0.006), happiness (P = 0.001), impulse control (P = 0.042), and the total score (P = 0.035) between boys and girls, before and after the intervention.

Resilience training may help moderate high-risk behaviors among adolescents living on the outskirts of Iran’s major cities, particularly boys. Based on the gender differences in EI components, it was suggested that female adolescents required significantly more attention. Nonetheless, gender differences in EI components were contentious, and it was concluded that a variety of factors, including the socio-cultural context, may be involved.

Recognizing the factors involved in the resilience of soldiers and how to regulate emotions in the face of issues and problems of military service, can prevent the occurrence of many adverse behaviors in the military environment and also make the person more compatible with the environment. This study examines the relationship between emotion regulation and resilience and the factors affecting it in the soldiers of Marvdasht police command in 2020.

The present study is a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with two control and experimental groups, which was performed by random cluster sampling with a sample size of 118 people (59 people in each group) in 2020 in Marvdasht police stations. Demographic with 8 questions, resilience with 25 questions, cognitive emotion regulation with 18 questions, and self-efficacy with 32 questions questionnaires were used to collect data. Information using SPSS software version 22 Chi-square, Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and linear regression were analyzed.

The results showed that the scores of self-efficacy and resilience before and after the intervention of emotion regulation skills on resilience were statistically significant in the experimental group (P>0.001), while these changes were not significant in the control group (P=0.706). Within the groups, the scores of emotional regulations before and after the intervention in the control and intervention groups did not show a significant difference, but the mean of changes in the intervention group was higher. Also, the results of the Pearson correlation test showed that there is a correlation between resilience and emotion regulation (r=0.302, P=0.002). Linear regression analysis to determine the effect of emotion regulation on resilience in both experimental and control groups after the intervention also showed that 8% of changes in resilience score depend on emotion regulation.

Emotion regulation skills training intervention has a significant effect on resilience using self-efficacy theory on soldiers.

One of the most challenging aspects of today's technology is mobile social networking which has had a different effect on the health and social life of individuals. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of mobile-based social networks and general health.

This analytical and cross-sectional correlation study was done on 295 staff of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences in 2018 -2019. The data was collected using the general health and social networking addiction questionnaires. A random sampling method was used to select the participants. Descriptive statistics, T-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analysis via the SPSS V. 24 software.

Of two hundred ninety-five participants 153 (51.7%) were male and 142 (48.3%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 36.32±6.61years.  There is a statistically significant relationship between mean score of social network addiction with demographic characteristics of sex, marital status. There is also a significant relationship between the level of general health and marital status and the amount of daily use of social networking. There is a direct and significant relationship between the amount of use of social networks and general health (P<0.05).

It seems that men and single individuals are often reported higher due to their tendency to receive information and news and to have much more leisure times. Given the positive impact of marriage on mental health in most studies, there is a need for more detailed research on the relationship between general health and marriage status.

Adolescence is a period of important emotional, physical, and mental changes  characterized by significant adjustment problems. Adjustment with others is the most essential aspect of personal development. On the other hand, the inability to adjust with others may disrupt the normal flow of everyday life and emotional, social, and cognitive aspects. The present study aimed to  investigate the relationship between adjustment and individual and family characteristics in secondary school female students in Mahshahr city.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 194 students. The participants were selected through multi-stage sampling.  First, the data were collected using two questionnaires, including demographic and Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS). Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, chi-square, correlation coefficient, and one-way ANOVA.
The results showed a significant relationship between the mother’s educational level, the families’ economic conditions , and  leisure time management with total and emotional adjustment in students(P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between the number of brothers and the educational level of the mother, with educational adjustment in students. (P <0.05). The  correlation coefficient results showed a positive and significant correlation (P <0.05) between emotional, social, and educational adjustment,
According to the research findings, family factors need special attention to increase student adjustment.

Nurses have insufficient physical activity due to occupational conditions. This study investigated occupational factors affecting their physical activity based on PRECEDE-PROCEED Model. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 161 nurses working at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The data were collected by simple randomization. Researcher-made tools included demographic, attitude, and PRECEDE-PROCEED constructs questionnaires. Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale, General Health Questionnaire(GHQ), and Beck Physical Activity questionnaire were standard tools used in the present investigation. Data were analyzed by Linear Regression and descriptive analysis. The findings showed that attitude score of 96.4% of the studied nurses and self-efficacy scores of 50.9% of these nurses were higher than the overall mean scores. But they achieved scores lower than the overall mean scores in Enabling (44.1%), Reinforcing (44.7%) and Management-Organizational (29.2%) factors.Less than half of the nurses could attain scores higher than the overall mean scores of   physical activity (49.1%) and general health (48.4%) .There were no any significant correlations between attitude(.922), self-efficacy(.134), Enabling factors (.224), Reinforcing factors (.950), and Management-Organizational factor (.627) with their physical activity level. But direct correlations were found among Enabling, Reinforcing, and Management-organizational factors. Although nurses owned enough Predisposing factors, insufficient Enabling, Reinforcing and Management-Organizational factors led them to do insufficient physical activity. Consequently, occupational factors should be provided in the workplace for nurses.

 Many people spend more than a third of their post-maturation on work. Thus, workplace environment and climate have a great impact on individuals' lifestyles, and work environment brings a health perspective that provides a healthier lifestyle for employees.

 The present study aimed to assess the staff's lifestyles and health behaviors as well as their relationship with organizational climate.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 employees from governmental departments in Shiraz in 2018. The data were collected using a three-part questionnaire, including demographic information, health-promoting lifestyle, and organizational climate questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-25 software. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to determine the significant relationship between demographic characteristics and organizational climate, and health-promoting lifestyle indices. The correlations between the lifestyle dimensions of health promotion and organizational climate were analyzed.

 Age, education level, work experience, gender, and type of organization were the effective factors in the perception of organizational climate. In addition, work experience, type of organization, and the organizational climate governing the workplace were the determinants of the health-promoting lifestyle. The results revealed a significant, positive, weak correlation between the health-promoting lifestyle and organizational climate. A significant correlation was also observed between self-actualization and organizational climate (r = 0.290, P < 0.001).

 It is necessary to identify which individual and organizational characteristics should be improved to support the organizational climate to improve the health-promoting lifestyle.

Taking care of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) makes critical challenges for their informal caregivers (ICGs) and forces them to tolerate considerable burden. This qualitative study explored the dimensions of ICGs’ care burden (CB) based on their own experiences and the patients’ therapists.

This is a qualitative study which was conducted based on conventional content analysis through semistructured and in‑depth interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants including 13 ICGs and 14 therapists (2 psychiatrists, 10 psychiatric nurses, and 2 clinical psychologists). Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Graneheim’s 2004 principles.

Qualitative analyses yielded three major themes: “challenges associated with the nature of BD,” “challenges related to the ICGs,” and “challenges related to interventions.” The categories of the first theme entailed “individual‑oriented characteristics of BD” and “social‑oriented characteristics of BD.” The categories of the second theme consisted of “social stigma,” “psychiatric problems and helplessness of ICGs,” “financial costs related to providing cares,” and “insufficient self‑efficacy of ICGs in cares provision.” The categories of the last theme included “educational interventions” and “organizational interventions.”

This study showed that the burden of ICGs have individual, social, and organizational aspects. Every one of them impacts the severity of their burden remarkably. The depth of the therapists’ experiences has a significant role in designing the interventions to reduce this burden. The present investigation emphasized the constitution of a comprehensive framework related to all factors affecting burden in a developing country.

Decreasing and preventing isolation and social loneliness among the elderly are important fields for policymaking and action commitment in social health. Evidence shows that the nature and spectrum of an individual’s social network including the quality and quantity of social relations and contact frequency can affect the old people’s health considerably. Social participation leads to a decrease in mortality and depression and improves people’s cognitive function. Since few interventions on assessment of the effect of social participation on old people’s loneliness have been done, this study was conducted to determine the impact of the educational program of social participation on the feeling of loneliness.

This is a quasi-experimental study based on convenience sampling method, on 239 elderly people aged ≥60 years living in rural regions of Baiza. The intervention was held for the intervention group during five weeks  through five 60-80 minute educational sessions. The data were collected by CCHS-SP and UCLA Loneliness Feeling Questionnaires before and after the intervention in the experiment  and control groups. The data were analyzed usingSPSS (version19).

The significance level was assumed 0.05 in statistical analysis. After one month of educational intervention program, the mean score of social participation increased in the intervention group from 6.17±3.86 to 17.98±3.84 after the intervention. The findings showed a remarkable improvement in loneliness feeling scores of the mentioned group form 62.24±.7.53 to 28.86±6.88 after the intervention (p <.001). The studied cases in the control group experienced no significant changes in the two mentioned variables.

This study revealed a reduction in the feeling of the elderly in rural areas by predicting, improving, and modifying behaviors related to social participation and forming self-help groups in rural communities.

The increasing trends in achieving old age call for the consideration of ADL and social support in the elderly as effective factors in improving their health. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between social support and background variables as well as ADL level among older adults in the rural community in southern Iran.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 302 elderly people aged 65 years and a bove  in the rural community of southern Iran using stratified random sampling method. The social support questionnaire (Procidano, M. E., Heller, K.) and ADL scale for the elderly were used.

The mean age of the participants was 7/067±69/67. The mean score of perceived social support was 3/10± 16/55 and the mean score of ability to perform ADLs was 28/237±55/68. Social support, education and age were effective in performing ADLs among the elderly (P <0/001) while marital status and gender had no effect on ADL level (P <0/05). The age of older adults was inversely correlated with their ability to perform ADL, so that their independence in doing ADL will decrease with age.

Many variables affect ADL level among the elderly. Therefore, health care providers should facilitate the elderly’s independent living through educational programs so that they can maintain and promote a healthy and active life.

  Social participation is considered one dimension and also determinant of quality of life. The level of social participation of the elderly is influenced by various components such as socio-economic and demographic factors. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between social participation, quality of life, and some socio-economic factors in community dwelling elderly in Kerman, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 communities dwelling old people in Kerman in 2017 selected through random sampling. The data were collected using researcher-made Social Participation questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression analysis.

The results revealed the participants’ mean score of social participation was above fifty. Social participation was significantly associated with age (p < 0.001), marital status (p = 0.004), education level (p < 0.001), and occupation (p = 0.021). A significant direct correlation was also observed between social participation and quality of life (p < 0.001), and social participation determined 21 % of variance of life quality score (p < 0.001).

With the increase in social participation of the elderly, their quality of life improves. Establishing nongovernmental organizations, charities, and associations for retirement and aging can increase the level of social participation of the elderly.

  Pregnancy is a stressful period in a woman’s life and can lead to undesirable outcomes both in the mother and fetus; therefore, more attention should be paid to improve the mental health of pregnant females. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Fordyce Happiness Cognitive-Behavioral training based on self-efficacy on perceived stress and happiness in pregnant females. This randomized clinical controlled trial with a pretest-posttest design was performed on 100 pregnant females, who were randomly assigned to two groups, training and control, in Gerash, Fars, Iran (2016). Fordyce Happiness Cognitive-Behavioral training based on self-efficacy was done in the intervention group and there was no intervention for the control group. The data was collected by applying the demographic questionnaire, Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), and Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS-14) in two stages, before and after the intervention. The P&lt was 0.05 and was considered as significant. The results showed significant differences in the median scores of happiness and perceived stress in the experimental group before and after the intervention (P < 0.05). In other words, the median score of happiness increased (124 (19.25) and 141 (16.5); P < 0.001) while the stress score decreased (30.5 (7) and 22.5 (9); P < 0.001). In contrast, this research found a decrease in the happiness median score (123 (40) and 117.5 (32); P < 0.001) and increase in perceived stress scores (30 (7.25) and 33 (9.25); P = 0.009) in the control group at the end of the study, which was significant in comparison with the pre-intervention measurements (P < 0.05). In addition, an inverse relationship was revealed between stress and happiness (P < 0.001). Appropriate educational interventions based on theories are recommended to increase mother’s happiness and decrease their stress during pregnancy.

Diabetes control is highly self-care and emotional complications and mental stress play an important role in controlling blood sugar in diabetes, and these factors affect the quality of life of people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the predicting role of personal resources for quality of life in diabetic patients. This was a cross-sectional study done in 2017. The population of this study was all diabetic patients referred to Shahid Motahari, Imam Reza (AS) and Nader Kazemi clinics in Shiraz in 1396. A total of 198 patients were selected by simple random sampling method. Quality of life, optimism, self-efficacy of diabetic and resiliency questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 19 using Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. Findings showed that resiliency, self-efficacy and optimism had a positive and significant relationship with the quality of life of patients with diabetes. In a prediction model, self-efficacy and resiliency could predict 19% of the quality of life changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (p <0.05). The findings of this study showed that self-efficacy and resilience variables predicted the quality of life of patients, but optimism had no predictive power. The results of this study showed that increased self-efficacy and resiliency lead to increased quality of life in diabetic patients. This may help the patients to cope with problems and excitement and is effective in planning interventions for diabetics.

Keeping order in the classroom, modifying students’ behavioral problems, and implementing regulations codified at schools are among the issues in education involving the minds of headmasters and teachers. Following adolescence appropriate behavioral patterns plays a key role in bringing about the adolescents’ positive social behavior. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of adolescents’ positive social behavior using the Norm Activation Model (NAM). This study was conducted on 200 female students between 12 and 13 years old studying in the third educational district of Shiraz, Iran, that were selected through cluster random sampling method. The study data were collected as self-report using a questionnaire composed of demographic items and items measuring positive social behavior based on NAM. The findings showed that among the NAM constructs, personal norm was the strongest predictor of positive social behavior followed by awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility. The relation of awareness of consequences to birth order, ascription of responsibility to father’s occupation and birth order, personal norm to father’s occupation, number of brothers, and birth order, and positive social behavior to number of brothers, birth order, non-classmate friends, and number of intimate non-classmate friends was statistically significant. It was concluded that NAM could be utilized to predict the factors affecting positive social behavior. Moreover, the results can be used by authorities and policymakers to develop appropriate plans and behavioral interventions.

Due to recent attention to health promotion and self-care as one of the prerequisites of health services and intervention programs, health information seeking behavior research has gain increasing importance. Factors such as attention to user centered studies, context and self-care require using of methods and tools that help study people in their natural environment. However, review studies have shown the dominance of quantitative and positivist approaches in health information seeking behavior studies. This study aims at introducing episodic interview as a tool for gathering unique data from peoples’ natural lives and its application in health information seeking studies.
This review article has been conducted by library method. It addresses health information seeking behavior concept and its affecting factors. It also introduces episodic interview and its underlying concepts including narration and narrative interviewing. Further, it investigates implications of applying episodic interview in health information behavior studies and eventually it discusses steps of conducting episodic interview with examples of narrations.
Findings: The strength point of episodic interview is its focus on narration of people about their lived experiences as research data which help researchers study and analyze people in a different way from conventional approaches. Implications of applying episodic interview are: 1.concentration of health information behavior studies on pattern of behavior, 2. health information seeking behavior being interwoven in everyday life, and 3. health information seeking behavior being intentional and purposeful.
Episodic interview help researchers listen to the voices of different groups of people, especially whom their voice is not heard due to sickness and social and cultural conditions, a point which should be considered in designing any information and intervention services.

In recent years, despite medical advances, the Cesarean Section (CS) rate and its associated complications remain very high in Iran. This is while the CS carries serious risks for mother and child.
clinics affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for receiving prenatal care in winter 2014. After a pre-test by using a valid and reliable questionnaire in both groups, educational intervention was provided for the intervention group. The post-test was conducted after one month of the intervention. Then, the data were analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.
The findings showed a significant statistical differences between two groups’ behavioral beliefs, outcome evaluation, attitude, control beliefs, perceived power, and perceived behavioral control scores after intervention (P As the results showed, it is recommend using national health-care policies for planning, implementation and evaluation of training programs based on the theories of behavioral changes, in order to promote the culture of normal vaginal delivery (NVD) and decreasing the rate of CS.

Regarding the high prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and the limited studies on educating households through the educational models for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, the present study was done with the aim of investigating the effects of educational intervention on preventive behaviors towards Cutaneous Leishmaniasis at Kharameh city in 2014..
This was an interventional study in which the statistical population were the households covered by the urban health centers of Kharameh city. 110 households were selected as the experimental group and 110 ones were selected as the control group. The educational intervention based on enabling factors, reinforcing factors and predisposing factors were implemented. Before the intervention and two months after that, the required data was collected through a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been approved. Descriptive indicators as well as independent T-test, paired T-test and chi-square test were used. The data was then analyzed using the SPSS software, version 16. The significance level was considered 0.05 in all tests..
The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, enabling factors and reinforcing factors regarding behavior increased significantly in the experimental group after the intervention but no significant difference was seen in the control group (P ≤ 0.0001)..
The education based on enabling factors, reinforcing factors and predisposing factors had a significant effect on the households’ behavior as well as the Cutaneous Leishmaniasis control..

Background and Social support is considered as a facilitator of health behaviors in women. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the status of social support and its associated dimensions in pregnant and non-pregnant women.
This analytical study was conducted on 310 pregnant and non-pregnant women referring to the health-care centers of Zarqan city in Shiraz, Iran in 2011. Participants were selected via convenience sampling. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and Social Support Appraisals (SS-A) scale. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.16 using descriptive (frequency,percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi-square, T-test, and Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlationcoefficient).
In non-pregnant women, mean of the total social support was 40.08±2.80, and mean scores of support from friends, spouse, family and others were 12.08±1.33, 14.02±1.56, 14.53±0.96 and 13.54±1.09 respectively. Among pregnant women these values were 39.52±2.85, 11.72±1.59, 14.54±1.12, 14.38±1.06 and 13.41±1.18, respectively. The total support and support from friends were significantly higher in non-pregnant women compared to pregnant women (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). On the other hand, support from the spouse was significantly higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women (P = 0.01). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the total scores of social support and employment status of spouse among pregnant women (P According to the results of this study, there were significant differences in the total scores of social support and mean scores of support from the spouse and friends between pregnant and non-pregnant women. It seems that physical and psychological changes during pregnancy largely influence the perception of expecting mothers towards social support.

Among methods that use for modeling and simulating of runoff are artificial intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks. In this study، MLP and RBF models were used for rainfall-runoff modeling and their results were compared with results of multivariate regression method. In this regard، first، were gathered 28 year (1980-2008) data of rainfall and runoff related to stations of Qorantalar and Koshtargah in Babolroud river basin. Afterward، runoff was modeled using homogeneity test and normalization of data in above two stations. Then، evaluation criteria (RMSE، MSE، NMSE، R and R2) were obtained in training and testing steps. Next، using them were compared simulated and observed data related to monthly rainfall and runoff. Results showed that among the used models، RBF with architecture of 4 neurons in the first layer، 6 neurons in the second layer and momentum algorithm and bias transfer function and 137 repeats is the best model in Koshtargah station. Evaluation criteria are R=0. 716، R2=0. 512، NMSE=0. 495، RMSE=0. 13، MSE=0. 017 in this model.