mahmood akbari

The issue of unity in the Islamic world has been one of the most important concerns of Muslim political rulers since the beginning of Islamic history, which has gone astray due to the bellicose and militant approach of some leaders and has in practice set the stage for tense international relations in the Islamic world. Imam Khomeini (may God bless him and grant him peace) as one of the most important and influential popular leaders of the Islamic world, used for the first time the beautiful interpretation of Yad Wahdeh for the unity of Muslims. The main question of the current research is, on what basis is the unity of the Islamic world based on rationality realized in the thought of Imam Khomeini (may God have mercy on him)? The collection of data is through the review of numerous books and articles on the topic of unity, and with a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach in the practical life of Imam Khomeini (may God bless him and grant him peace), the foundations of unity in his view are determined. . Based on this, the most important findings and components extracted from the thought of Imam Khomeini (may God have mercy on him) is the fight against oppression and the negation of arrogance without prejudice to ethnicity and nationality. In the rational view of Imam Khomeini (may God have mercy on him), the basis of unity It's not just about the countries being Muslim, it's about having aligned political relations in rejecting colonialism and defending the oppressed. On the other hand, the necessity of re-reading and rethinking the existing situation of Iran in the international relations of governments is important, because the rationality of the Islamic Revolution competes with the rationalities that benefit from the many-year-old heritage of the West. Modeling unity in one of the foundations of Western thought will not be fruitful except to fuel differences and create division.

The occultation of the Infallible Imam (as) and the emergence of new events increased the Muslims’ need to know the legal (shar'ī) ruling regarding the newly-emerged cases. It made some Islamic scholars struggle to consider the Islamic worldview and to believe in an area free of legal ruling. In Imāmī jurisprudence, the contemporary jurist Martyr Sayed Mohammad Bāqir al-Sadr called it “Mantiqat al-Firāq” (Belt of Lacuna) and in Sunni jurisprudence, the Egyptian jurist Yusuf al-Qardāwī called it “Mantiqat al-‘Afw” (Belt of Permission). Based on the descriptive-analytical method, this research aims to compare the two theories to investigate and analyze their feature and ambiguities. These two theories have many differences and similarities with each other that can be examined. Examining these two theories, it may be concluded that both areas, which have been proposed with the aim of social justice and respect for the general interests of the society, and in its design, the universality and immortality of the Islamic Shari'a have been taken into consideration, are empty of legal required rulings. In order to fill this area, it is necessary to bring up specific criteria and standards to match them with the general principles and rules of Islam. In addition, both theories have shortcomings that must be amended and completed by their proponents or even critics in order to be applicable.

Every organization should train its employees to improve their performance.Organizational staff education is useful when evidence shows its effectiveness in changingthe performance of participants. However, the evaluation of the results is often neglected.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the education course in theinsurance and discharge unit of Abu Ali Sina Transplantation Hospital. The sample consisted of 18 people, of whom 14 participated in the research. Theeducation course was held in 8 sessions in the hospital environment for the personnel. Themain tool of this research consisted of 4 questionnaires for the four levels of the Kirkpatrickmodel, the content validity and reliability of which have been confirmed. At the learninglevel, in addition to the questionnaire, pre-test and post-test were used. These questionnaireswere completed by the participants after the end of the education course, and the results wereanalyzed using SPSS software. Based on the results, the highest score was obtained at the learning level. The reactionlevel also had the lowest score. In total, the effectiveness of the course was 84.05% (4.2±0.5). Considering the positive results of the education course and its effectiveness,organizations are encouraged to train their employees to increase the motivation, initiative,and quality of the employees’ work.

One of the most important theories of Shiʿa political jurisprudence – which stand in line with each other – is the concept of al-Wilāyat al-Faqih (Guardianship of the Muslim Jurist). According to the theory of ‘Discretionary Sphere of the Law’, an Islamic ruler has the right to independently legislate and determine obligations and prohibitions which, in addition to their legal status, should be obeyed like divine commandments. Therefore, this right is not exclusive to infallible Imams, but also applicable to a fully qualified religious ruler in the absence of an infallible Imam during the Occultation Period. According to the theory of ‘Absolute Guardianship of a Muslim Jurist’, in the absence of an infallible Imam, a just Muslim jurist capable of establishing a government will have governmental authority equal to that of the Prophet and the Imams who successfully established governments. The joining point and the most important aspect of commonality between these two theories is the right to govern and the legitimacy of the Guardianship of the Muslim Jurist in the Occultation Period, with the most significant difference being the extent of their authorities. As far as the ‘Discretionary Sphere of Law’ is concerned, the ruler does not have the right to deviate from religious duties and legal obligations. However, in accordance to the theory of the “Absolute Guardianship of the Muslim Jurist”, the ruler, if deemed necessary, even has the right to temporarily suspend religious duties and violate laws in the interest of the Islamic system; for the Islamic government is regarded to be based on the primary ordinances of Islam.

Judicial supervision is considered as integral part of the arbitration process, which is theoretically a rule derived from the principle of competence- competence. This rule means that the supervising court, regardless of the decision of the previous court at the time of the arbitration hearing, Supervises public jurisdiction by considering the contract and the arbitral award. Given that the relationship between arbitration and the court in all legal systems has raised many issues that the law is not explicit about, it seems necessary to examine the scope and effects of court supervision of this relationship in terms of competence. Therefore, the present article, which examines the analysis of court supervision of arbitration competence, seeks to answer the question of what is the position of court oversight in terms of formation, scope and effects? The findings of this study indicate that, in order to exercise court supervision, the existence of some conditions and the absence of obstacles are necessary. In the supervisory phase, in addition to controlling the general competence, the court is also responsible for appointing the competent arbitral tribunal, and despite the legislator's silence, the court supervision also includes the annulment of the arbitrator's incompetence. In the case of supervision, according to the principle of competence- competence, the court can also enforce the annulled judgement in another country and consider the annulment judgement to have a territorial effect. The effects of the court's supervision on the annulment case are mainly reflected in the presumption of annulment of competence judgement.

At the present time, due to the permission provided for forced guardians to marry children, we are witnessing the issue of child marriage, which causes concern about children's rights and, as a result, causes a difference of opinion among scholars regarding the ruling of Article 1041 B.C. has been The existence of many differences of opinion in this field and the legal effects and consequences and social, mental and psychological damages resulting from it have made research in this field necessary. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the issue and ruling of child marriage in the current era.

This research has been done using Islamic sources in a descriptive-analytical method and using library and internet sources.

Ethical Considerations: 

Scientific honesty and trustworthiness have been fully observed throughout the present research.

The meaning of expediency in marrying a child, which is defined in jurisprudence and article 1041 B.C. It is mentioned that it is the absolute and all-round interest of the child in financial, physical, emotional, spiritual and psychological fields. Except in few cases and due to the existence of special personal interest, in many cases, the absolute and all-round interest of children in marriage is not ascertained. According to the scientific and field research conducted in the current era, children face many physical, emotional, mental and psychological problems after marriage.

The findings of the research show that, from a jurisprudential point of view, in the marriage of children, compliance with expediency is preferred over the absence of corruption; Therefore, the basic condition for the validity of children's marriage is to respect the best interest of the child. Also, referring to the scientific research conducted on the issue of child marriage in today's era, taking into account the fear of loss and financial, physical, mental, psychological and emotional damage caused by child marriage, child marriage is facing legal and jurisprudential problems. Based on the "harmless" rule, it is possible to prevent the use of coercive guardianship in the marriage of children. The promotion of child marriage in the society should be prevented with the necessary mechanisms.

Achieving optimal housing status in the world is one of the important indicators of economic and social development. However, there are several major problems facing city managers, planners and policymakers to provide adequate housing. The aim of this study was to analyze the indicators of housing and construction in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and its research method is comparative analytical and the scope of the research is 17 cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in 2019. Using the multi characteristic Aras technique, an attempt has been made to analyze and evaluate the selected indicators related to the housing and construction sector. The quantitative results of the research show that the highest value of the total desirability index belonged to the cities of Yasuj and Dogonbadan. The highest score of Aras technique for housing and construction indicators has been assigned to Yasuj city (0/971) and in this regard, the score of Dogonbadan city (0/306) has been obtained. The score of Lekak (0/139), Dehdasht (0/138) and Sisakht (0/056) have been obtained and the mentioned cities are in the second level together. Lande with a score of (0/036), Charam with a score of (0/028) and Madwan with a score of (0/022) are next to each other in the third level. The quantitative results of Aras technique show that the cities of Basht, Sough, Pataveh, Ghale Raisi, Sarfaryab, Dishmuk, Margon, Grub and Chitab scored poorly and need special attention. In order to establish Regional balance and move towards urban and regional sustainable development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, it is necessary that housing and building development policies have a special focus on sparsely populated rural areas and marginal settlements. Otherwise, we will see an increase in more inequalities in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. 

 Rapid and unplanned urban growth and urbanization without designing the necessary infrastructure is a threat to sustainable urban development. Rapid urban growth, high population density, and high consumption rates of residents and citizens in large cities have led to a wide range of socio-economic and environmental impacts that require the attention of the international community. This factor will have significant effects on the future stability and prosperity of the world. Urban areas in developing countries are growing rapidly. With the increasing population of cities, there are several challenges to how to manage crowded and dense areas. One of these challenges is building the physical infrastructure to support this growing population. At the same time, the development of urban infrastructure is essential for the creation of sustainable cities. This increasing growth has caused many issues and problems in cities, one of which is related to the housing issue. Housing is one of the most important outputs for human resource production. Housing after food and clothing is the third basic and vital need that has many reflections on other aspects of the life of the capital. Today, around the world, providing adequate housing is one of the main problems of managers and planners, and in the current situation, the world is facing a global housing crisis. Achieving the desired housing status in both urban and rural areas is considered as one of the indicators of economic and social development in different countries of the world. At present, due to the growth of urban population and the uncontrolled increase of rural migration, the need to study the housing situation and plan to organize it in developing countries such as Iran is a necessary issue. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces are not separated from this situation and the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the indicators of the housing sector in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. To achieve this goal, using Aras multi-indicator technique, selected housing indicators in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces have been studied and analyzed. 

In the present study, which is of a comparative analytical type, using the ARAS technique, the indicators related to the housing and construction sector in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces have been analyzed. The data required for the research have been collected through the statistical yearbook of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in 2019. The measurement tool for analyzing the research data was the Aras technique and using this technique, housing indexes in 17 cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in 2019 were analyzed.

According to the scores obtained by the cities of the province in the field of housing and construction sector indicators, the research hypothesis as the final score obtained from the ARAS technique for housing indicators in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces indicates inequality. Take. There is a lot of imbalance and difference between the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in terms of various indicators, including housing indicators. One of the most important reasons for this increase in inequalities is the lack of recognition of the dimensions of inequalities and incorrect executive policies to achieve the goals. The cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces do not have favorable conditions in terms of economic, social and cultural structures. The existence of 9 cities of Basht, Souk, Pataveh, Qalae Raisi, Sarfaryab, Dishmuk, Margon, Grub and Chitab, which get weak points, has indicated this imbalance. It can be acknowledged that this imbalance is the result of various ecological, economic, political and other factors. Yasuj city has maintained its superiority in the province due to its political centrality and superiority in various economic, social, cultural, etc. fields and its growth pole in terms of having the studied indicators. Yasuj city is one of the climatic regions of Iran that many immigrants from all over Iran, especially neighboring provinces such as Bushehr, Khuzestan and Fars, migrate to this city permanently and temporarily, and this is one of the factors along with others. Micro and macroeconomic factors and variables of the country have increased the price of land and housing in this city. The present study sought to investigate the question of which final score of housing indicators was higher in which cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces and which was lower. As the scores obtained from Aras technique show, the highest score of Aras technique for housing indicators is allocated to Yasuj city (0/971) and Dogonbadan city is in the second place with a score (0/306). Chitab city with the score (0/004) has the lowest score among the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces

Achieving the desired housing status, especially in urban areas, is considered as one of the indicators of economic and social development. Housing and building indicators as a necessary tool to express the various economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions of housing are of great importance in housing planning. Recognizing the status of desirable housing indicators and reducing existing inequalities is an important issue that contributes greatly to sustainable urban development. In order to establish regional balance and move towards sustainable urban and regional development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces, it is necessary that housing and building development policies pay special attention to sparsely populated rural areas and marginal settlements; otherwise, we will see an increase in more inequalities in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. The main challenge in the housing sector in the studied cities and the country is mostly due to the lack of coherent and integrated planning in this sector, while the failure of policies adopted in this field is the main reason for the construction recession, which not only did not reduce housing prices. , But has also led to an unreasonable increase in rents and the purchase price of housing. Housing facilities have little effect on the prosperity of construction and home ownership of people, especially the low-income groups in the cities studied and on a larger scale. That is why it is necessary to prioritize infrastructure reforms in macroeconomics

Introduction Proper access to urban parks and green spaces is an important criterion for measuring livability in cities. Urban green spaces and consequently urban parks have a great contribution to the health and well-being of citizens. Parks and urban green spaces are some of the most important elements of urban green infrastructure that help to increase the quality of life of citizens and improve the urban environment by purifying the air, controlling noise pollution, reducing the heat island effect, and preserving biodiversity. Urban parks provide ecological and cultural services such as sightseeing, aesthetics, recreation and entertainment, education and culture, sports, and social communication for urban residents and thus improve their quality of life. Urban parks and green spaces as a center for social interactions in today’s cities play a key role in urban renewal and sustainable urban and regional development. Proper access to urban parks and green spaces is related to the happiness of citizens. Considering the important functions of urban parks and green spaces and their role in achieving sustainable urban and regional development, the design and organization of these spaces in cities, especially in the metropolises of Iran, as a strategy to solve acute urban problems and rapid and indiscriminate urbanization and to increase the level of urban livability.
Materials and MethodsThe present study was carried out with the aim of statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in the metropolises of Iran. For this reason, the spatial distribution of parks and urban green spaces in selected Iranian metropolises has been analyzed in this quantitative research using Critic and Cocoso techniques. The metropolises studied in this research were official and unofficial metropolises of Iran such as Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, Tabriz, Ahvaz, Kermanshah, Rasht, Zahedan, Hamedan, and Kerman. The data needed to conduct the research has been collected from the statistics of the studied metropolises. The indicators used are the total area of urban green space in square meters, the area of green space covered by the municipality, the total number of parks, the total area of parks in square meters, the number of urban parks, the area of urban parks, the number of forest parks, and the area of forest parks and per capita green space in the studied metropolises of Iran. The weight of these indicators was calculated using the Critic technique and was used in the Cocoso technique. In the Cocoso technique, three strategies and the value of the final score (K) have been investigated and analyzed. FindingsIn the first strategy (Ka), the Cocoso technique of Tehran metropolis has the highest score (0/114). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht (0/016) and Hamedan (0/071) have the lowest scores. In the second strategy (Kb), the Cocoso technique of Tehran metropolis obtained the highest score (426/23). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht with a score of (2), Zahedan with a score of (49/76), and Hamadan with a score of (61/47) obtained the lowest scores. In the third strategy (Kc), the Kokosu technique of Tehran metropolis has the highest score by scoring (1). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht with a score of (0/140) and Hamedan with a score of (0/619) have the lowest scores. The mean of the closest neighborhood of the spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in Shiraz metropolis is 0/721049, the Z score is -4/713088, and the PValue is 0/000002. Based on the average of the nearest neighborhood, the pattern of spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in Shiraz metropolis was clustered. Multi-distance spatial cluster analysis shows that the pattern of spatial distribution of parks and urban green spaces in Shiraz metropolis is clustered.
ConclusionThe results of the research show that Tehran metropolis had the highest number of parks and urban green spaces. Despite the fact that this national metropolis has obtained the highest number of parks and urban green spaces among the studied cities; considering the amount of population concentrated in this metropolis, this city is far from the ideal state. It is not possible to check the amount and level of urban livability only by using indicators related to the number of urban parks and green spaces, and many other factors influence the level of livability. After Tehran metropolis, Shiraz and Mashhad metropolises have many advantages in terms of parks and urban green spaces. Among the studied metropolises, Rasht city has obtained the weakest and lowest score and this city needs special attention in the field of studied indicators.

Obsession as one of the common diseases in society, in many cases, disrupts the family system, especially sexual relations. Considering the necessity of special compliance in the couples’ life, the importance of the marital relationship in the continuation of the marriage and the peace of the couple on the one hand, and the possibility of the influence of each couple’s obsession on the other hand, study the non-compliance order in such circumstances is necessary. With this aim, the present research was written to investigate the scope of the non-compliance order on obsessive couples.

This research examines the non-compliance order on obsessive couples by descriptive analytical method and using library sources.

In psychology, obsession has mild, moderate, severe and obsessive madness stages. When the obsession is in a severe state and obsessive madness, it is out of the patient's will and the behavior is done involuntarily. Based on this, because the obsessive person involuntarily refuses to compliance and "Nashez" and "Nashzeh" are among the titles of intention, it is not possible to impose the non-compliance order. Of course, if the patient refuses the treatment, it is an example of hurting the partner and the non-compliance order applies to him.

One of the important topics in river engineering is the design of stable alluvial channel geometry in the regime mode (dynamic balance between erosion and sedimentation) including the width, depth and slope. In this research, the ANFIS and ANFIS-PSO models were used to model the geometry parameters of stable channels. To achieve this objective, we utilized a comprehensive dataset comprising 410 data series sourced from 15 different channels, encompassing various types such as straight and meandering, as well as natural and laboratory. In each measurement, information on the flow rate (Q), average particle diameter (d), shear stress (τ), top width of the channel (W), average depth of flow (h) and longitudinal slope of the channel (S) was collected. Randomly, 70% of the data was used for training, and the remaining 30% was used for validation of the ANFIS and ANFIS-PSO models. Totally, 42 models were derived from the combination of 7 input data sets (Q, d, and τ) and employed both ANFIS and ANFIS-PSO, models to estimate the W, h, and S as the three types of outputs. In modeling of the W and h parameters, the best input was the Q, which the R2, CRM and NRMSE for all data with the ANFIS model were equal to 0.954, -0.029, 0.567 and with ANFIS-PSO model were 0.912, -0.042, and 0.487, respectively. Also, to estimate the S, the modeling results had error. In general, the modeling results with the ANFIS-PSO model were more accurate than the results of the ANFIS model.

Fire has long been an essential threat to urban safety, the physical environment, and the quality of urban life. One of the most important challenges threatening cities is the risk of creating and spreading fire in urban environments. Currently, Iran's metropolises are facing various problems, and one of the problems that the country's metropolises are dealing with is the fire crisis and, on the other hand, the weakness of their existing service infrastructures. The present study was conducted with the aim of statistical analysis of the fire crisis in the land-uses of Karaj metropolis the fourth largest city in Iran.

The current research has a small nature, and using Merec and CODAS techniques, the statistical analysis of the fire crisis in urban uses in Karaj metropolis has been done. The scope of the research comprises 12 districts of Karaj metropolis, and 10 indicators related to the fire crisis in urban uses in 12 districts of Karaj metropolis have been investigated. The required data, taken from the statistics of Karaj in 2018, were weighted by the Merec technique and used in CODAS technique. The indicators studied in this quantitative research are the number of fires in residential use, the number of fires in educational use, the number of fires in healthcare use, the number of fires in service use, the number of fires in commercial use, The number of fires occurred in industrial use, the number of fires occurred in warehouse use, the number of fires occurred in the use of urban green spaces, the number of fires occurred in vehicles, and the number of fires occurred in the use of roads and crossings.

The research findings show that District 11 of Karaj metropolis has the highest score (3.859), and this District is green. The number of fires that occurred in the urban uses of this area was limited. In CODAS technique, Karaj District 6 with a score (-3.566), District 10 with a score (-2.605), District 2 with a score (-2.469), District 7 with a score (-0.488), and District 4 got the lowest points with a score of (-0.274). The most fire crisis in the urban uses of Karaj metropolis belongs to District 6. The number of fires that occurred in the urban uses of Districts 6, 10, 2, 7, and 4 has been high, and these areas are red. The average of the closest neighborhood of the fire crisis score in urban uses in the areas of Karaj metropolis was scattered.

Most fires related to residential and educational use occurred in District 6, most health and medical fires in District 4, and most service fires in District 5. City managers must pay special attention to these Districts. The most fires related to the commercial uses of Karaj city occurred in District 3, the most industrial fires in District 10, and the most urban green space use fires in District 2. The most fires on the roads and crossings in District 5, and it is necessary for city managers to pay special attention to these areas. Most fires occurred for residential use in Karaj, especially in the mentioned areas. Several factors play a role in this field. However, the main reason for this danger is due to the non-observance of construction principles and structure standards, which, if correctly observed, citizens will not fall into the trap of fire and subsequent accidents.

Due to the unfair distribution of facilities and services, the issue of inequalities in various fields, especially in the education sector, is one of the issues that requires expert studies. In the present research, the analysis of educational indicators in Iran has been done. The research approach is quantitative and the final study of 18 research variables has been done using multi-indicator decision-making techniques such as Vikor technique and preference selection index. The results of Vikor technique show that Tehran has the highest score with a score of (0/0000). Khorasan Razavi is in a good position after Tehran with a score of (0/1830). In VIKOR technique, Ilam province with a score of (0/9759) and South Khorasan province with a score of (0/9763) have the lowest scores, and the status of educational indicators in them is evaluated as poor and they need serious attention. The results of the preference selection index show that Tehran with a total score of (0/9509) and Razavi Khorasan with a total score of (0/8605) have obtained the highest scores in the preference selection index. The scores obtained from the preference selection index show that Semnan province with a total score of (0/2493), Qom province with a total score of (0/2693), Ilam province with a total score of (0/2730), and South Khorasan province with a total score of (0/2842) have the lowest scores. By using the Average nearest neighborhood the pattern of distribution of educational services in Iran, 1/530966, Z score 5/655593, and PValue 0/000 have been obtained. Based on the Average nearest neighborhood, the pattern of distribution of educational services in Iran has been scattered. Based on Moran's coefficient, the pattern of distribution of educational variables in Iran is Random.

Desalination of saline and brackish water as a relatively permanent resource is a reliable solution to compensate for water shortages. The Electrodialysis process, as one of the desalination methods, separates almost unsalted water from saline water and is becoming a solution for water scarcity all over the worldworldwide. Modeling methods allow provide the study of desalination of saline and brackish water by the Electro Dialysisdialysis, as well as predicting the behaviors and process patterns of these systems.  The purpose of this study is to model the Electrodialysis process by Design of Experiments and to evaluateing the GMDH neural network method in estimating the separation percentage and the output flux of the brackish water Electrodialysis cell.

The volumetric flow values in six levels (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL min-1), solute concentration in three levels (200, 500, and 1000 mg L-1), temperature in three levels (50 , 60, and 70°C), voltage at three levels (10, 20, and 30 V) and pressure at three levels (200, 400, and 800 Pa) were extracted. In order to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells, The full factorial design and the GMDH neural network were are used to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells. In modeling the output of the Electrodialysis cell output using the GMDH neural network, after determining the input variables, randomization, normalization and segmentation of input and output variables were performeddone. For modeling, 90% of the data (437 samples) were randomly assigned for training and 10% of the data (49 samples) were are used for validation. On the other hand, due to having specific levels for each of the inputs, it was possible to use a Full Factorial experimental design.

The linear results of statistical regression analysis table results showeshowd that there is a significant difference between all simple and interaction effects of the treatments for the response variable of separation percentage and flux at the one percent level. With decreasing volume flow and solute concentration, and increasing temperature, voltage, and pressure, the separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increase. The results of modeling with the GMDH neural network showed demonstrates that in the training step, the prediction accuracy of separation percentage (R2=0.90, MBE=-0.16 and RMSE=7.48) and flux (R2=0.79, MBE =0.001 and RMSE=0.08).  The These criteria same values in the testing step were are 0.85, -3, and 9.37 for separation percentage and 0.78, -0.008, and 0.07 for flux. Correlation of target and output data, proximity of target and output values to y = x diagram, low transgression of error values from zero value and proximity of error distribution (histogram) to normal distribution were obtained.

After determining the significant differences of all simple and interaction effects of treatments for response variables, the means were compared. It is ideal to Hhaveing more separation percentage and output flux response variables was ideal. Therefore, the results of comparing the means showed illustrate that the best volumetric flow level equal to 1 ml / min, input flow concentration of 200 mg / l, temperature of 70 ° C, input voltage of 30 volts and pressure of 800 Pascals, lead to the highest separation percentage and output flux. In addition, with decreasing volumetric flow,  and decreasing solute concentration, and increasing temperature, increasing voltage and increasing pressure, separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increaserise. Also, according to the statistical indicators for the whole data, appropriate correlation, slightly underestimation, and small error were are obtained. ThereforeThus, using the Design of Experiments and GMDH neural network has suitable accuracy for modeling desalination of brackish water using the Electrodialysis process.

Urban land use is one of the important issues in urban planning, so that currently the proper analysis of urban land use is one of the important strategies to achieve urban sustainable development and service uses to a large extent quality of life and welfare they overshadow man. The present study tries to analyze the selected land use indicators in the neighborhood units of Basht city in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, which are among the small cities of the country, using the new multi-criteria Mairca technique. The research is quantitative and analytical and the data required for the research have been collected through a comprehensive and detailed plan of Basht city. Using Mairca technique and calculating the total final values ​​of the total gap, the situation of the neighborhood units of Basht city in terms of urban land use in 2020 has been investigated. The scores obtained from the model show that the two neighborhood units are in the best position with a score of (0.0520). Neighborhood unit one with a score (0.0886) and neighborhood unit three with a score (0.1201) are in relatively good condition. The results of applying Mairca technique show that the neighborhood unit of five with a score of (0.1414), the neighborhood unit of six with a score of (0.1600) and the neighborhood unit of four with a score of (0.1642) are not in a good situation. The total area of neighborhood two, in which the neighborhood unit four is located, is 63.8 hectares, which constitutes 17.6% of the texture of this city. 99.7% of the texture is occupied by residential lands, so that its existing per capita figure for residential use with It is 56 square meters per person, which is close to the desired per capita. This neighborhood has shortcomings in terms of service uses. So this neighborhood does not have enough kindergartens, children's parks, sports-recreational and commercial.

The verse 94 of Nisa' has focused on the components of approximation in the Islamic Ummah, which is followed by the coexistence of believers by strengthening their friendship and heartfelt love. The central theme of the verse is the prohibition of the causes of internal killing and the importance of explaining events to prevent its recurrence and regrettable consequences. The present article seeks to express the components of approximation of the Islamic Ummah based on the interpretation of the above verse. The findings of the article indicate that paying attention to the requirements of faith, including the subject of positive tendency of believers and their negative tendency to enemies, civilization or understanding the limits of internal relations and its application based on religious teachings, avoiding the challenges of approximation if viewed strategically. It should be noted that many differences will lead to the internal rapprochement of the Islamic Ummah.

In our country Iran one of the major issues and challenges has been inequality and inequality in the optimal distribution of facilities and services and the important result has been the inappropriate distribution of widening gaps between different classes and the disappearance of the valuable concept of social justice. In this regard, the most important task of urban planners is to strive to reach different classes of services and facilities. The research method was quantitative-analytical and the indicator were46 cases. The result of applying factor analysis technique is to reduce46 research indicators to four final factors. According to the obtained scores, the results of cluster analysis are grouped into four homogeneous groups. The first group includes the cities of Boyer Ahmad, Kohgiluyeh and Gachsaran. Only one city in the province, Dena, is in this second cluster. The third group includes the Bahmaei and Lendeh and the fourth group includes the provinces of Basht and Cheram. The results show that the correlation coefficient between the population of the province's and the obtained points is0.714 and its significance level is 0.013. Therefore, there is a correlation between the population of the province's and the composite index of factor score. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the population of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad provinces and the combined factor scores of 0.857 and its significance level was 0.007. Therefore, there is a correlation between the population of the province's and the composite index of factor score.

One of the indisputable principles in Islamic international relations is Nafy-e-Sabil Rule (no domination over Muslims by Non-Muslims) according to which the basic rule is that any agreement in which Muslims or the Islamic State is somehow dominated by non-Muslims is not valid and its performance is not required. One of the issues in which non-Muslim domination over Muslims is controversial is non-Muslim arbitration in Muslim-non-Muslim or even Muslim-Muslim claims in Islamic states which is usually stipulated as a subordinate obligation in the contract that is called “arbitration clause”. According to the primary rule, the denial or Nafy-e-Sabil Rule rejects such obligations that require a Sabil, however, necessity, hardship (haraj), and expediency are among the topics that, if fulfilled, can be considered for a departure from the elementary rule. The present study is an attempt to explain the nature and validity of the arbitration clause in the contracts of Islamic states in the international arena which has been conducted by descriptive and analytical method. It has finally led to this conclusion that the arbitration clause and referral of the arbitrator to the infidel, although at the first is overcome by the rule of Nafy-e-Sabil and, as a consequence, is ineffective, but the secondary rule in the field of haraj and expediency governs it. This analysis justifies the accession of Islamic states to international conventions. Furthermore, some jurisprudential-legal solutions have been provided to get out of the rule of Nafy-e-Sabil Rule.

Deliberate abortion is immoral and forbidden by sharia. It is permitted, however, only in case there is risk in pregnancy or the possibility of the fetus’ anomalies. In the latter condition, the law protects motherhood by resorting to the ‘distress and constriction negation’ principle (usr-o-haraj). The article intends to take a critical look at the issue by exploring the necessity of the father’s consent to abortion, due to the fact that if the mother’s health and survival is at risk, the father’s consent is out of question, but when there is the risk of fetus’ anomalies and the application of ‘distress and constriction negation’ principle, both parents are involved. Here, we are discussing the child’s right of survival that the father has to abide by, and want to prove the fact that if the father disapproves, the therapeutical abortion must not be carried out. Hence the need to revise the law pertaining to the absence of the father’s consent. We have benefited from proofs such as the father’s kinship, his obligation for his family’s subsistence and guardianship.

 Dissolution of marriage by using the defect option or the option of violation of the conditional characteristic is one of the ways to dissolve a marriage when the woman or man has a defect or lacks a qualifying or conditional characteristic during the marriage. The jurists’ famous case attitude and the dissolution of marriage law has made some researchers to investigate the unwritten factors by taking advantage of Manat's resection, which obsession is one of these diseases. The marriage of an acutely obsessive person causes many important goals of marriage to be disrupted. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of obsessive disorder in the dissolution of marriage during the severity of the disease.

 This research investigates the possibility of dissolution of marriage with obsessive disorder by descriptive and analytical method and using library sources.

 According to the narrative evidence and the rules of harmlessness and non-harm, the prescribed defects that cause the dissolution of the marriage are allegorical in the religion and law. Therefore, it is possible to dissolve the marriage based on the criteria of the prescribed defects in the case of one of the spouses’ obsession disorder. So when the obsession is in a severe state or obsessive madness due to the obstacle and disgust of sexual intercourse, it is possible to dissolve the marriage. Also, due to the custom's emphasis on the spouses’ health, if during the marriage, one of the spouses has severe obsessive illness or obsessive insanity, the other party can terminate the marriage by citing the option of violating the condition.

In many developing countries, cities have emerged as engines of economic growth by providing a variety of opportunities. However, high population growth in urban areas has put a lot of pressure on natural resources (Dambeebo and Jalloh, 2018: 235). Governments in developed and developing countries also use policies to counter the effects of urbanization. One of these policies is the issue of sustainable development (Abu Bakar and Cheen, 2013: 484). The social dimension is an important component of sustainable development. While the discourse of sustainable development is largely limited to environmental and economic concerns (Hemani et al, 2012: 783-784). The overall goal of social sustainability seems to be social justice (Koglin, 2009: 13). In the present study, an attempt has been made to measure the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises by using Edas and Mairca technique. 

In the present study, by using the Edas and Mairca techniques, the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises have been investigated. The metropolises studied in this study were Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz and Qom. The most important indicators used in the Edas and Mairca are: number of public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of ​​public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, number of public outdoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of ​​the premises Public sports covered by the municipality, number of libraries and study halls, area of ​​libraries and study halls, number of cultural centers covered by the municipality, area of ​​cultural centers covered by the municipality, number of urban parks, number of forest parks, number of cinemas, Number of cinemas, number of cinema seats, center for social injuries, number of medical centers contracted by the Social Security Organization and number of hospitals contracted by the Social Security Organization. 

In most of the studied indicators on social development, Tehran metropolis has the most positive distance from the average. The results of using the Edas technique show that Tehran metropolis had the highest score with a score of (0.998), Isfahan metropolis with a score of (0.201) and Mashhad metropolis with a score of (0.189) had the highest score, respectively. The final score was Tabriz metropolis (0.143), Shiraz metropolis (0.100) and Qom metropolis (0.008). The results of Mairca technique show that Tehran metropolis with a score of (0.0049) has the highest scores of sustainable social development indicators. Isfahan metropolis with the highest score (0.1410) after Tehran had the highest score. The metropolis of Mashhad has gained the most points after gaining points (0.1462) after the metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The score of Tabriz (0.1520), Shiraz (0.1540) and Qom (0.1612) was gained. 

Comparative comparison of the results of Edas and Mairca techniques shows similar results and in these two techniques, Tehran metropolis has had the highest score. In the studied indices in the model of Edas and Mairca, Isfahan metropolis had the highest score after Tehran metropolis. The metropolis of Mashhad has had the highest score after the metropolis of Isfahan. In this regard, after Mashhad metropolis, Tabriz, Shiraz and Qom metropolises have obtained the most points, respectively. The results obtained in both techniques indicate inequality due to the difference in points between the studied metropolises.

Cities face a number of problems that undermine the quality of urban life, social inequalities, urban crime, poor environment, and traffic congestion (Psatha, 2015: 2). The rapid growth and expansion of urbanization and urbanization of the world has created many problems and difficulties in different countries of the world, especially in developing countries. Cities in these countries are facing the spread of various social anomalies, housing shortages, the spread of suburbanization and informal settlement, all kinds of pollution and environmental crises, spatial inequality, reduced quality of life and welfare, and so on. In recent decades, the literature on measuring inequality has increased significantly (Mussard & Xu, 2004: 201). One of the important suggestions in the field of measuring poverty and welfare by age (1976) has been presented. The age index is a suitable model for applied research (Mussard & Xu, 2004: 201). Measurement of poverty has been active in research since Amartia Sen proposed an obvious approach to welfare research in 1976 (Xu & osberg, 2000: 2). The aim of this study was to analyze the cost factors affecting quality of life and well-being in Iranian metropolises. Using the quantitative age index and taking into account the variables of food and tobacco costs, clothing and footwear costs, housing costs, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house, costs of accessories and furniture and services Household use, health care costs, transportation and communication costs, entertainment and cultural services costs of households and costs of miscellaneous goods and services in the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj and Shiraz to evaluate the effective factors The quality of life and welfare in these metropolises should be addressed. The research sought to answer the question of which of the cost-effective factors on quality of life and well-being in the studied metropolises had the greatest effect.

The research has a quantitative-analytical nature and the statistical population of the research consists of the first five metropolises of Iran in terms of their population. The studied variables are the official data of the first group (food and tobacco costs); The second group (clothing and footwear costs); The third group (housing, water, fuel and lighting costs of a residential house); Fourth group (costs of furniture and services used by households); Group 5 (health care costs); Group 6 (transportation and communications costs); The seventh group (the cost of entertainment, entertainment and household cultural services) and the eighth group (the cost of miscellaneous goods and services).

In the metropolis of Tehran, the housing, water, fuel and lighting group of a residential house with the amount of 1.4092 has affected household welfare expenditures more than other groups in this city. Expenditures on household appliances and services are in the last place with 0.0353. In the metropolis of Mashhad, the second largest city in Iran, the group of housing, water, fuel and lighting of residential houses with the amount of 0.9202 more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city has been affected. The eighth group, the costs of miscellaneous goods and services, was in the third place with 0.1694. In the metropolis of Isfahan, the third largest city in the country, the housing, water, fuel and lighting of residential houses with the amount of 0.7911 has affected the welfare costs in this city more than other groups. The group of food and tobacco costs with the amount of 0.7003 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare. In the metropolis of Karaj, the fourth largest city in the country, housing, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house with the amount of 1.278 more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city has been affected. The group of food and tobacco costs with the rate of 0.6915 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare. In the metropolis of Shiraz, which is the fifth largest city in the country, housing, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house with the amount of 0.8599 has affected more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city. The group of food and tobacco costs with the rate of 0.6561 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare.

In the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj and Shiraz, the costs of the housing sector have affected the welfare and quality of life of the family more than other sectors, and solving the housing problem of households in these metropolises is the main priority of the government.

Nowadays different countries of the world have serious and urgent problems in many social and environmental issues and sustainable development; achieving sustainable development is the goal of every society and attention to welfare and well - being in society is the most effective means to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial analysis of welfare and social security indices in Iran using multi - criteria decision making technique of CoCoso. The findings show that in the first strategy (Ka), Tehran province with a score (0.042), Khorasan Razavi province with a score (0.041) and east Azerbaijan province have the highest scores in this strategy. In second strategy (Kb) Tehran province with a score (17.55) Khorasan Razavi province with a score (14.734) and Isfahan province with a score (13.104) they have the highest scores in the second strategy. In the third strategy (Kc) Tehran province with a score (1), Khorasan Razavi province (0.981) and East Azerbaijan scored the highest score by scoring (0.938). In the 22 provinces in the medium and deprived state, improving the welfare and Well-being indices in these areas requires special attention of decision makers and decision - makers.

A society can take a course of development and perfection when the choice and appointment of its agents is made according to their qualifications and merits. For one of the most important factors in leading societies to happiness is to have competent rulers. In the history of human beings there are nations which have fallen into decline and destruction under incompetent rulers and kings and which have experienced happiness and welfare under competent rulers. One of the huge gaps in the world’s political systems is the lack of attention to the scientific qualification of the people who undertake to rule a nation or administrate governmental organizations. Drawing upon a descriptive-analytic method and on the basis of the principles in the Islamic Law, the present research has sought to explore the condition for the scientific competency and expertise of the administration in Islamic government. Having put forward the scientific capability and expertise as the necessary condition for choosing and appointing the administration of the Islamic government, it also has made a critical analysis of the present condition of the choice and appointment of the agents and administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The article comes to its end by pointing out the necessity of making revision of laws and regulations and of formulating comprehensive bylaws to regulate the management of the governmental organizations and institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The prohibition of the entire area of the plains of the Markazi province and the impossibility of a new water withdrawal and occurrence of subsidence has caused the importance of monitoring of subsidence. On the other hand, the Differential Interferometry SAR (D-InSAR) is an efficient way to continuously, accurately and in a wide range monitor land subsidence. In this research, the D-InSAR method was used in the study of land subsidence in Arak city. 14 single-look complex images were obtained in the range of C-Band by EOLi-sa software. Ten processing steps were done by the SARscape software based on the four interferograms which had both the time and space criteria. On the other hand, the National Cartography Center has repeated the observations of the first-class network of the country for the city of Arak, located on the BHBT route (Borujerd-Salafchegan) in 1985 and 2004 and it measured 190mm ± 0.8mm / km of subsidence in 19 years. Based on four geocoded reflated unwrapped interferograms, the subsidence rate was calculated about one centimeter at year, for the central regions of Arak (around the Shohada Square of Arak). The urban areas had also almost identical subsidence rate. Therefore, the results of validation of the D-InSAR method using the observations of the National Cartography Center confirmed appropriate accuracy of the D-InSAR method. The results of this study showed the impact of geological and water resources factors on subsidence and the necessity of protecting water and soil resources in development projects in Arak city.

Groundwater level prediction is an essential priority for planning and managing groundwater resources. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptive Inference System (ANFIS) model with the ANFIS model combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm (ANFIS+PSO) in predicting the monthly groundwater level of Golpayegan aquifer during 2002-2019. For this purpose, monthly data on rainfall, temperature, pan evaporation in the selected meteorological stations, discharge volume of exploitation wells and groundwater level of observation wells have been used. After spatial and temporal analysis, four observation wells with two input data structures (S1 and S2) were selected to predict the groundwater level. The results of trend and homogeneity tests show a 99% significance of groundwater level changes in the selected observation wells 4, 8, 19 and 20 with a sudden drop of 22, 17, 27 and 2 meters before and after June, September, July and August 2010, respectively. The highest and the lowest accuracy of groundwater level prediction is related to observation wells 20 and 4 with root mean square error values (RMSE) of 2.37 and 0.21 m, respectively, related to ANFIS_S1 and ANFIS + PSO_S2 models. Generally, the results of this study indicate that the selection of appropriate structure of input data is more effective than the combination of two models (ANFIS and PSO) in increasing the accuracy of groundwater level prediction. So, that the optimal structure of input data and the combination of optimized algorithm model have increased the accuracy of groundwater level prediction, 44% and 25%,  respectively.