مقالات رزومه دکتر محمود اکبری

Achieving optimal housing status in the world is one of the important indicators of economic and social development. However, there are several major problems facing city managers, planners and policymakers to provide adequate housing. The aim of this study was to analyze the indicators of housing and construction in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and its research method is comparative analytical and the scope of the research is 17 cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in 2019. Using the multi characteristic Aras technique, an attempt has been made to analyze and evaluate the selected indicators related to the housing and construction sector. The quantitative results of the research show that the highest value of the total desirability index belonged to the cities of Yasuj and Dogonbadan. The highest score of Aras technique for housing and construction indicators has been assigned to Yasuj city (0/971) and in this regard, the score of Dogonbadan city (0/306) has been obtained. The score of Lekak (0/139), Dehdasht (0/138) and Sisakht (0/056) have been obtained and the mentioned cities are in the second level together. Lande with a score of (0/036), Charam with a score of (0/028) and Madwan with a score of (0/022) are next to each other in the third level. The quantitative results of Aras technique show that the cities of Basht, Sough, Pataveh, Ghale Raisi, Sarfaryab, Dishmuk, Margon, Grub and Chitab scored poorly and need special attention. In order to establish Regional balance and move towards urban and regional sustainable development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, it is necessary that housing and building development policies have a special focus on sparsely populated rural areas and marginal settlements. Otherwise, we will see an increase in more inequalities in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. 

 Rapid and unplanned urban growth and urbanization without designing the necessary infrastructure is a threat to sustainable urban development. Rapid urban growth, high population density, and high consumption rates of residents and citizens in large cities have led to a wide range of socio-economic and environmental impacts that require the attention of the international community. This factor will have significant effects on the future stability and prosperity of the world. Urban areas in developing countries are growing rapidly. With the increasing population of cities, there are several challenges to how to manage crowded and dense areas. One of these challenges is building the physical infrastructure to support this growing population. At the same time, the development of urban infrastructure is essential for the creation of sustainable cities. This increasing growth has caused many issues and problems in cities, one of which is related to the housing issue. Housing is one of the most important outputs for human resource production. Housing after food and clothing is the third basic and vital need that has many reflections on other aspects of the life of the capital. Today, around the world, providing adequate housing is one of the main problems of managers and planners, and in the current situation, the world is facing a global housing crisis. Achieving the desired housing status in both urban and rural areas is considered as one of the indicators of economic and social development in different countries of the world. At present, due to the growth of urban population and the uncontrolled increase of rural migration, the need to study the housing situation and plan to organize it in developing countries such as Iran is a necessary issue. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces are not separated from this situation and the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the indicators of the housing sector in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. To achieve this goal, using Aras multi-indicator technique, selected housing indicators in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces have been studied and analyzed. 

In the present study, which is of a comparative analytical type, using the ARAS technique, the indicators related to the housing and construction sector in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces have been analyzed. The data required for the research have been collected through the statistical yearbook of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in 2019. The measurement tool for analyzing the research data was the Aras technique and using this technique, housing indexes in 17 cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in 2019 were analyzed.

According to the scores obtained by the cities of the province in the field of housing and construction sector indicators, the research hypothesis as the final score obtained from the ARAS technique for housing indicators in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces indicates inequality. Take. There is a lot of imbalance and difference between the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces in terms of various indicators, including housing indicators. One of the most important reasons for this increase in inequalities is the lack of recognition of the dimensions of inequalities and incorrect executive policies to achieve the goals. The cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces do not have favorable conditions in terms of economic, social and cultural structures. The existence of 9 cities of Basht, Souk, Pataveh, Qalae Raisi, Sarfaryab, Dishmuk, Margon, Grub and Chitab, which get weak points, has indicated this imbalance. It can be acknowledged that this imbalance is the result of various ecological, economic, political and other factors. Yasuj city has maintained its superiority in the province due to its political centrality and superiority in various economic, social, cultural, etc. fields and its growth pole in terms of having the studied indicators. Yasuj city is one of the climatic regions of Iran that many immigrants from all over Iran, especially neighboring provinces such as Bushehr, Khuzestan and Fars, migrate to this city permanently and temporarily, and this is one of the factors along with others. Micro and macroeconomic factors and variables of the country have increased the price of land and housing in this city. The present study sought to investigate the question of which final score of housing indicators was higher in which cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces and which was lower. As the scores obtained from Aras technique show, the highest score of Aras technique for housing indicators is allocated to Yasuj city (0/971) and Dogonbadan city is in the second place with a score (0/306). Chitab city with the score (0/004) has the lowest score among the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces

Achieving the desired housing status, especially in urban areas, is considered as one of the indicators of economic and social development. Housing and building indicators as a necessary tool to express the various economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions of housing are of great importance in housing planning. Recognizing the status of desirable housing indicators and reducing existing inequalities is an important issue that contributes greatly to sustainable urban development. In order to establish regional balance and move towards sustainable urban and regional development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces, it is necessary that housing and building development policies pay special attention to sparsely populated rural areas and marginal settlements; otherwise, we will see an increase in more inequalities in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. The main challenge in the housing sector in the studied cities and the country is mostly due to the lack of coherent and integrated planning in this sector, while the failure of policies adopted in this field is the main reason for the construction recession, which not only did not reduce housing prices. , But has also led to an unreasonable increase in rents and the purchase price of housing. Housing facilities have little effect on the prosperity of construction and home ownership of people, especially the low-income groups in the cities studied and on a larger scale. That is why it is necessary to prioritize infrastructure reforms in macroeconomics

Introduction Proper access to urban parks and green spaces is an important criterion for measuring livability in cities. Urban green spaces and consequently urban parks have a great contribution to the health and well-being of citizens. Parks and urban green spaces are some of the most important elements of urban green infrastructure that help to increase the quality of life of citizens and improve the urban environment by purifying the air, controlling noise pollution, reducing the heat island effect, and preserving biodiversity. Urban parks provide ecological and cultural services such as sightseeing, aesthetics, recreation and entertainment, education and culture, sports, and social communication for urban residents and thus improve their quality of life. Urban parks and green spaces as a center for social interactions in today’s cities play a key role in urban renewal and sustainable urban and regional development. Proper access to urban parks and green spaces is related to the happiness of citizens. Considering the important functions of urban parks and green spaces and their role in achieving sustainable urban and regional development, the design and organization of these spaces in cities, especially in the metropolises of Iran, as a strategy to solve acute urban problems and rapid and indiscriminate urbanization and to increase the level of urban livability.
Materials and MethodsThe present study was carried out with the aim of statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in the metropolises of Iran. For this reason, the spatial distribution of parks and urban green spaces in selected Iranian metropolises has been analyzed in this quantitative research using Critic and Cocoso techniques. The metropolises studied in this research were official and unofficial metropolises of Iran such as Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, Tabriz, Ahvaz, Kermanshah, Rasht, Zahedan, Hamedan, and Kerman. The data needed to conduct the research has been collected from the statistics of the studied metropolises. The indicators used are the total area of urban green space in square meters, the area of green space covered by the municipality, the total number of parks, the total area of parks in square meters, the number of urban parks, the area of urban parks, the number of forest parks, and the area of forest parks and per capita green space in the studied metropolises of Iran. The weight of these indicators was calculated using the Critic technique and was used in the Cocoso technique. In the Cocoso technique, three strategies and the value of the final score (K) have been investigated and analyzed. FindingsIn the first strategy (Ka), the Cocoso technique of Tehran metropolis has the highest score (0/114). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht (0/016) and Hamedan (0/071) have the lowest scores. In the second strategy (Kb), the Cocoso technique of Tehran metropolis obtained the highest score (426/23). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht with a score of (2), Zahedan with a score of (49/76), and Hamadan with a score of (61/47) obtained the lowest scores. In the third strategy (Kc), the Kokosu technique of Tehran metropolis has the highest score by scoring (1). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht with a score of (0/140) and Hamedan with a score of (0/619) have the lowest scores. The mean of the closest neighborhood of the spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in Shiraz metropolis is 0/721049, the Z score is -4/713088, and the PValue is 0/000002. Based on the average of the nearest neighborhood, the pattern of spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in Shiraz metropolis was clustered. Multi-distance spatial cluster analysis shows that the pattern of spatial distribution of parks and urban green spaces in Shiraz metropolis is clustered.
ConclusionThe results of the research show that Tehran metropolis had the highest number of parks and urban green spaces. Despite the fact that this national metropolis has obtained the highest number of parks and urban green spaces among the studied cities; considering the amount of population concentrated in this metropolis, this city is far from the ideal state. It is not possible to check the amount and level of urban livability only by using indicators related to the number of urban parks and green spaces, and many other factors influence the level of livability. After Tehran metropolis, Shiraz and Mashhad metropolises have many advantages in terms of parks and urban green spaces. Among the studied metropolises, Rasht city has obtained the weakest and lowest score and this city needs special attention in the field of studied indicators.

Fire has long been an essential threat to urban safety, the physical environment, and the quality of urban life. One of the most important challenges threatening cities is the risk of creating and spreading fire in urban environments. Currently, Iran's metropolises are facing various problems, and one of the problems that the country's metropolises are dealing with is the fire crisis and, on the other hand, the weakness of their existing service infrastructures. The present study was conducted with the aim of statistical analysis of the fire crisis in the land-uses of Karaj metropolis the fourth largest city in Iran.

The current research has a small nature, and using Merec and CODAS techniques, the statistical analysis of the fire crisis in urban uses in Karaj metropolis has been done. The scope of the research comprises 12 districts of Karaj metropolis, and 10 indicators related to the fire crisis in urban uses in 12 districts of Karaj metropolis have been investigated. The required data, taken from the statistics of Karaj in 2018, were weighted by the Merec technique and used in CODAS technique. The indicators studied in this quantitative research are the number of fires in residential use, the number of fires in educational use, the number of fires in healthcare use, the number of fires in service use, the number of fires in commercial use, The number of fires occurred in industrial use, the number of fires occurred in warehouse use, the number of fires occurred in the use of urban green spaces, the number of fires occurred in vehicles, and the number of fires occurred in the use of roads and crossings.

The research findings show that District 11 of Karaj metropolis has the highest score (3.859), and this District is green. The number of fires that occurred in the urban uses of this area was limited. In CODAS technique, Karaj District 6 with a score (-3.566), District 10 with a score (-2.605), District 2 with a score (-2.469), District 7 with a score (-0.488), and District 4 got the lowest points with a score of (-0.274). The most fire crisis in the urban uses of Karaj metropolis belongs to District 6. The number of fires that occurred in the urban uses of Districts 6, 10, 2, 7, and 4 has been high, and these areas are red. The average of the closest neighborhood of the fire crisis score in urban uses in the areas of Karaj metropolis was scattered.

Most fires related to residential and educational use occurred in District 6, most health and medical fires in District 4, and most service fires in District 5. City managers must pay special attention to these Districts. The most fires related to the commercial uses of Karaj city occurred in District 3, the most industrial fires in District 10, and the most urban green space use fires in District 2. The most fires on the roads and crossings in District 5, and it is necessary for city managers to pay special attention to these areas. Most fires occurred for residential use in Karaj, especially in the mentioned areas. Several factors play a role in this field. However, the main reason for this danger is due to the non-observance of construction principles and structure standards, which, if correctly observed, citizens will not fall into the trap of fire and subsequent accidents.

Due to the unfair distribution of facilities and services, the issue of inequalities in various fields, especially in the education sector, is one of the issues that requires expert studies. In the present research, the analysis of educational indicators in Iran has been done. The research approach is quantitative and the final study of 18 research variables has been done using multi-indicator decision-making techniques such as Vikor technique and preference selection index. The results of Vikor technique show that Tehran has the highest score with a score of (0/0000). Khorasan Razavi is in a good position after Tehran with a score of (0/1830). In VIKOR technique, Ilam province with a score of (0/9759) and South Khorasan province with a score of (0/9763) have the lowest scores, and the status of educational indicators in them is evaluated as poor and they need serious attention. The results of the preference selection index show that Tehran with a total score of (0/9509) and Razavi Khorasan with a total score of (0/8605) have obtained the highest scores in the preference selection index. The scores obtained from the preference selection index show that Semnan province with a total score of (0/2493), Qom province with a total score of (0/2693), Ilam province with a total score of (0/2730), and South Khorasan province with a total score of (0/2842) have the lowest scores. By using the Average nearest neighborhood the pattern of distribution of educational services in Iran, 1/530966, Z score 5/655593, and PValue 0/000 have been obtained. Based on the Average nearest neighborhood, the pattern of distribution of educational services in Iran has been scattered. Based on Moran's coefficient, the pattern of distribution of educational variables in Iran is Random.

Housing is one of the basic and important dimensions of quality of life to achieve development, it is urban and regional stable and plays a vital role in the Economic development of Society. Since the need for housing is one of the most basic human needs, this research it was done with the aim of ranking the status of construction and housing industry in Iran.

In this retrospective study, the data of the construction and housing industry in 2018 was collected in 31 provinces of Iran through statistical yearbooks. Analysis the indicators of this industry using the preference selection index which is one of the latest multi-criteria decision-making techniques were carried out.

Tehran and Isfahan provinces were placed in the very preferred group with Preference selection index of 0.7076 and 0.5747 respectively, and the condition of building and housing indicators in these provinces was evaluated as good. The provinces of Bushehr, Golestan, Semnan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad were in the low preference group with Preference selection index of 0.0632, 0.0624, 0.0537, 0.0303 and 0.0276 respectively, and the condition of building and their housing was bad.

Preference selection index is a suitable method for ranking the situation Building and housing in Iran. The provinces of Tehran and Isfahan are best and Ilam and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad have the worst condition of buildings and housing.

Urban land use is one of the important issues in urban planning, so that currently the proper analysis of urban land use is one of the important strategies to achieve urban sustainable development and service uses to a large extent quality of life and welfare they overshadow man. The present study tries to analyze the selected land use indicators in the neighborhood units of Basht city in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, which are among the small cities of the country, using the new multi-criteria Mairca technique. The research is quantitative and analytical and the data required for the research have been collected through a comprehensive and detailed plan of Basht city. Using Mairca technique and calculating the total final values ​​of the total gap, the situation of the neighborhood units of Basht city in terms of urban land use in 2020 has been investigated. The scores obtained from the model show that the two neighborhood units are in the best position with a score of (0.0520). Neighborhood unit one with a score (0.0886) and neighborhood unit three with a score (0.1201) are in relatively good condition. The results of applying Mairca technique show that the neighborhood unit of five with a score of (0.1414), the neighborhood unit of six with a score of (0.1600) and the neighborhood unit of four with a score of (0.1642) are not in a good situation. The total area of neighborhood two, in which the neighborhood unit four is located, is 63.8 hectares, which constitutes 17.6% of the texture of this city. 99.7% of the texture is occupied by residential lands, so that its existing per capita figure for residential use with It is 56 square meters per person, which is close to the desired per capita. This neighborhood has shortcomings in terms of service uses. So this neighborhood does not have enough kindergartens, children's parks, sports-recreational and commercial.

Urban parks and green spaces play a vital and important role in improving the quality of urban life and general health of citizens. The present study aimed to analyze the condition of indicators related to the green city in Shiraz metropolis using Merec and Edas techniques.

In the present quantitative study, the scope of the research was the regions of Shiraz metropolis in 2018, and 10 indicators related to urban parks and green spaces in 11 regions of Shiraz city were investigated. The required data was extracted from the Shiraz city statistics in 2018, and these data were weighted by Merec technique and used in Edas technique.

The highest final score of Edas technique was related to region 3, and the lowest score of Edas technique was related to region 8. Region 3 with a score of 0.929, region 10 with a score of 0.919, region 4 with a score of 0.761, and region 6 with a score of 0.706 had the highest scores. Region 8 of Shiraz metropolis had the lowest score with a score of 0.006. The average of the nearest neighborhood of the final Edas score of green city indicators in Shiraz metropolis was 1.760603, and the Z score was 4.825974, and it was scattered.

The final score of Edas technique of green city indicators in the eleven Regions of Shiraz metropolis in 2018 shows the inequality and imbalance in the studied Indicators.

In our country Iran one of the major issues and challenges has been inequality and inequality in the optimal distribution of facilities and services and the important result has been the inappropriate distribution of widening gaps between different classes and the disappearance of the valuable concept of social justice. In this regard, the most important task of urban planners is to strive to reach different classes of services and facilities. The research method was quantitative-analytical and the indicator were46 cases. The result of applying factor analysis technique is to reduce46 research indicators to four final factors. According to the obtained scores, the results of cluster analysis are grouped into four homogeneous groups. The first group includes the cities of Boyer Ahmad, Kohgiluyeh and Gachsaran. Only one city in the province, Dena, is in this second cluster. The third group includes the Bahmaei and Lendeh and the fourth group includes the provinces of Basht and Cheram. The results show that the correlation coefficient between the population of the province's and the obtained points is0.714 and its significance level is 0.013. Therefore, there is a correlation between the population of the province's and the composite index of factor score. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the population of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad provinces and the combined factor scores of 0.857 and its significance level was 0.007. Therefore, there is a correlation between the population of the province's and the composite index of factor score.

One of the influential components on the appearance of cities that plays an active role in the functional and aesthetic dynamics of the city is urban furniture. Urban furniture and beautification is one of the important elements to improve the quality of urban life.

Using Marcos technique, the indicators related to urban furniture and urban beautification in Isfahan metropolis have been analyzed. The research method was Quantitative and its data is adapted from the statistics of Isfahan metropolis in 2019. Using Shannon entropy model, the weight of urban furniture indices has been calculated and these weights have been used in Marcos technique. Using the final score of F (K) of Marcos technique, analyze the indicators studied in Isfahan metropolitan.

The value of Si coefficient for anti ideal (0.151) was obtained and the highest value of this coefficient belonged to region 1 (0.6794). The highest value of K- coefficient (505.4) and the highest value of K + coefficient (0.679) have been obtained, which belongs to region 1 of Isfahan metropolis. The lowest value of these coefficients belonged to 13 Region of Isfahan. Using Marcos technique, the final score of F (K) for Region 1 (0.666), Region 2 (0.283), Region 3 (0.648), Region 4 (0.473), Region 5 (0.503) Region 6 (0.649), Region 7 (0.488), Region 8 (0.465), Region 9 (0.387), Region 10 (0.482), Region 11 (0.397), Region 12 (0.524), region 13 (0.268), region 14 (0.325) and region 15 (0.328) have been obtained.

The final score of Marcos technique for urban furniture indicators in 15 Regions of Isfahan metropolis indicates inequality in the studied indicators.

In many developing countries, cities have emerged as engines of economic growth by providing a variety of opportunities. However, high population growth in urban areas has put a lot of pressure on natural resources (Dambeebo and Jalloh, 2018: 235). Governments in developed and developing countries also use policies to counter the effects of urbanization. One of these policies is the issue of sustainable development (Abu Bakar and Cheen, 2013: 484). The social dimension is an important component of sustainable development. While the discourse of sustainable development is largely limited to environmental and economic concerns (Hemani et al, 2012: 783-784). The overall goal of social sustainability seems to be social justice (Koglin, 2009: 13). In the present study, an attempt has been made to measure the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises by using Edas and Mairca technique. 

In the present study, by using the Edas and Mairca techniques, the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises have been investigated. The metropolises studied in this study were Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz and Qom. The most important indicators used in the Edas and Mairca are: number of public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of ​​public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, number of public outdoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of ​​the premises Public sports covered by the municipality, number of libraries and study halls, area of ​​libraries and study halls, number of cultural centers covered by the municipality, area of ​​cultural centers covered by the municipality, number of urban parks, number of forest parks, number of cinemas, Number of cinemas, number of cinema seats, center for social injuries, number of medical centers contracted by the Social Security Organization and number of hospitals contracted by the Social Security Organization. 

In most of the studied indicators on social development, Tehran metropolis has the most positive distance from the average. The results of using the Edas technique show that Tehran metropolis had the highest score with a score of (0.998), Isfahan metropolis with a score of (0.201) and Mashhad metropolis with a score of (0.189) had the highest score, respectively. The final score was Tabriz metropolis (0.143), Shiraz metropolis (0.100) and Qom metropolis (0.008). The results of Mairca technique show that Tehran metropolis with a score of (0.0049) has the highest scores of sustainable social development indicators. Isfahan metropolis with the highest score (0.1410) after Tehran had the highest score. The metropolis of Mashhad has gained the most points after gaining points (0.1462) after the metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The score of Tabriz (0.1520), Shiraz (0.1540) and Qom (0.1612) was gained. 

Comparative comparison of the results of Edas and Mairca techniques shows similar results and in these two techniques, Tehran metropolis has had the highest score. In the studied indices in the model of Edas and Mairca, Isfahan metropolis had the highest score after Tehran metropolis. The metropolis of Mashhad has had the highest score after the metropolis of Isfahan. In this regard, after Mashhad metropolis, Tabriz, Shiraz and Qom metropolises have obtained the most points, respectively. The results obtained in both techniques indicate inequality due to the difference in points between the studied metropolises.

 

One of the components that affect the quality of urban life is indicators related to traffic and transportation equipment, and it is impossible to analyze issues related to sustainable development in cities without considering traffic and transportation indicators.

The present study is the analytical-comparative type, and using the multimoora technique has been analyzed indicators related to traffic and transportation equipment in 15 Regions of the Isfahan metropolis. The weights of the indicators related to traffic and transportation equipment in the Isfahan metropolis have been calculated through the Shannon entropy model. These weights have been used in the multimoora technique. Using three approaches of multimoora technique such as ratio system approach, reference point approach, complete multiplication approach, the analysis of indicators related to traffic equipment and transportation in Isfahan metropolis has been undertaken.

In the ratio system approach, the highest y-score belonged to Region 10 of Isfahan (0.4010), and the lowest score belonged to Region 11 of Isfahan (0.0278). The highest score of reference point approach belonged to Region 8 of Isfahan metropolis, and Regions 5, 11, 12 and 14 obtained the lowest score of reference point approach. In the complete multiplication approach, Isfahan metropolitan Region 6 had the highest score and Regions 5, 9, 11, 12, 14 and 15 obtained the lowest score.

Investigating the differences in the scores obtained from the three approaches of multimoora technique, i.e., the ratio system approach, reference point approach, complete multiplication approach, and the combination of these three approaches using the dominance theory indicates the existence of inequality in traffic equipment and transportation in 15 Regions of Isfahan metropolis.

Cities face a number of problems that undermine the quality of urban life, social inequalities, urban crime, poor environment, and traffic congestion (Psatha, 2015: 2). The rapid growth and expansion of urbanization and urbanization of the world has created many problems and difficulties in different countries of the world, especially in developing countries. Cities in these countries are facing the spread of various social anomalies, housing shortages, the spread of suburbanization and informal settlement, all kinds of pollution and environmental crises, spatial inequality, reduced quality of life and welfare, and so on. In recent decades, the literature on measuring inequality has increased significantly (Mussard & Xu, 2004: 201). One of the important suggestions in the field of measuring poverty and welfare by age (1976) has been presented. The age index is a suitable model for applied research (Mussard & Xu, 2004: 201). Measurement of poverty has been active in research since Amartia Sen proposed an obvious approach to welfare research in 1976 (Xu & osberg, 2000: 2). The aim of this study was to analyze the cost factors affecting quality of life and well-being in Iranian metropolises. Using the quantitative age index and taking into account the variables of food and tobacco costs, clothing and footwear costs, housing costs, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house, costs of accessories and furniture and services Household use, health care costs, transportation and communication costs, entertainment and cultural services costs of households and costs of miscellaneous goods and services in the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj and Shiraz to evaluate the effective factors The quality of life and welfare in these metropolises should be addressed. The research sought to answer the question of which of the cost-effective factors on quality of life and well-being in the studied metropolises had the greatest effect.

The research has a quantitative-analytical nature and the statistical population of the research consists of the first five metropolises of Iran in terms of their population. The studied variables are the official data of the first group (food and tobacco costs); The second group (clothing and footwear costs); The third group (housing, water, fuel and lighting costs of a residential house); Fourth group (costs of furniture and services used by households); Group 5 (health care costs); Group 6 (transportation and communications costs); The seventh group (the cost of entertainment, entertainment and household cultural services) and the eighth group (the cost of miscellaneous goods and services).

In the metropolis of Tehran, the housing, water, fuel and lighting group of a residential house with the amount of 1.4092 has affected household welfare expenditures more than other groups in this city. Expenditures on household appliances and services are in the last place with 0.0353. In the metropolis of Mashhad, the second largest city in Iran, the group of housing, water, fuel and lighting of residential houses with the amount of 0.9202 more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city has been affected. The eighth group, the costs of miscellaneous goods and services, was in the third place with 0.1694. In the metropolis of Isfahan, the third largest city in the country, the housing, water, fuel and lighting of residential houses with the amount of 0.7911 has affected the welfare costs in this city more than other groups. The group of food and tobacco costs with the amount of 0.7003 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare. In the metropolis of Karaj, the fourth largest city in the country, housing, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house with the amount of 1.278 more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city has been affected. The group of food and tobacco costs with the rate of 0.6915 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare. In the metropolis of Shiraz, which is the fifth largest city in the country, housing, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house with the amount of 0.8599 has affected more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city. The group of food and tobacco costs with the rate of 0.6561 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare.

In the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj and Shiraz, the costs of the housing sector have affected the welfare and quality of life of the family more than other sectors, and solving the housing problem of households in these metropolises is the main priority of the government.

Nowadays different countries of the world have serious and urgent problems in many social and environmental issues and sustainable development; achieving sustainable development is the goal of every society and attention to welfare and well - being in society is the most effective means to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial analysis of welfare and social security indices in Iran using multi - criteria decision making technique of CoCoso. The findings show that in the first strategy (Ka), Tehran province with a score (0.042), Khorasan Razavi province with a score (0.041) and east Azerbaijan province have the highest scores in this strategy. In second strategy (Kb) Tehran province with a score (17.55) Khorasan Razavi province with a score (14.734) and Isfahan province with a score (13.104) they have the highest scores in the second strategy. In the third strategy (Kc) Tehran province with a score (1), Khorasan Razavi province (0.981) and East Azerbaijan scored the highest score by scoring (0.938). In the 22 provinces in the medium and deprived state, improving the welfare and Well-being indices in these areas requires special attention of decision makers and decision - makers.

Due to the rapid expansion of urban areas, the lack of urban infrastructure in the countrychr('39')s metropolises is strongly felt. This infrastructure, in parallel with urban development, is vital for improving the quality of life in the countrychr('39')s metropolises. The present study was conducted using the CODAS multi-indicator technique with the aim of analyzing indicators related to urban infrastructure in Iranian metropolises.

The present analytical-comparative study was conducted using the information obtained through the statistics of Tehran in 2019. 10 metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah and Hamedan, Rasht, Zahedan, and Kerman to study the indicators of the number of health services under the supervision of the municipality, the number of indoor sports facilities, the number of fire stations, the number of firefighters, the number of firefighting operations Fire, number of operated metro stations, the total number of parks, number of urban and forest parks, number of open parking lots and multi-story car parks owned by the municipality, number of simple and mechanized overpass bridges, number of open sports spaces, number of fuel stations CNG, owned by the municipality and the private sector, selected a number of permanent and temporary fruit and vegetable markets. Using Excel software, the weights of the indices were analyzed through the Shannon entropy model and used in the CODAS decision technique.

The highest Euclidean distance belonged to the Tehran metropolis (0.242) and the lowest Euclidean distance belonged to the Zahedan metropolis (0.009). According to the amount of h_ik obtained from THE CODAS technique, metropolises of Tehran (9.254), Mashhad (0.297), Isfahan (0.198), Shiraz (-0.131), Qom (-0.771), Hamedan (-1.555), Kermanshah (-1.960), Kerman (-2.143), Rasht (-2.199), and Zahedan (-2.496) were ranked first to tenth, respectively. The results showed that the Tehran metropolis was far away 8.957, 9.056, 9.385, 10.025, 11.214, 11.453, 10.809, 11.75, and 11.397 scores compared to Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah, Rasht, Hamedan, Zahedan, and Kerman were, respectively.

The difference in scores obtained from the CODAS technique indicates the inequality of the studied metropolises in the amount of urban infrastructure in them.

talking about economic and social development, it is essential to mention transportation. The current study is carried out to assess the transportation indicators in Iranchr('39')s metropolises.

The needed data for Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Kermanshah, and Hamedan (formal metropolises) and Rasht, Zahedan, and Kerman (informal metropolises) for this qualitative study is collected from Tehran statistics in 2018. The studied indicators are the number of working buses, working gas-fueled buses, private-sector buses, bus lines, bus stops, roofed bus stops, predicted train lanes, operated train stations and lanes, parking lots, vertical parking, overpass bridges, mechanized overpass bridges, crosses with traffic lights, gas stations, pedestrian underpass, and multilevel interchanges. The analysis of the transportation indicators was done using the EDAS multi-criteria decision-making technique.

EDAS score for transportation indicators in Tehran metropolis is 1.000 which is the highest score among the studied metropolises. Mashhad (with 0.549), Isfahan (with 0.508), and Shiraz (0.456) are the next ranks, respectively. According to the scores of the EDAS, other metropolises are in poor condition.

Iranchr('39')s metropolises except for Tehran are not in good condition in terms of their transportation indicators.

One of the issues that greatly contribute to social comfort and welfare is security and analysis of related components. This study aimed to investigate social pathology and analyze indicators related to Iranchr('39')s social security using the combined solution technique. 

This analytical study was conducted using the data of the statistical yearbook of science and culture of Iran in 2018 in all provinces of Iran. CoCoSo multi-criteria decision-making technique and three strategies of the combined compromise solution model were used to analyze the data.

In the first strategy, Tehran (0.007), Mazandaran (0.030) and Fars (0.031) provinces had the lowest and Ardabil, Bushehr, South Khorasan, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Kurdistan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Markazi and Yazd provinces (all 0.034) had the highest points. In the second strategy, Tehran province (2) had the lowest, and Bushehr province (10.604) gained the most points. In the third strategy, Tehran province (0.216) had the lowest, and Bushehr, Qazvin, and North Khorasan provinces jointly (all 1) gained the most points.

Based on the combined results of the three strategies, Bushehr province is in the first place with 4,588 points and is relatively the safest province in Iran in the studied indicators.

Welfare has always been one of the main concerns of policymakers in various societies and countries around the world, and our country of Iran is not an exception.The present study analyzed factors affecting the welfare of Shiraz with discussed Welfare Sen Index. Kind of research is quantitative-analytical. Results of the research show that with considering the in 1385 share of food; clothing and shoes; housing and its accessories; use of household appliances and services; health; transport and communications; recreation and cultural services household; miscellaneous goods and services of the welfare of households respectively, are obtained 0.3162, 0.0438, 0.4008, 0.0344, 0.0650, 0.0669, 0.0242 and 0.0595. For 1395 these values are 0.2782, 0.0553, 0.3634, 0.0410, 0.0590, 0.0900, 0.0349 and 0.0705 respectively. Cost of housing more than other groups cost has been affecting the welfare of Shiraz households and after this group, food costs more than other groups influence their welfare.     

Inequality has different dimensions and one of these dimensions is inequality related to the health indicators and health in general. Inequality in access to health indicators exists in both developed and developing countries. The aim of the present study was to analyze the health inequalities in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, using Mabak technique.

In this analytical-comparative study, the data required for the research were collected through statistical yearbooks and general population and housing censuses of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and health inequalities among 8 cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in 2019 were analyzed using Mabak technique.

Boyer-Ahmad Township was at the desired level with a score of 0.773. The townships of Kohgiluyeh with a score of 0.184 and Gachsaran with a score of 0.133 were somewhat desired. Dena Township with a score of -0.110 and Choram Township with a score of -0.144 were at the deprived level. The townships of Bahmaei with a score of -0.165, Basht with a score of -0.178 and Lende with a score of -0.203 were located in the very deprived level.

In terms of access to health services, Boyer-Ahmad Township is in the highest rank and the townships of Bahmaei, Basht, and Lende are in the very deprived level and need special attention.

One of the necessities of economic planning is to be aware of the industrial capabilities of different provinces of the country. Therefore, determining the position of provinces in industries in order to optimally allocate resources is of particular importance. The present study is of quantitative and analytical type and using Coopras technique, the inequalities in the industrial of the country's provinces have been studied. The research area is formed by the provinces of the country in 1398. 17 variables have been selected to study the leveling of the country's provinces and the status of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The results show that they are at a very high level in the provinces of Tehran and Isfahan. In the second level the provinces of Khorasan Razavi, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Mazandaran, Alborz, Khuzestan, Qazvin, Kerman, Markazi and Gilan are located. There are about 9 provinces in the country and these provinces include Yazd, West Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Semnan, Lorestan, Qom, Golestan, Kermanshah and Hamedan. The provinces of Zanjan, South Khorasan, Hormozgan, Ardabil, Kurdistan, Bushehr, Sistan and Baluchestan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and North Khorasan are deprived. 10 provinces, including the deprived province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, are at the deprived level.

Evaluation of different regions in terms of access to the index-service provides a possibility for planning and allocating funds to the programsMaker, consider the facts and consider the development level of the country's regions. This is why the present research aims to status of Iran's provinces in terms of development indices analyze and evaluate communications. The dominant approach of this research is quantitative analysis and techniques used 15 variables to measure the level of concentration techniques, distribution coefficient and coefficient of Williamson. The results showed that the concentration indices of development of communication models in some provinces of the country indicated. Williamson index composite index communication process for fifteen provinces of the country showed the unbalanced distribution of telecommunications services. Decentralization measurement models show that, over time towards decentralization an d distribution an d the signs of ag e an d is becoming a global village.

The growing expansion of tourism in all parts of the world has made the tourism industry the largest industry and employer in the world after the oil industry and the automotive industry, and has become the third most lucrative industry. One of the most important destinations that has influenced the world's tourism process in recent decades is urban centers, and these centers have attracted many tourists. In the present study, the analysis of service variables related to urban tourism industry in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces has been analyzed by using Spss and ArcGIS software. To analyze the indicators related to urban tourism, initially 34 variables were selected and finally these variables were converted to 30 indicators. The result of using factor analysis technique has been to reduce 30 research indicators to six final factors, and these six factors together explain and interpret approximately 96,685% of the variance of the society. The combined index scores obtained from the 30 indicators related to tourism show that Gachsaran city is at a certain level, Dena, Boyer Ahmad, Kohgiluyeh and Basht are at a certain level. Bahmaei alone is at the deprived level of the province and Charam and Landeh are at the very deprived level of the province.

Existence of urban green space is one of the prerequisites for achieving sustainable urban development and plays a key role in improving the quality of life of urban dwellers. The research is practical and quantitative in terms of purpose and nature and is of analytical-comparative type and using Preference selection index and multi-moora technique has been analyzed green space indicators in Isfahan metropolis. The research data is adapted from the statistics of Isfahan metropolis in 2019. The results of the preference selection index for the analysis of green space indicators in the metropolis of Isfahan show that the highest score belonged to regions 4, 6, 10 and 8. The lowest scores of the preference selection index were assigned to regions 2, 11 and 15. The results of applying the three approaches of multi-moora technique for the analysis of urban green space indicators show imbalance and inequality in 15 Regions of Isfahan metropolis. The highest score of the Ratio system approach was compared to region 10 and the lowest score of the Ratio system approach was assigned to region 11. The highest score of the Reference point approach belonged to region 14 and regions 11 and 3 obtained the lowest score of the Reference point approach. In the Complete multiplication approach, region 8 of Isfahan metropolis has the highest score and regions 11, 1, 2 and 14 have the lowest score. The difference between the scores obtained in the preference selection index and the three approaches of Multi Moora technique indicates the existence of inequality in the field of urban green space indicators in the fifteen Regions of Isfahan metropolis.

One of the common criteria in regional Development planning is the ranking of regions based on their share of different development indicators. In the present study attempts are made to investigate development indicator in townships of Hamedan province by using factor analysis and cluster analysis techniques. The research strategy quantitative- analytical and the member of indicator under study was 44. The result of using factor analysis is the reduction of 44 research indicator into five final factors based on the calculated factorial advantages, the result of using cluster analysis technique is dividing townships of Hamedan province into four homogeny gropes. Based on the combination indicator of townships calculated by makgranahan technique, the townships of Hamedan province have been categorized into 4 levels: Very developed level: Hamedan Developed level: Malayer under developed level: Nahavand Deprived and non-developed level: Kobudarahong, Razan, Tuiserkan, Bahar and Assadabad.Key Words: development indicators, factor analysis, makgranahan, Hamedan province.Key Words: development indicators, factor analysis, makgranahan, Hamedan province.

Increases access to health-care services is one of the essential prerequisites to achieving sustainable development of urban and regional A is considered. In this study, the health of the Township Fars province was studied. Quantitative Research method Analytical and research within the Township Fars province. The Finding of Research by using the Concentration index of Wagstaff, Paci and Van Doorslaer Show that Shiraz Township Whit composite index 11.39 Is located in the over concentration Level. Townships of Gahrom Whit composite index 2.29, Lar Whit composite index 2.274, Marvdasht Whit composite index 2.269, Fasa Whit composite index of 1.7375, mamasani with Composite index 1.2123 and Kazeron with Composite index 1.18 Is located in the Medium concentration Level of This province. Finding of Research by using the Achievement index of Wagstaff Show that Shiraz Township Whit composite index 236.875 Is located in the over concentration Level. Townships of Lar Whit composite index 29.79, Gahrom Whit composite index 26.5417, Marvdasht Whit composite index 26.2917, Kazeron with Composite index 21.7083 and Fasa Whit composite index of 21.6667 is located in the Medium concentration Level of province. Other Townships of province is located in the low concentration Level. We live in a very inequality world (Melamed and Samman, 2013: 1). Poverty and inequality are one of the major concepts in the world (Alvaredo and Gasparini, 2013: 3). So far, one of the important issues is the imbalance of the distribution system and the failure of the urban services system, and the heterogeneous and unplanned development is one of the main reasons for this problem (Yazdani and Firouzi Majande, 2016: 18).One of these services is in cities and healthcare services, and over the past two decades a large amount of research and reporting on socio-economic inequalities in health have been conducted. There is an inequality in access to health services in both developed and developing countries (Braveman and Tarimo, 2002: 1621). The growing challenges are whether health is negatively affected by inequality of income within the community (Nilsson and Bergh, 2012: 2).

This study aims to analyze and evaluated the position of townships of Fars province by using the component of information and communication technology. Research method have been analytical-quantitative. The results of models show that township of the Fars province in which communication services are not distributed in the form of balanced and unbalanced. The results of concentration index show that maximum concentration of this services in Shiraz Township and this Township Whit composite index 305 is located in the first rank and over concentration level. Townships of Gahrom whit composite index 40.29, Kazeron with composite index 36.45 and Lar whit composite index 32.5 is located in the rank of two to four and medium concentration level of this province. Other Townships is located in the low concentration level. The results of standard score model show that Shiraz township whit composite index 56.6 is located in the first rank and over concentration level of province. Townships of Darab whit composite index 2.9967, Mamasani with composite index 2.7758, Lar whit composite index 2.39, Kazeron whit composite index 2.1946, Marvdasht whit composite index 1.2753, Nayriz whit composite index 0.9105 and Fasa whit composite index 0.3742 is located in the rank of two to eight and medium concentration level of this province.