فهرست مطالب mahmood shahabi

Social unrest refers to public discontent and the unconventional and sometimes violent practices of individuals in society. This article examines the social unrests of November 2019. The lack of consensus on the application of the concepts, as well as the lack of theoretical consensus on the study of these unrests, show the problematic aspects of this issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of social unrest in November 2019 using a qualitative method. The logic behind data collection is triangulation according to the nature of the issue that has occurred in the past, which uses multiple data sources and various techniques such as interview, analysis of written, visual documents. The grounded theory (GT) method used to analyze the data and present the final theory. The findings include ten categories: protest action, political incapacity, motivational structure, low institutional legitimacy, poorer society, information provision, fattening of horizontalism, aggravation and peripherally of protest. The central category of this research is protest action, which includes the above categories. Then, according to the obtained results, causal conditions, contextual and intervening conditions extracted and the relevant conceptual model explained.

Considering the close relationship between social policy making and political field, it’s attempted to analyze forming of social policies related to social harms during the revolution as a turning point in political developments with a view to Foucault's theory of governance. In order to objectify the methodological steps, thematic analyses were used. Also in order to answer the research questions, the required data were used as non-reactive criteria and theoretical sampling method was used to select the samples. According to  the prevailing social and political conditions, a revolutionary discourse that elaborates on the synchronization of moments of guilt / crime / harm, the dominance of the legal approach and judicial intervention, moral cleansing, protectionist policy-making and coping with disability. It made sense to dominate the sphere of social harm policy-making at the beginning of the revolution. In the discourse of this period, the social dimension of social harm policy-making in favor of the legal dimension was less considered. But the point to consider during the hegemony of policies was their social acceptance. It is necessary to pay serious attention to the issue of social acceptance, because social acceptance of any policy guarantees the success of that policy.

Border settlement is the social platform for the coexistence of various ethnicities and religions in Kurdistan, Sistan & Baluchistan, and Turkmen Sahra in Iran. But this platform, like many similar social contexts, is sensitive to inter-ethnic and inter-religious prejudices and cognitive representation of self and others. These intergroup prejudices are among the cognitive associations that lead to social categorization at the macro social structures and to the direction of intergroup relations and the distribution of social privileges at micro social structures. The current study aims to answer these three questions: (1) What kind of inter-religious prejudices exist in Sunni students living in Kurdistan, Sistan & Baluchistan, and Turkmen Sahra or migrated to Tehran? (2) What is the level of inter-religious prejudices among Sunni and Shia students living in the mentioned cities? (3) What is the effect of educational migration to Tehran on the type and level of inter-religious prejudices in Sunni students?

This is a mixed-method study using qualitative and quantitative tools. The Stereotype Content Model of Suzan Fiske was used for quantitative assessment. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive representation of self and other in inter-religious relations among Sunni students, we asked the participants to describe themselves and the Shiites of their provinces using at least five traits. Then we content analyzed the ‌presented traits, qualitatively.

Based on the survey data, in kurdish and Turkman students, migration to Tehran caused a decline in representation of the aboriginal shiite others and the self (based on the views of shiite people). Among Balochi students, who had the worst image of self and aborignal shiite others compared to Turkmen and Kurdish counterparts, migration to Tehran improved the situation, including improving the indicators of warmness and competency, which could transit this inter-religious prejudice from disgust to pride.

Prejudice greatly affects the relationship of Sunni people living in Kurdistan, Sistan & Baluchistan, and Turkmen Sahra with Shia residents. Educational migration to Tehran negatively affects the image of Shiite others among Kurdish and Turkmen people, while inter-religious communication are slightly improved among Baluchies after migration.

HIV / AIDS is a multifaceted biological, social, and psychological problem considerably affecting on the individual and the community. This disease changes a person’s communication by being at the center of a person's social relationship. Disclosure is one of the HIV aspects less researched. The current study aimed to investigate the disclosure issue among female patients in Tehran county. A qualitative methodology and semi-structured interview were used for data collection in the present study. The bullet-shaped sampling was considered as sampling method and sample size was 18 people and they answered questions until theoretical saturation based on informed consent and ethics of confidentiality. Data were collected in spring and summer of 2019. Based on the findings, the experience of the disclosure concept was derived from four main themes and eight sub-themes. The main themes included "disclosure threshold", "fear of disclosure", "disclosure management", and "paradox of disclosure" and the sub-themes covered "dual patient-disease", "border of sense of security and feeling of insecurity", "fear of intolerance", "fear of rejection", "the duality of disclosure", "control of disclosure", "empathy, support", and "exclusion.

In the last two decades, with the discovery and development of HIV / AIDS control drugs, it has become possible to transform it from a deadly and uncontrollable illness to a chronic controlled illness . The emergence of such a situation, along with the social stigma and the complex dimensions of the illness, makes the issue of patients' strategies for life management of particular importance.Examined the illness in a sample of 31 people. The research population was people living with HIV/‌AIDS in Tehran who were selected through behavioral illness counseling centers and purposeful sampling in the 2019-2020 years. The study method was qualitative and with semi-structured interview tools, the collected information was analyzed by three-step coding in a thematic (thematic) manner. Based on the research findings, patients use five strategies to manage life after illness: disclosure management, relationship management, participation in the illness , self-empowerment and recourse to religion. These strategies are abstracted from 11 subcategories and 30 concepts. Based on the findings, AIDS prevention, providing a platform for patients to participate and provide the necessary support can help them in the optimal management of life after the illness and at the same time help them in voluntary activities related to the illness.

Corruption is one of the major phenomena that has involved many societies throughout history. One of the weakening factors of corruption is the formation and expansion of civil society and two basic requirements of civil society are free mass media and social media. The present study was conducted to investigate the representation of corruption issue by Iranian users in Instagram. Our methodology is qualitative content analysis that has been accomplished with a customary approach. 160 Instagram posts implying corruption hashtag were chosenand analysed by theoretical sampling. The findings show that users have pointed out to 11 corruption which 7 of them directly and 4 of them indirectly related to economic corruption. Three main categories emerging from the analysis are understanding of the current state of corruption, the mechanisms of explanation and the mechanisms for protesting corruption. Nine Sub-categories are also emerged out of three main categories. Analysis suggests that users in the face of corruption, use this medium to describe and explain corruption and protest against it.

In this study, which was based on a quantitative (descriptive-survey) method, we have tried to examine the extent/ measures of the crossing cultural and boundaries in the social relationships of the residents of Tehran. The statistical population included all citizens of Tehran, who were 16 years old and up. The sample size included 625 who were selected by cluster multistage method. A questionnaire tool was used to collect data. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha rate of the questionnaire exceeded from 93%. Findings of the research showed that, in general, the degree of boundaries in social relations in Tehran is "severe" and crossing cultural is "low". Also, the results showed that Affluent class and higher social base holders than those in the lower social classes, those with higher education than lower education, men than women, local residents in higher clusters than lower clusters, Tehran born are more open and freer than the non-Tehrani and immigrant-born, younger than middle-aged, divorced, and single-sex couples compared to married couples and the deceasedchr('39')s spouses break and cross the social and cultural boundaries. The significance level of all results was more than 99% and all hypotheses have been confirmed.

Menstrual experience is one of the most important physical experiences of girls. The main question in the present study was not only how to understand and give meaning to this experience, but also how it could be related to social and cultural fields. This qualitative study was carried out using grounded theory method and through encoding phenomenological interviews with 24 girls who lived in Tehran and experienced menstruation. Five main categories and sixteen sub-categories were identified; The main categories included “Context of menstrual experience”, “Causal conditions of menstrual experience”, “Intervening conditions of menstrual experience”, “Action strategies of menstrual experience”, and “Consequences of menstrual experience”. The results of the present study indicated that the menstrual experience paves the way for girls to construe their body as an object for manipulation. From this perspective, though menstrual experiences are similar, they can be distinguished from one another whether by regarding menstruation as a defect in the normal functioning of the ideal body that needs to be concealed or as a natural event indicative of a feminine body with reproductive capacity.

Iranian students come from a diverse ethnicity and different cultural backgrounds. In the meantime, national solidarity is one of the major challenges of development policy in such a cultural and geographical context. This study investigates the national solidarity state of Kurdish and Baluchi students in Iranian universities, and aimed to answer this question: how is the feeling of national solidarity among Kurdish and Baluchi students? In fact, the problem arises from the time a student (Kurdish or Baluchi) enters the university, and in its environment, s/he finds the opportunity for intercultural communication with other students, professors, and university staff members that are ethnically different from them. If such a link can increase interethnic and inter-religious social capital, it can turn the university atmosphere into an area of intervention to enhance the bond between Iranians and improve national solidarity and cohesion, but if it provokes greater ethnic and religious conflict, it can significantly reduce the feeling of national solidarity.

A systematic review and meta-analysis was used in this study. The materials consisted of all studies conducted in the field of national solidarity and identity of Kurdish and Baluchi university students published during 1991-2018. Sampling was conducted using a census method and all the available studies were included in the study. Theses and research projects were searched through national databases including the Iran National Library, the Library of University of Tehran, and the Library of Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. Articles were also accessed through online academic databases including Iran Comprehensive Portal of Humanity Sciences (Ensani.ir), Noormags, IranDoc, Magiran, SID, Civilica as well as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. All articles were searched by following keywords in Persian: national solidarity, cohesion, divergence, national identity, ethnic identity, university students and faculty members, Kurdish or Baluchi ethnicities, and Kurdistan, or Sistan and Baluchistan Province and/or their English equivalents. The inclusion criteria of meta-analysis were: 1. selected study should be about national solidarity and identity; 2. the study should be on Iranian Kurdish and Baluchi ethnicities; 3. the study should be on the academic community (students, professors, etc.) and related to Kurdish and Balochi ethnic  communities; 5. The study should be published during 1991-2018, 6. if it is a thesis, it should be an MA or PhD thesis; and 7. the study should report statistical data (e.g. mean, standard deviation, regression, coefficient, sample size, etc.). To collect the data, a researcher-made checklist designed in Excel and analyzed in Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA 2) software was used.

Th final sample size of the research included eight studies. Overall, 2144 individuals were studied in all the studies, with an average of 268 individuals for each study. Out of eight studies, seven were articles and one was a thesis. The method of sampling in 75% of the studies was relative-stratified random sampling and in 25%, it was multi-stage cluster random sampling. Two studies were related to Baluchi people and six studies to Kurdish people. Regarding the location, five studies were conducted in Kurdistan province, two studies in Sistan and Baluchestan province and one study in Ilam province. All the studies included in this metaanalysis were conducted between the years 2002 and 2013; two studies in 20022006, three in 2008-2010, and three in 2011-2013. All studies were conducted in both male and female groups. The dependent variable in one study was national solidarity, in five studies, national identity; and in two studies, collective identity. Combined effect size was used to evaluate variables with national solidarity and national identity of Kurdish and Baluchi students. In the eight studies, 50 hypotheses were investigated. Table 1 shows the number of hypotheses for each study and their effect sizes, and Table 2 presents the combined effect size of the random model of the eight studies. As can be seen, the average combined effect size in the random model was 0.217 which was significant at P=0.001. According to Cohen’s criteria (1992, 1998), the effect size is medium. The value of Q statistics was obtained 648.828 (0.001) which indicates the heterogeneity of the effect sizes of the studies.

Azospirillum comprises rhizobacteria that live freely in the soil where they change gaseous nitrogen to nitrite and nitrate and as a result promote growth and yield of some economically important plants. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify different native species of Azospirillum and to investigate their genetic diversity as plant growth promoting factors.

In this research, some soil and root samples from wheat and maize fields of Isfahan province were collected and cultured in the tubes containing nitrogen free bromothymol blue (NFB) semisolid media. The Azospirillum isolates were chosen on the basis of morphological properties on NFB and RC (Rojo Congo) media and then were purified. The detection and identification of Azospirillum isolates was done by molecular tests using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), 16S rRNA gene sequencing and genomic fingerprinting with rep-PCR (repetitive extragenic palindromic elements-polymerase chain reaction).

The replication of 646 and 263 bp fragments by Az16S-A, Azo494-F/Azo756-R primers respectively, confirmed the presence of Azospirilum bacteria. Azospirillum species were also identified as A. brasilense, A. lipoferum and A. zeae using replication and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The genomic profilings of different Azospirillum isolates produced unique band patterns through application of repetitive element BOX (BOX-AIR), ERIC (ERIC IR, ERIC 2: Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus) and REP (REP IR, REP 2: Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic) and showed high genetic diversity between the isolates.

Azospirillum bacteria are one of the most important plant growth promoting rhizobacteria which exist in the rhizosphere of many crop plants. In this research, some soil and plant roots were collected from wheat and maize rhizosphere of the fields in Isfahan and were cultured in the tubes containing Nitrogen Free Bromothymol (NFB) medium. In order to isolate Azospirillum strains, the grown bacteria pellicles were streaked on NFB and Rojo Congo (RC) specific and semi-specific media. The bacteria were isolated and purified using morphological characteristics on the medium. After gram staining, catalase, oxidase and oxidative-fermentative tests, the detection and identification of Azospirillum isolates was done by molecular tests using PCR test with Az16S-A and Azo494-F/Azo756-R specific primers and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Plant growth promoting characteristics (PGP) of Azospirillum isolates were determined by investigating the presence of NifH and NifD genes of nitrogenase enzyme by PolF/PolR and FdB260/FdB261 specific primers respectively. The properties of phosphate solubilization and production of chitinase, HCN, siderophores and indole acetic acid of isolates were performed by using specific tests. The replication of 646, 263, 360, and 390 bp fragments by Az16S-A, Azo494-F/Azo756-R, PolF/PolR and FdB260/FdB261 primers respectively, confirmed the presence of Azospirilum bacteria and the presence of NifH and NifD genes. Specific tests also revealed the ability of indole acetic acid production, insoluble phosphate solubilizationwith average value of 15 and 18.8 mg/l respectively and siderophore production in isolates. The results showed that some of the isolates possessed several PGP properties, while some of them had one or no characteristic. Finally, the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in some isolates determined and three species of A. brasilense, A. lipoferum and A. zeae identified in rhizosphere of wheat and maize plants.

The present study deals with spatial exclusion of women in Tehran. Twenty women with different types of clothing and social status were selected by purposive sampling. Their age varied between 18-50 years old. The women had different occupation: students, teachers, housewives, employees etc. They were interviewed until theoretical saturation was gained. Grounded theory has been used for analyzing and categorizing data. The core category is described as “a tendency toward extending the spatial domain of identity” which refers to women’s effort for securing their identity as a belonging. All the women -including veiled and unveiled, with spruce and sloppy, childish, boyish or any unusual types of dressing- had experienced such exclusions and applied various methods for dealing with this problem in their every-day life such as ignoring or avoiding some situations, making dialogues or disputes. Nevertheless exclusion turns into an obvious part of their life and little by little they get used to it.

Giving information to public through media is a way of changing people’s environmental behavior, which if there should be interaction between media and audience, decreases unexpected reactions in citizens’ behavior and brings about a relatively predictable action within the society. This interaction in such an unusual field as using recycled water is more sensitive and significant. Using ground theory, the researchers interviewed 23 individuals and the data were collected within 107 concepts of which 39 key category and one core category were coded. The findings indicate that the subjects introduced institutional distrust as the reason for rejecting media news; perceptional risk and understanding the power of opportunist are considered as important causal conditions. In this study the core category is transformation of the validity of informal news and accepting purposeful risk of rumor.

While corruption occurs in many countries it has increased in Iran in recent years. In this paper the results of the first cross-sectional study in Iran examining different correlates of white-collar crime both in private and public sectors are presented. Theoretically, the present paper is framed in competing or alternative theories of white-collar crimes including Hirschi& Stark’s theory of the fear of hell’s fire, Collins and Schmidt’s theory of personality correlates of white-collar crimes, James WilliamColeman’s sociological theory of corruption, and finally Cornish and Clark’s economic theory of white-collar crimes. In a higher level of analysis, the present paper is relied on public choice theory, which attributes the phenomenon to a lack of competition in either or both economic and political arenas. According to this theory, all else equal, greater intervention in terms of size and scope of government increases the supply of rents, and correspondingly, corrupt behavior. The data were obtained in the spring 2012 from 120 managers currently active in Iranian corporations and official departments and also 120 white-collar criminals who formerly held such positions and currently incarcerated in prisons. Participants filled out paper and pencil scales measuring some personality correlates of white-collar crimes (hedonism, narcissism, lack of behavioral self-control), motives (dealing with the crisis threatening the criminal, the family, or the company), level of religious socialization through interpersonal communication (via orientation family, close friends, schools, and community), level of religious socialization through the media (religious programs broadcast from the national radio and television broadcasting organization, books, movies and CDs), level of the individual’s religiosity, individual’s perception of the probability of being arrested, individual’s perception of the levels of criminal opportunity, and some demographic variables such as socio-economic status, age, education level. The logistic regression analysis accounted for 75 per cent of the variance between the two groups. White-collar crime in Iran is predicted by individual’s perceived risk (probability) of being caught, and individual’s perception of the levels of criminal opportunity. In sum, sociological and economic approaches and consequently institutionalism approach (and not cultureless approach) do discriminate between white-collar offenders and non-offenders.

Technology, whichwas first made to meet the needs of human beings, gradually found novel functions in combination with other social and cultural needs.As a part of technological discourse seen in all societies nowadays, car developed new patterns of use once it was imported to Iran and now is in great demand as a highly favored aspect of popular culture among youngsters. By using an exploratory and analytic description of inherent and reconstructed meanings of car, this research aims at discovering the denotations, functions, and malfunctions of using personal cars among the youth in Tehran. Due to the nature of this subject which lacks any theory, and in order to discover the deeper mental layers, the grounded theory is chosen among qualitative methods of research in this paper. After examining the theories related to car culture, “various motivations, meanings, and functions of using car” along with causal, basic, and mediator conditions, action strategies and consequences affecting it are identified. Though car is considered as a neutral form of technology, the data of this research indicate that it has a socio-cultural connotation.

The study aims to explore suicide bombing attack as a media event and extends it to suicide bombing attacks carried out in the South-East of Iran. The present work is an ideographic qualitative study، which has been designed based on the communicative model of Suicide Bombing Attack as a Media Event and examines encoding process of militant Jundallah group، an Iranian extremist Sunni group، in its suicide bombing attacks. Qualitative contextual thematic analysis was applied on the group statements to understand concepts and meanings of its political violence discourse، and explore main discursive themes and elements of these social contexts. Since December 2008، militant Jundallah group entered a new period in fight with Iranian central government and it carried out five suicide bombing attacks in Balochistan province، in the South-East of Iran. The attacks were carried out in religious dates and sites related to resident Shiite minority in the region (3 attacks)، and on armed forces of the central government (2 attacks). The main themes of the group`s formal statements included weakening of the central government، taking revenge، autonomy of Balochistan province and establishing a regional government، defending Sunni religious beliefs، and also considering resident Shiite minority as alien. Political violence discourse of Jundallah group is a meaningful system، which reflects the regional position of this group as savior of Sunni Balochi people in contrast with the central Shiite government and in an international affirmative atmosphere. According to this definition، Jundallah group draws its utopia on Balochistan province which will be autonomic within Iran`s boundaries، politically; and demographically، it will have a united Sunni Balochi population; economically، it will be the center of Asian economy; and religiously، it will give complete religious freedom to Sunnis. To reach these perspectives، the group uses two strategies in carrying out suicide bombing attacks including attacking the government''s representatives and agents also Shiite minority; and threatening، terrifying and persuading them to leave the region. As the last point، in order to control this crisis، armed confrontation cannot be solely adequate and modifying cultural and ethnic policies are necessitated in the region. This encourages negotiation to substitute bombing words with peaceful dialogues.

This paper aims to explain why young Iranian internet-users participate in virtual social networks in spite of filtering. It applies Uses & Gratification perspective in light of a qualitative approach. The findings indicate that facebook is the most popular social network site in Iran. Facebook is not seen a political space by the users, and they usually use it to facilitate communication, renew old communication, create and maintain friendly relationships, find new friends and make the old relations friendlier. Furthermore, users overcome some of their social, cultural, political, economic and domestic limitations by participating in Facebook and experiencing a modern and cosmopolitan space. At the end, having understood incentives among young Iranian internet-users in terms of their social context, age and gender, the paper tries to explain above-mentioned causes and role of virtual social networks in young Iranian internet-users life.

Cars are one of the most important symbols of modern technology which contain various social and cultural messages about concepts like gender, ethnicity, age, social class, etc. and are interpreted differently based on the needs and motivations of users. Since the main aim of this research is having a deep look at use of cars among female drivers, we will first take a look at the conceptual relationships between gender and cars. Then through the “grounded theory” methodology as well as through deep and semi-structured interviews with 15 women owning privet cars, data analysis will be performed and the reasons and results of women’s driving will be explained via a descriptive and interpretative approach.The findings of this research show that in daily activities women’s motivations of driving include feeling secure, generating income, communication and consuming tendencies which directly affect women’s driving private cars, and will have impact on their Individual and social identity.