mahmoud ahmadi

The paper and pull industry has grown exponentially since 1960 and it is one of the main reasons for water pollution. Due to the rapid extension of the paper and pull industry and its considerable role in aqua ecosystem pollution, analyzing and managing the related pollutant factors are essential. This is not an easy task since sewer space limitations for using monitoring equipment. In addition, laboratory analysis of pollutant factors takes a long time and may affected by measurement error or some undefined induced error. To overcome these difficulties, this paper aims to use machine learning tools for analyzing the pollutant space. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor suspended solids  (MLSS), and pH are considered the main parameters for analyzing pollutant systems. First, the experimental values of MLSS and COD for different hydraulic retention times (HRT=12, 18, and 24) are obtained. After that, the efficiency of linear regression, generalized additive model, neural network, and support vector regression for simulating and predicting the trend of MLSS and COD are investigated. In addition, these methods are considered for predicting pH in the membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MBR) and the membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR). The numerical results show that  NN is a highly accurate method for predicting COD and MLSS and GAM can predict pH accurately. In addition, the results indicate that HRT=18 is the most accurate and stable time retention for analyzing COD and MLSS.

The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in dust in the West Asia region and its association with land use changes. For this purpose, the Dust Optical Depth (DOD) from the open EAC4 dataset with a horizontal resolution of 0.75o and the Global Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) dataset with a horizontal resolution of 300 meters were used. The results showed that the maximum DOD in the spring and summer seasons is due to decreased soil moisture, reduced river water levels, lack of vegetation cover, and the dry climate in the Mesopotamian regions, the deserts of Iraq and Syria, and southeastern and southwestern Iran. Generally, DOD decreases with high latitude in the region; however, in northeastern Iran, due to the presence of the Kyzylkum, Karakum, Aral Karakum, and Garabogazköl deserts, this index has shown a significant increase. The analysis of the DOD trend indicates that this variable is on an increasing trend in most months of the year. The most significant increasing trend at the 0.05 level is observed in December, January, March, and November, especially in the western, southern, and northeastern parts of Iran. The examination of land use changes has revealed that the area of regions with dense vegetation cover has decreased from 7.6% to 3.7%, and pastures have decreased from 3.1% to 2.8%, while in contrast, the area of agricultural lands has increased from 16.1% to 16.25%, and these areas have experienced the highest amount of dust event.

Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city.

Thus, pollution- metric station data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company were used for evaluating the variations of air pollutants in temporal-spatial scales during 2013-2020. The results of statistical analysis of pollutant distribution in temporal-spatial scales were provided by using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables and graphs was demonstrated.

Based on the results, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) reached the minimum (65 and 23 µg/m3) and maximum concentration (81 and 30 µg/m3) at 18 and 24 p.m., respectively. In addition, maximum (81 and 30 µg/m3) and minimum concentration (73 and 23 µg/m3) of these pollutants was respectively related to Wednesday and Friday. Maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer (90 µg/m3) and winter (35 µg/m3) respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration (65 and 24 µg/m3) of both pollutants relate to spring. The results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) indicated that west, south and central regions of Tehran in summer season involved with particulate matter (PM10) more than other regions. But in all seasons, except the western and southern regions, the central regions have a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5).

The particulate matter concentrations is more than its allowable limit in specific regions of Tehran in some yearly days and months. Therefore, city programmers and decision_ makers must have schedule table for particulate matter control management and air pollution reduction.

The purpose of this study is to model the cultural responsibility of the Foundation of the Underprivileged of the Islamic Revolution, in order to open a new path for deepening the responsibility of all organizations towards culture.
The current research is a qualitative, exploratory and applied research of the grounded theory type, which has analyzed the necessary data, through semi-structured interviews, up to the stage of theoretical saturation, collection and with three open, central and selective codings. . The participants in the interviews were 17 university professors, managers and cultural experts who were purposefully selected by snowball method. The reliability of the data was obtained from the method of retesting and recoding a number of interviews and its validity was also obtained by reviewing the results by a number of interviewed and non-interviewed experts.
The data coding process led to the extraction of 360 concepts and 44 categories and based on the paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin, in relation to modeling the cultural responsibility of the foundation and determining the causal conditions, central phenomenon, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and The results in the resulting model. Based on the findings of the research, the aforementioned responsibility includes four areas of organizational culture, business and service ethics, citizenship culture and cultural attachment that flow in the missions of this institution, including business and social services to the disadvantaged.
The capacity and objectivity of the dimensions of the model indicate the provision of a codified road map and the possibility of its direct or localized use in all organizations, including non-governmental public organizations.

Dust is a common meteorological phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, which is caused by natural or human factors. The frequency and intensity of dust have increased in the last two decades. Identifying the active sources of dust is the first step in dealing with it and reducing its harmful consequences. For this purpose, two indices of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor of the Terra satellite have been used for the last two decades (2001-2021). To investigate dust events in the study area, the frequency of occurrence of aerosol optical depth (FoO) was investigated with three thresholds of 0.3, 0.5, and 1. The maximum AOD values are related to the spring and summer seasons. Regions with an aerosol optical depth of more than 1 are only limited to the warm period of the year and the areas of Mesopotamia region, Arabian deserts, desert areas of Syria, Dasht-e Margo and Dasht-e Sistan, and eastern Pakistan. The nationwide dust that covers wide areas in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf countries and the west and southwest of Iran are mostly more than 0.5 in terms of AOD values. In general, six hotspots of dust can be identified based on the values of the AOD and FoO index for the West Asian region. These six regions are 1- Thar desert in Pakistan, 2- Rub' al Khali, Ad-Dahna, Al Nufud Al Kabirdesert in Saudi Arabia, 3- the Syrian desert, 4- the Desert regions of Iraq and especially the Mesopotamia region, 5- Dry and desert regions of Oman, 6- Dasht-e Margo and Dasht-e Sistan (in Afghanistan and Iran). These dust hotspots are found in arid, desert, and hot climate regions (BWh). The only effective hotspots in northeastern Iran are located in the arid, desert, and cold climate region (BWk) in Turkmenistan. In general, dust hotspots have an inverse relationship with vegetation, although this relationship is more for spring hotspots. Regardless of the determining role of surface characteristics in the occurrence of dust, two meteorological phenomena, the summer Shamal wind and the wind of 120 days of Sistan, have a determining role in the formation of hotspots with higher AOD values of 0.5 and 1. The area-averaged time series of MOD04 product values show that the value of AOD is increasing. Also, the results showed that the increase in AOD values from the 2010s onwards shows an upward trend compared to that of the 2000s. The dry bed of lakes and alluvial sources (Mesopotamia), human activities on the one hand, and the occurrence of drought and climate change, on the other hand, are directly related to the extent and intensity of dust events in West Asia.

Jihad has many branches, which are divided in a general category into jihad in the hard field and jihad in the soft field. Today, under the category of soft jihad, "explanation jihad" is a duty. "Explanation Jihad" is a definite duty and an urgent duty, and anyone who can should take action. However, this jihad, like any other jihad, has commanders who must have certain qualifications. In this article, by using the theme analysis method and using MAXQDA software, it has been tried to calculate the competencies of soft war commanders in Jihad. The tool of data collection in this research was the interview of experts, for this purpose, the interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation was reached, and a total of 10 experts were interviewed. After analyzing the conducted interviews, a number of 680 primary themes were obtained, and after refining, 653 basic themes were formed. The organization of the basic themes was done in the form of 10 organizing themes and finally the organizing themes were categorized in the form of 3 comprehensive themes of knowledge competences, dispositional competences and behavioral competences.

Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city.
Material and

Thus, pollution- metric station data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company were used for evaluating the variations of air pollutants in temporal-spatial scales during 2013-2020. The results of statistical analysis of pollutant distribution in temporal-spatial scales were provided by using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables and graphs was demonstrated.

Based on the results, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) reached the minimum (65 and 23 µg/m3) and maximum concentration (81 and 30 µg/m3) at 18 and 24 p.m., respectively. In addition, maximum (81 and 30 µg/m3) and minimum concentration (73 and 23 µg/m3) of these pollutants was respectively related to Wednesday and Friday. Maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer (90 µg/m3) and winter (35 µg/m3) respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration (65 and 24 µg/m3) of both pollutants relate to spring. The results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) indicated that west, south and central regions of Tehran in summer season involved with particulate matter (PM10) more than other regions. But in all seasons, except the western and southern regions, the central regions have a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5).
Discussion and

The particulate matter concentrations is more than its allowable limit in specific regions of Tehran in some yearly days and months. Therefore, city programmers and decision_ makers must have schedule table for particulate matter control management and air pollution reduction.

The effect of the urban environment on the atmospheric air and the boundary layer of urban areas appears mostly in the form of a temperature island. The urban heat island creates an artificial thermal environment due to the significant disturbance of energy, heat and radiative forcings, which have faced challenges for urban residents, water resources, urban infrastructure, atmospheric pollutants and social comfort. In addition, it aggravates the heat and has a negative effect on life expectancy. The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial and process of urban heat islands of Iranian metropolises in the summer season.

In this research,, five big cities of Iran including Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz and Karaj were selected. Then, Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images from 2003 to 2018 were used to recover the land surface temperature (LST) and for spatial analysis we used the Gates-Ord-J statistics. Finally, for trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall method was used.

The results showed that the average LST in the built-up areas within the city limits is higher than the average LST in the surrounding non-urban areas and even sometimes the city itself, and the strongest (SUHI) has occurred in areas such as the asphalt surfaces of airport runways, parking lots and roofs. The intensity (SHUI) in all metropolitan cities in the city center was not higher than other areas. The results of trend analysis using Kendall's method showed that the surface temperature of the earth is increasing in all the five cities of Iran except for Isfahan. Also, regarding the spatial distribution of the surface temperature in the five cities of Iran, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between the building density and the surface temperature.

The surface temperature of the earth was increasing in all studied cities. The slope of the trend was also higher than 1 degree Celsius for the major cities under study, and the intensity of the trend was higher in Karaj city than other major cities under study. The minimum slope of the earth surface temperature trend was calculated in Isfahan and the maximum slope was calculated in Karaj. In the next studies, it is suggested to study more cities in order to make better plans for the development of other cities.

Climate change has had irreversible effects on the planet Earth. The impacts of these changes are observable in all natural and human phenomena. One of the affected phenomena by climate change is dust storms. Besides their short-term and long-term effects, these storms significantly influence air quality on both local and global scales. In recent decades, the frequency of dust storms has increased due to climate variations and human activities, and it is predicted that this increasing trend will continue in the future. Investigating the effects of climate change on dust storms in Southwest Asia, as one of the most significant dust storm hotspots globally, holds great importance. The objective of this research is to examine the impacts of climate change and forecast dust storms in Southwest Asia using the GRDL-ESM4 model from the CMIP6 model ensemble under the optimistic scenario (SSP1.2.6) during the near-future period (2021-2060).

Southwest Asia is located in the global desert belt. The intensification of climate change in this region has distinct impacts on the trends of dust storms, especially mineral dust storms. Therefore, this study focuses on forecasting dust storms in Southwest Asia using the CMIP6 model ensemble, specifically the GFDL-ESM4 model, under the optimistic scenario (SSP1-2.6). The research methodology involves initially using a 40-year historical period (1975-2014) to analyze dust storm anomalies. Then, the CMIP6 model ensemble, specifically the GRDL-ESM4 model, is utilized to examine the dust storm trends until the end of the present century. Furthermore, the optimistic scenario (SSP1-2.6) is employed for the near-future forecasting period (2021-2060).

The results show that the maximum amount of dust storms occurs during the summer and spring seasons. In the summer season, the significant increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation contribute to the highest level of dust storms. The spring season exhibits a high level of dust storms compared to other seasons, with northern latitudes having more dust storms than southern latitudes. The minimum dust storm occurrence is observed during the autumn and winter seasons. Autumn is characterized by decreasing temperatures and increasing precipitation processes, leading to a reduction in dust storm frequency. In the winter season, the semi-Arabian Peninsula, especially the eastern regions, experiences the highest dust storm occurrence. In the spring season, the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula, during the summer season, the southeastern regions of the Arabian Peninsula and southeastern Iran, and during the autumn season, the northern half of Arabia and eastern Iran have the highest frequency of dust storms. According to the optimistic scenario, the summer and spring seasons have the highest dust storm occurrence. Furthermore, it is evident that the intensity of dust storm trends will be higher in the southeastern regions of the Arabian Peninsula, the Makran coasts, the northern half of Iran, northern Arabia, and between the rivers compared to other areas.

In general, southern latitudes experience higher levels of dust storms compared to northern latitudes. The primary center of dust storms is located over the Arabian Peninsula in early winter, gradually shifting towards the eastern regions. During this season, the center of dust storms moves from eastern Arabia to southeastern parts of the Arabian Peninsula and southeastern Iran.

From urbanization, the phenomenon of the urban temperature island follows which the city rises and increases from energy to cool. In this research, the role of local factors in the creation and development of heat islands in the city of Ahvaz during the hot period from 2000 to 2015 was investigated using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite data. In order to evaluate the biophysical changes of the land surface in Ahvaz city, the changes of vegetation difference indices were taken by Tokanga-Tag threshold method. By using the kriging method and the low speed zones of Ahvaz, the thresholds of the closest and maximum temperature of Ahvaz city, it appears that this change can cause a change in the local climate. The results of Moran's spatial autocorrelation are a confirmation of the lack of spatial correlation of ground surface temperature in Ahvaz. The evaluation of the northern maps showed that as we move from the southern regions to the northern regions, the temperature increases due to the increase of green space and the increase of barren lands. There is a sharp temperature difference between the central and suburban areas of the city, because of the establishment of industrial companies, District 8 has formed the most stable islands in this area of the city. Residential areas have had less impact on the creation and expansion of thermal islands than industrial and barren areas.

The risk of wildfire in Iran has increasingly become a serious risk throughout the year and is no longer limited to a few months of the year. Accordingly, forest monitoring for identifying areas prone to fires is an effective step for the development of early warning systems. This research was conducted to see the relationship between the vegetation indices with the occurrence of fire in the vegetation areas of Iran. The MODIS sensor data of the Terra satellite, including the active fire product (MOD14A2) and vegetation indices NDVI and EVI (MOD13A3) were used from 2001 to 2020. The results showed that the maximum occurrence of wildfire in the vegetation areas of Iran occurs from the end of spring to the beginning of autumn. The increasing trend of wildfire occurrence in the warm period of the year is related to the increase in temperature, decrease in humidity, and early melting of snow in the spring season and the autumn season, simultaneously with the fall of vegetation and the late start of autumn precipitation. The maximum average height of wildfire occurrences in the Arsbaran vegetation area is 1791 meters in October and the maximum height of wildfire occurrences in the Irani-Turani area is 1565 meters in August. Spatial distribution of NDVI and EVI indices showed that the density of vegetation is effective in the intensity and spread of wildfire and provides the conditions for the spread of wildfire in such a way that barren areas with low vegetation cover the center, east, and southeast of Iran. Almost no wildfire occurred and the maximum number of active fires was observed in the north, west, and northwest of Iran.

Since one of the important steps in the management of natural areas is to know when and where the wildfire is more likely to occur or where it has a more negative effect, examining and preparing a fire risk map of sensitive and high-risk areas is crusial. In terms of wildfires, this is one of the main necessities in wildfires control and management. Wildfire risk indicators can be very useful for predicting areas with wildfire risk potential. One of the most widely used wildfire risk indices is the Forest service fire Weather Index (FWI), which has been based on the Canadian forest service fire risk rating system since 1971.In order to evaluate the effectiveness of FWI indicators in identifying wildfire-prone areas in the vegetation areas of Iran from the climate variables of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation of 53 meteorological stations were monitored on a daily basis for the period of 1981-2020. In order to analyze the climate of the vegetation areas under investigation, combined satellite product of burned areas and FWI indices during the period (1981-2020) were used. After downloading and an initial processing, the examined indicators were coilculated for the border of Iran. Then, their time series was analyzed, using zonal statistics. Than the area-averaged of each of Iran's forest regions was calculated, and their seasonal maps were prepared by the kriging interpolation method. Finally, the Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to determine the relationship and correlation between FWI indices and burned areas.The results of the analysis of the combined satellite product of the burned areas showed that the maximum extent of wildfire in the forest regions of Iran is related to the summer season. In this season, a large part of the country's forests, especially in the forest regions of Arsbaran, that has the occurrence of wildfires, and the minimum amount of wildfire was related to the spring season, which was observed in a limited area in the southwest of Iran. The values of atmospheric fire indicators vary according to the different characteristics of forest regions such as vegetation, topography, and climate. The drier parts of the south, east, and southeast of Iran mainly have the highest values of FWI indices, which shows that the increase in temperature and drought affects the moisture content and, as a result, increases the occurrence and spread of fire. The FWI indices in spring for all forest regions of Iran have a high efficiency for identifying areas with wildfire occurrences. Also, in the hot season of the year, when most wildfires occur in the vegetation areas of Iran, FFMC and FWI indices had the best performances.According to the climate variability and topography of Iran's forests, it is difficult to control the occurrence of fire. Hence identifying wildfire critical areas, and determining and preparing a map of fire-risk areas is an effective step in helping forest managers to plan and manage high-risk areas in terms of fire. In addition to this, wildfire atmospheric indices obtained with high horizontal resolution can help better understand the spatiotemporal variability of fire risk, especially in Iran with its complex and diverse topography.

The purpose of the present study was the interpretative structural modeling of the factors affecting the application of blockchain technology in the banking industry. This study is based on the practical purpose and from the perspective of the method in the field of mixed studies with deductive-inductive approach. Identifying the effective factors on the application of blockchain technology in the banking industry was done through semi-structured interviews based on theoretical saturation with professors in the field of information technology, banking management and experts active in the banking industry. T, the opinions of senior managers and experts in the banking industry in the number of 50 people were used with the purposeful sampling method and with the help of a questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using content validity and test-post-test method. Coding the resulting data using Atlas.ti software led to the identification of 14 factors affecting the application of blockchain technology in the banking industry. Modeling of the identified factors with interpretive structural method led to the formation of seven levels, policies, awareness and regulation were the most effective factors and productivity was the most impressionable factor.

The water crisis is one of the most important environmental threats of the 21st century, which leaves negative effects in various sectors of agriculture, social, economic, health, international relations, and also  the environment. This issue has caused a crisis in the political relations of the countries that have common watersheds. Therefore, due to the importance of water resources, water geopolitics or hydropolitics has become a topic and has provided the context for patterns of interaction ,and cooperation or conflict between groups, political actors and countries.The relations between Iran and Iraq have been critical for several decades due to geopolitical factors such as the water issue. Because Iraq has faced water problems in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins due to Turkey's actions. Therefore, it is expected that Iran will take preventive measures against the desired water transfer projects in the Little Zab River, Alvand and Sirvan river basins.Hor al-Azeem is the largest common border wetland between Iran and Iraq In the last two decades, with the occurrence of severe droughts, the implementation of dam construction programs and numerous drainage irrigation networks on the Karkheh River and its tributaries, unfavorable conditions have been created in terms of providing environmental water rights for this wetland, which has become a source of fine dust production. has become and as a result has caused many environmental, social, political and economic problems.

Based on the descriptive-analytical method and through the use of documents, evidence and historical evidence related to the subject of the research, this research has investigated the hydropolitical effects of Horul Azim on the environmental damage of Iran and Iraq.

The main source of water supply for Horul Azim Wetland is a part of Tigris river in Iraq and Karkheh river in Iran. One of the major problems in the Horul Azim wetland is the discussion of dam construction in the Euphrates river basins in Turkey. Considering the fact that this dam is located on the border of southeast Turkey and its construction on the Tigris River, which flows into Iraq and has made Iran's environment dependent on it, this issue is of great importance for Iran. Among other potential areas of wetland crisis, we can mention the Karkheh basin in Iran and the Tigris and Euphrates basins. The Horul Azim wetland in Iran is also damaged due to the lack of water due to the use of water from the rivers entering the wetland for agricultural purposes and the entry of sewage into it. Among the destructive actions of the Iraqi government that have caused the drying up of Horal Hamar, Central Hor and Hor al Azim. One of these measures that contributed to the accelerated drying of wetlands was the drainage measures in Iraq. Creating dams on the branches of the Tigris that irrigate Horul-Azeem and Horul-Huweza and divert the water from the main route to the routes intended by the Iraqi government so that water can be transferred for agriculture in dry areas was another measure in this field. Another challenge in the field of environment is the micro dust crisis. The important role of Hor-ul-Azeem wetland in neutralizing the storm dust that comes from the Rab-al-Khali desert towards Iran has been lost due to the drying up of this wetland. This wetland has not only lost its suction properties, but also adds to the deterioration of the fine dust situation in Khuzestan by accumulating fine-grained sediments along with very fine salt sediments on its bed, when the winds blow from the southwest to the northeast.

Horul Azim wetland is one of the most important natural Frontiers in the border region of Iran and Iraq, which is exposed to the crisis of drying up and the occurrence of social and biological phenomena in Iraq and Iran. Oil extraction by the countries of Iran and Iraq in the eastern and western parts of the wetland and not paying attention to the biological condition of the wetland has caused the pollution and drying of a large part of the wetland bed, especially in Iraq. The drying up of the wetland has caused the occurrence of dust, as well as increased migration from border cities to internal cities (Iran and Iraq) and increased air temperature in these areas, especially in summer. Also, in Iran, successive droughts and the increase in cultivated area in the Karkhe river basin (from upstream to downstream) ,and the development of fish breeding ponds have made it unable to provide the natural water rights of the wetland in the past years.

 In today's world, there have been many discussions and conversations about cultural rights and solidarity rights, but not enough attention has been paid to the relationship between these two important rights. Cultural rights and solidarity rights have many links in such a way that it can be said that there is mutual dependence between these two rights. In other words, the realization of many examples of these rights will not be realized without considering the others.

 The research method used in this study is a theoretical approach and a descriptive analytical method.

Ethical Considerations:

 All the ethical principles of the research, such as trustworthiness, honesty and originality of the text, were considered during the writing of this research.

 Cultural rights and solidarity rights are mutually dependent and the most interaction between cultural rights and solidarity rights is the observance of human rights standards and people's right to self-determination, which is approved by both groups of rights.

 Cultural rights provide a strong basis for the realization and better implementation of solidarity rights. These rights include a set of principles and standards that protect and develop cultures, identities and cultural values of societies. Considering the interrelationship between cultural rights and solidarity rights, the development and better implementation of cultural rights can help the realization and continuity of solidarity rights. Environmental education strengthens social solidarity and contributes to sustainable development by increasing people's awareness and participation in environmental protection. Peace education can also help to provide conditions for solidarity and peaceful interaction between people and communities by promoting the culture of peace and solving capabilities in society.

Drought is a natural phenomenon that is mainly caused by less than normal precipitation over a long period that occurs in almost all climates. Since the late 1970s, the occurrence of drought has increased globally due to increased evaporation (caused by global warming). This phenomenon occurs slowly and can be short-term or terminated within a few months or continue for several years. drought has increased significantly in Iran in recent decades. The increase in droughts has many negative consequences in different areas of agriculture, water resources, and wildfire. The purpose of this study is to investigate the drought situation in the vegetation areas of Iran using the Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI). For this purpose, the KBDI drought index derived from the data set of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth edition (ERA5) with a horizontal resolution of 0.25o during the period of 1981-2020 has been used. Also, the combined product of surface soil moisture (SSM) from microwave sensors AMI-WS (ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites) and ASCAT (MetOpA-B satellite) with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 o to evaluate the KBDI drought index results as well as the moisture condition. The results showed that the khalij-Omani and Irani-Turani vegetation areas have very low soil moisture and high drought in Iran. The amount of soil moisture in these areas is low and the area-averaged is equal to 12.65% and 18.42%, respectively, which has been somewhat constant in all months, in other words, dryness is the predominant climate feature of these areas. The monthly analysis of the KBDI index shows the spread of drought severity towards the west, i.e., the vegetation area of Zagros, in the hot months of the year. A decrease in soil moisture and dryness can be observed in a major part of Iran from early spring to mid-autumn. Also, in the Zagros region, from mid-summer to mid-autumn, increasing values of the drought index and decreasing soil moisture can be observed. The minimum drought index is in the vegetation areas of Hyrkani and Arsbaran. The correspondence between the results of the surface soil moisture (SSM) of the satellite product and the KBDI drought index obtained from ECMWF-ERA5 shows the appropriate efficiency of the KBDI drought index in identifying drought centers in Iran and investigating the spatio-temporal patterns of drought occurrence. frequent low-intensity drought may favor more drought-tolerant species and adapt forests and grasslands to future conditions without the need for management measures.

One of the most important issues that has always affected the Iranian climate and has left many socio-economic consequences and financial losses climate change is. On the other hand  Sea level pressure is one of the most important climatic elements that can affect other climatic elements such as temperature, humidity and wind. The study aimed to evaluate CMIP5 models based on CORDEX and Verdai dynamics Seasonal pressure anomalies in Iran among CMIP5 models based on CORDEX project dynamic models BCC-CSM, HadGEM2-ES, GFDL and MIROC model HADGEM2-ES had a higher level of correlation and efficiency than other models.The data of 36 synoptic milestones during the statistical period (1960-2005), the data of the HadGEM2-ES model were applied by using the CORDEX model and the RCPs scenarios for the two historical periods (1960-2005) and predicted during Three periods of near future (2040-2011), middle future (2070-2041) and distant future (2099-2071) were used. Six methods R2, MAE, MBE RMSE, t-Jacovides and t-Jacovides / R2 ratio were used to evaluate the model performance. The results showed that the model has good performance in low altitude areas. Seasonal anomalies in all seasons, scenarios and time periods studied are positive and winter shows the maximum pressure anomalies between seasons.The maximum seasonal pressure anomaly of Iran in all seasons, scenarios and periods studied corresponds to the altitudes, including its epicenter in the Alborz and Zagros heights and high geographical offerings and the minimum pressure anomaly corresponding to low and low areas such as Khuzestan plain and The southern coast of the country.

The increase in fire activity in many regions of Iran in recent decades has raised concerns about the short-term and long-term consequences. Forest and pasture fires will affect the quantity, quality, and health of natural ecosystems. The first step in controlling and preventing forest fires is monitoring. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate ​​fire areas and identify the spatial-temporal changes of these events in the vegetation areas of Iran. To achieve this goal, TERRA satellite MODIS sensor data including active fire products (MOD14A1) and burned areas (MCD64A1) for 20 years (2001-2020) have been used. The results showed that the maximum extent of fires in the vegetation areas of Iran is related to July, which covers about 4100 hectares. This month, a large part of the country's forests, especially in the northwestern parts of the Arasbaran vegetation area, has caught fire. In contrast, the minimum amount of fire areas in the vegetation areas of Iran is related to April, which was observed as two limited zones in the northwest and west of the country. Due to the maximum time of forest fires in the hot and dry months of the year, including June, July, August, and September in the western part of the country in the Zagros. The linear correlation between the burned areas and the areas with active fires in Iran showed that there is a significant relationship between these two satellite products. This connection shows that the burned areas in the vegetation areas of Iran are among the active centers of forest fires.

Temperature anomaly means deviating from the reference value or the long-term mean. A positive anomaly indicates that the observed temperature is warmer than the reference temperature. Temperature anomalies, especially in the cold period of the year, may have devastating effects on agricultural products, loss of plant and animal life, ecology, facilities and structures, food security, and etc. Rising ground temperature will increase evapotranspiration, decrease the level and depth of snow, change crop phenology and finally a serious threat to food security in the country. Therefore, studying temperature anomalies in different ways is very important.

A) In this study, temperature data were collected for 45 units during the statistical period of 1980 to 2018. For selecting the modules, in addition to considering the different climatic regions of Iran, an attempt was made to select one module from each province.B) Using the open analysis database, the modified GFDL-NOAA-ESM2M model was conducted to study temperature changes in Iran during the statistical period of 1975 to 2005.C) In this research, the MOD11C3 product of MODIS satellite data was used.D) In order to evaluate the trend of surface temperature and its anomalies in Iran, non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used.E) In order to evaluate the analyzed the obtained data from the SM2M-GFDL-NOAA model and the provided satellite data, different methods such as the R- Square, mean square error and mean square error data were used.

The main focus of the maximum temperature in this month is in the northwestern regions of Iran. The coastal provinces of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of   Oman are among the regions with the highest surface temperatures. By passing from low latitudes to high latitudes, the surface temperature of the earth has gradually decreased and the minimum temperature has appeared in the northwestern parts. According to satellite data, the maximum anomaly was observed in the northwestern, western and southwestern regions, as well as the highlands of Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan. Minimal anomalies in the northern strip from Ardabil province in the northeastern regions, Kerman province, South Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchestan. The ESM2M-GFDL-NOAA model had the best performance compared to satellite imagery and was therefore used to find the model trend and change gradients. The slope of the trend in the interior places of the country, specially around the Kavir desert and Jazmourian hole is estimated to be 0.1 degrees Celsius. This means that the surface temperature in January during the period during the year increases by 0.1 per year in these areas. In the highlands of South Khorasan and the northern parts of Fars province, the slope of the trend is 0.03 to 0.01 degrees Celsius. This trend is decreasing and the ground temperature decreases between the mentioned values   every year. The northern regions of Khorasan Razavi, the eastern regions of Sistan and Baluchestan and the northern regions of the Lut plain are among the regions in which the trend slope increased in February during the statistical period 1975 to 2005 and the LST increased between 0.17 and 0.19 degrees Celsius per year.

The results of the surface temperature assessment using treaa MODIS data during the statistical period (2001 to 2018) indicate that the surface temperature is affected by topography and latitude, so that during the period which the minimum surface temperature of the day at the Caspian coast and in The Alborz mountain range and the northwestern regions of the country were observed.The pattern of the earth's surface temperature prove that as we go from north to south and from west to east, the earth's temperature has increased.The results of night surface temperature anomaly monitoring showed; In the cold months of December, January and February, the maximum surface temperature anomalies were observed overnight in the Alborz highlands and around the western mountains of the country. In March, October and November, the Caspian coast had the least anomalies. In the warm months of July to September, the interior and eastern regions of Iran showed the least surface temperature anomalies. In June Southeastern regions of Iran near Sistan and Baluchestan province had a significant upward trend in the level of 5% confidence and other regions of Iran showed different trends in different months. In June Southeastern regions of Iran near Sistan and Baluchestan province had a significant upward trend in the level of 5% confidence and other regions of Iran showed different trends in different months. Ground surface temperature trend slope based on non-parametric Sense test of simulated data of ESM2M-GFDL-NOAA model, where the trend slope is different and there is a positive and negative trend slope in different seasonal situations.

Global analysis of particulate matter indicates the fifth highest risk of death in the world due to exposure to PM2.5. The purpose of this study is to analyze the monitoring and study of changes in air pollutants in the metropolises of Tehran, Karaj, Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz using a combination of optical depth of satellite images. Methods first, satellite images of MODIS, MISR and SeaWifs sensors were used, and the data of quality control stations of Iranian metropolises and statistical indicators were used for validation. Kendall and Sense slope methods were also used to analyze the trend. The results showed that the annual variability of suspended particles (PM2.5) during the statistical period of 2000-2000 has an increasing trend in all metropolises of Iran. The city of Tehran showed the highest PM2.5, which is more than other metropolises. After that, Karaj and Isfahan showed the maximum PM2.5. Also, the trend value and trend slope of PM2.5 trend is increasing in all metropolises; this value of trend is statistically significant for Tehran at the level of 0.05; So that the Z score of Man-Kendall test for Tehran is 1.998. The lowest value of suspended particles trend in Isfahan metropolis with Z-score of Mann-Kendall test is 0.02. The effects of urban areas and elevation changes show the most spatial variation of the estimated PM2.5. The amount of PM2.5 in all metropolises has a high spatial diversity; the reason for this variability is due to the proximity to the main sources of dust on the one hand and urban and industrial pollutants on the other.

The study of snow cover as one of the most important sources of freshwater supply is of great importance. Due to the mountainous conditions of Iran, it is not possible to measure the area of snow cover. Accordingly, the use of satellite imagery to identify snow storage is of great importance. In this study, the spatio-temporal changes of Iran snow cover for the cold period of the year were evaluated using the snow cover product of MODIS Terra satellite during the period of 2003-2018. The trend and slope of the snow cover were investigated using Man-Kendall non-parametric tests and the Sen's slope estimator and change-point of snow cover using Buishand test. The results showed that in January, the highest amount of snow cover is 16.6 percent, and the lowest amount of snow cover was computed in October, which is less than 1 percent. The main center of Iran's snow cover in the cold period of the year in the highlands is above 4000 meters. The snow cover trend is negative in all studied months and the maximum decrease in snow cover was calculated in January and the change-point was calculated in 2008 January, which is statistically significant at the level of 0.05. The significant decrease in snow cover during the cold period of the year which is a major threat to Iran's water resources.

Nowadays, the air of most of Iran cities especially high population metropolises hasn’t an optimal quality. This adverse quality is due to various pollutant resources such as automobiles, industries, heating devices, construction, and commercial activities during recent decades and there are more concerns about it. Therefore, monitoring air pollutants and studying their seasonal and spatial variations are specifically important. The present study aimed to evaluate air quality and seasonal and spatial variations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city. In this research, the AQI index has been used to determine the air quality of Tehran and to introduce the responsible pollutant. To investigate the variations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in seasonal and spatial scales, the data of air pollution monitoring stations (18 stations) of Air Quality Control Company used during 2018 and 2019. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software and results of statistical analysis of pollutants distribution in Temporal – spatial scales are provided and they are drawn using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables, and graphs. Based on the results, favorable and unfavorable air quality were respectively observed in 83.8 and 16.2% of days in 2018, as well as 76.4 and 23.6% of days in 2019, which can be related to the changes in rainfall rate and wind speed in the years. The maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer and winter respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration of both pollutants relates to spring. Results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) also showed that the west, south, central regions of Tehran got involved with particulate matter more than other regions.

From a climatic point of view, the main cause of drought at latitudes of 30 degrees north is subtropical high pressure. Temporal and spatial changes of subtropical hypertension cause anomalies in regional and global circulation and consequently climatic anomalies. These changes are important.

In this study, the changes of subtropical high pressure spatial autocorrelation on Iran from daily geopotential altitude data of 500 hPa during the years 1979-1979 for the warm period of the year, i.e. June 22 to September 22, were used. The data was taken with a pixel size of 0.25 by 0.25 degrees for the Era-Interim version, from the European Center for Medium-Term Weather Forecast database.

The results showed that according to the global Moran index, subtropical high pressure changes over Iran have a high cluster state. The index showed that in all periods, there were cold spots on the northern, northwestern and northeastern strip, and hot spots on the west, southwest and areas of the south and center of the country. In the second and third periods, the distribution of the standard oval pattern was circular, but in the first period it was elongated and this state reached its maximum in the fourth period and reached a northwest-southeast state, which indicates the further expansion of subtropical hypertension over the regions to the west and the upward trend to the north and the lack of expansion of this system over the eastern regions of Iran. Changes in cold spots on Iran have an increasing trend, especially in the fourth period in the eastern regions of the country it has reached its peak, which indicates a change in the location of hot spots on Iran and its spread to the west and north compared to other periods.

This paper aims to investigate subtropical high pressure changes using spatial statistics methods. The advantage of this study over other studies on the study of subtropical hypertensive changes is the use of spatial statistics methods, so that the result is very consistent with synoptic research conducted by other researchers such as Hejazizadeh (1993), Movahedi and Et al. (2012), Asakereh and Fattahian (2015), Alipour et al. (2015), Alijani et al. It shows the changes of two surface indices (positive local Moran index) and subtropical hypertension intensity (Getis-Ardji index at 99% level) and the output of the work is increasing the surface index and subtropical hypertension intensity on Iran from the first period to the fourth period, which shows a tendency to the west and northwest. The results of descriptive statistics analysis showed that the average height of geopotential level of 500 on Iran from the first to the fourth period has increased and its maximum has occurred in the fourth period.

Problem statement:

Urbanization and human activities affect the urban climate and clearly affect the air temperature close to the surface. In Tehran and its satellite, factors such as climatic region, season, time of day and wind regimes, topography, urban environments, population density, residentschr('39') activity, vegetation structure and urban physical form play an important role in the formation of urban heat islands. The purpose of this research is to determine the type of spatial distribution of heat islands of Tehran metropolis and satellite cities using land use and land cover. Replacing natural land cover with impervious surfaces due to urban development has negative environmental, social and economic impacts, in addition to beneficial aspects. Most of the albedo belong to the built areas and the bare land and the smallest of the Albedo belong to the aquatic areas and vegetation. In this research, the hypothesis is whether the suburbs may have higher temperatures than urban areas depending on the type of land use? In fact, it is examined the spatial distribution of the heat island of Tehran and its satellites, in which the use of land and land cover are analyzed as a factor contributing to the creation, intensification or reduction of the thermal island.

Extraction and preparation of imagery data through the Landsat 7 Satellite ETM + sensor over the years 2001-2015 and selection of June as the hottest month of the study area. These images were extracted from Route 164 and Row 35 of the USGS. An assessment was carried out through the accuracy of ground surface temperature data by Landsat satellite images and obtained temperatures from the weather stations in the area based on the Taylor diagram. In order to investigate the spatial structure of the cells obtained in each map, each containing surface temperature and heat island extraction, it used the methods of world spatial autocorrelation (high and low clustering, spatial correlation) and local (Cluster and Outlier analysis, hot spot analysis). The high and low clustering statistics show how the concentration of high or low values ​​in the region. In the next step, the results of analysis of Anselin Local Moran and hot spots were compared in map format. Hot spots were analyzed in all studied regions and in all 7 cities. The area of ​​hot spots was investigated over the course of 15 years and the results were presented in table and diagram form.Land use was surveyed for every 7 county. In the last section were studied, the relationship between hot spots in each city and type and land use changes over 15 years.Surface spatial analysis of the surface temperature of the area showed that the cells follow a cluster pattern and their trend towards clustering. Any kind of land cover and land use will create special features in a place that can be increased or decreased with a specific microclimate.

After selecting the years 2001, 2005, 2010, and 2015 as the sample and survey of the temperature of each land use in that year, it was determined that artifact, pasture, bare lands, forest, aquatic areas, agriculture and green spaces were respectively have the highest to the lowest temperature in the area. On the other hand, in the area of heat island in a region are Rabat Karim, Ray, Islamshahr, Tehran, Shahriar, Karaj and Shemiranat, respectively.In spite of the reduction of aquatic areas and even bare lands, because of the large impact of green space or agricultural land was reduced the extent of heat islands during the statistical period, and on the contrary, the reduction of green space and agricultural land in places where even their forest areas have grown, has increased the levels of heat islands. This suggests that the dispersion and extent of green spaces has a more effective role in reducing the heat island compared with the creation of limited forest and planted surfaces in one place. Hence, in Tehran despite the significant growth of artifacts, due to the increasing growth of green space, the heat islands has been reduced compare with the Ray, Robatkarim and Islamshahr cities, which are exactly on its suburbs.

Dust is referred to sediments of less than 100 microns in size which are transmitted as suspended particles. Dust storms are events which naturally occur in arid and semi-arid areas, especially in subtropical latitudes. One of the most known sources of dust is the west of Asia, including Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, especially Khuzestan Province. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency and trend of dust phenomena on hourly, monthly, seasonal and annual scale between 1995 and 2015 in Khuzestan Province. The method in this study is based on statistical computation of dust parameters and also the trend analysis of data based on Mann-Kendall test and spatial distribution maps of dust phenomena. The results suggests that 78.57 percent of dust event are occurred between 9.30 am to 15.30 pm local time, concurrent with peak of sun radiation and earth surface warming, dryness of soil and local pressure difference. The hourly trend analysis is increasing and significant in all hours and the highest increase occurred at 9.30 pm to 12.30 pm.49 percent of dusty days occurred in June, July and May and also 73 percent of them are in spring and summer as following from temperature increase and water and soil resources drying in the province. The seasonal and annual spatial distribution of dust indicates that most of dusty days in all seasons are located in west of province which suggests dominance of external sources as the main source of dust and the importance of topography factor in this area.The Z value spatial analysis suggests high increase of dust event in recent 20 years in southeast, south and central areas of the province and also on last hours of day which demonstrator development of internal sources activities in increasing trend of dust event in recent decades.