mahmoud reza tadayon

AbstractIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of zeolite and defficit irrigation on some physiological traits, oil and protein yield of lineeed crop, in a split plot experiment were conducted in based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications  in Shahrekord University in 2016. Defficit irrigation as the main factor in four levels, including 50 (control), 80, 130 and 180 mm of evaporation from the class A evaporation pan, and the use of zeolite as a secondary factor in three levels, including non-use (control) and the use of 5 and 10 tons/hectares were considered. The results of the experiment showed that the application of zeolite at a probability level of 1% had a significant effect on the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids of leaves, oil yield, nitrogen percentage, protein percentage and seed protein yield, allthogh, the oil percentage was not affected by this treatment. Also, different levels of irrigation were significant on all the mentioned traits at the level of 1%. The interaction of the simple effect of the treatments on protein percentage, nitrogen percentage, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll was significant at the 1% probability level and on oil yield and chlorophyll b at the 5% probability level, and showed non-significance on the oil percentage, protein yield and carotenoid . The highest amount of the above traits was obtained from the control treatment (normal irrigation) and the application of 10 tons zeolite /hectare, and the lowest amount of the traits was obtained from the treatment of 180 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan and no application of zeolite. The results showed that the application of zeolite has significantly improved the performance of the lineeed crop in non-stress conditions to moderate drought stress conditions.IntroductionOilseeds are big sources of energy and protein. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an oilseed crop with a history of several thousand years of cultivation, which seeds contain 30 to 50% edible oil. Linseed is a one-year herbaceous plant belonging to the Linaceae family, which is believed to have originated in the western Mediterranean (Omidbeighi, 2014). The protein content of linseed seeds is between 29-44%. It has been reported (Iran-Nejad, 2014). Water defficit is one of the significant and important stresses affecting the growth, development and functions crops. Water stress in plants may lead to physiological disorders such as reduction of photosynthetic pigments, reduction of assimilates. and reduce growth (Petropoulos et al., 2008). water stress reduces the absorption of nutrients through the roots due to the reduction of soil water and the reduction of the distribution of nutrients in the soil tissue; it also reduces the transfer of nutrients from the roots to When plants are under stress, their chlorophyll content decreases and as a result, photosynthetic activity also decreases in plants under stress.Materials and MethodsThe field experiment has been conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Shahrekord University on linseed crop in 2016. The main factor water stress included four levels of 50 (control), 80, 130, the lowest irrigation level and 180 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan, and the secondary factor of zeolite consumption in three levels, including control (without zeolite), 5 and 10 tons of zeolite per hectare. The traits of chlorophyll concentration (a, b and total), yield and yield components, thousand seed weight, oil percentage, seed oil yield, seed nitrogen percentage, protein percentage and seed protein yield were measured.Results and DiscussionThe experiment results showed that the application of zeolite on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, oil yield, nitrogen percentage, protein percentage and seed protein yield was significant at the probability level of 1% and it was not significant on oil percentage. Also, different irrigation levels were significant on all the mentioned traits at the level of 1%. The interaction effect of treatments on protein percentage, nitrogen percentage, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll was significant at one percent probability level, and on oil yield and chlorophyll b at five percent probability level. It was not significant on oil percentage, protein yield, and carotenoid. The results showed that deficit irrigation reduced all investigated traits. So that the maximum amount of the above traits were obtained from the control treatment (normal irrigation) and the application of 10 tons of zeolite per hectare, and the lowest amount of traits was obtained from of 180 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan and the absence of zeolite application. The results showed that the use of zeolite, has significantly increased the yield of linseed crop under non-stress conditions to moderate drought stress conditions, but under severe stress conditions, the limiting effects of drought stress have significantly reduced the studied traits.ConclusionThe results showed that the use of zeolite, due to its property of absorbing water, maintaining and increasing the availability of moisture, reduces the intensity of drought stress and moderates the destructive effects of drought stress on the content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein in plants. In this research, it was found that the use of 10 tons of zeolite per hectare had a favorable effect on reducing the damage caused by drought stress in linseed crops, and considering the abundance of zeolite in different parts of the country and its reasonable economic price, as well as, the problem of drought stress in Iran, the use of Zeolite can improve plant access to soil water and increase yield and quality of oil and protein of linseed under water deficit conditions.

Nitrogen is the most important nutritional element required by the rice plant, and a large part of it is lost in paddy fields through leaching, which can lead to environmental problems and reduce the efficiency of urea fertilizer use in rice cultivation. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of using different organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizers in order to reduce or solve this problem in 2021, in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was implemented.The main factor including humic acid, fulvic acid and application of nitrogen fertilizer (granular urea, sulfur coated urea, ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium nitrate, combination of sulfur coated urea and granular urea, and control) were considered as secondary factors. Comparison of the average of simple effects showed that the highest yield of paddy was obtained with the application of humic acid, which increased by 19% compared to the control. The highest plant height and biological yield were obtained by applying sulfur coated urea or sulfur coated urea with granulated urea. The highest dry weight of the cluster per plant, a single plant dry weight and the number of fertile tillers in plant belonged to the application of sulfur coated urea or the co-application of sulfur coated urea with granular urea with humic acid application. Therefore the fertigation of humic acid can be useful in improving the growth of rice in rice-cultivated soils in Khuzestan.

Organic agriculture is an integrated farming system, based on natural principles and laws, where the quality of products is more important than their quantity. Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of two types of biological and organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of two types of beans under drought stress in the research farm of Shahrekord University. The experiment was carried out in the form of split split plots in the form of a completely randomized block design, and in three replications. The investigated factors include 1- drought stress at three levels of 60, 90 and 120 mm of evaporation from the surface of the class A pan and the second factor at four levels: EM biological fertilizer, Vinas organic fertilizer, a combination of both, and control; and the third factor: species of two levels (Mexican yam beans, red beans of the flower variety). In this experiment, the traits of plant height, number of secondary branches, relative humidity of leaf water, cell membrane stability index, number of pods per plant, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index were measured. The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of the studied factors and their interaction (except for the interaction of stress × fertilizer on the number of pods per plant and cell membrane stability index) was significant on all traits. The results showed that the combined fertilizer treatment (vinas + EM) in red bean plant and stress 60 had the greatest effect on the characteristics of seed yield (8834 kg/ha), harvest index (64.66%), plant height (117 cm), the number of pods per plant was (32.33), and the number of sub-branches (14). In the same fertilizer treatment and in the control stress treatment, the greatest effect was on the trait of cell membrane stability index in red bean plant (57.7%) and relative humidity. Leaf water (91.88%) and biological yield (35710 kg/ha) were in Mexican yam plant. Generaly, it can be said that this experiment showed the superiority of combined fertilizer treatment on red bean plant under drought stress compared to Mexican yam plant.

In order to investigate the effect of dehydration stress and planting date on some physiological indices and growth of Cymbopogon citratus, a field experiment in the form of a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications, including 3 levels of different irrigation (100% full irrigation as a control, 75 and 50% full irrigation) and 3 levels of planting date including 20 May, 30 May and 10 June in Rahdar Rudan area in Hormozgan province in 1399. In this study, physiological growth traits including LAI (leaf area index), CGR (crop growth rate), NAR (net uptake rate), LAD (leaf area durability), plant height, wet and dry plant yield along with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll , carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates and proline were examined. The results showed that drought treatment was significant in all the studied traits at the level of 1%. Also, planting date was significant in total chlorophyll, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, soluble carbohydrates and proline but did not have any effect on plant height, wet and dry plant yield. On the other hand, the interaction between drought and planting date had caused significant changes in total chlorophyll, carotenoids and chlorophyll a and soluble carbohydrates. Drought treatment reduced leaf area, crop growth rate, net uptake rate and leaf area of Lemongrass grass by 50%, but the treatments of planting date had no effect on the physiological traits of Lemongrass plant growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that Lemongrass is a plant that is resistant to mild stress but sensitive to severe stress.

In order to investigate the effect of different sources of organic fertilizers and nitrogen on some of the physiological, quantitive and qualitive characteristics under direct cultivation, a field experiment in the crop season 2020-2021, in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications were implemented in Ahvaz. the main factor at three levels (humic acid, fulvic acid and control) and the use of nitrogen fertilizer at 6 levels (granulated urea fertilizer, sulfur coated urea, ammonium sulfate fertilizer, urea and ammonium nitrate, sulfur coated urea and granulated urea fertilizer and no application of nitrogen fertilizer as a control) were a secondary factor. Mean comparison of simple effects showed that the highest percentage of total protein of leaf, rice yield, hectoliter weight, rice grain length, white grain width after cooking and the lowest percentage of grain crushing after bleaching were observed by humic acid application. The increase in rice yield, rice grain length and white grain width after cooking in humic acid application treatment compared to the control was 19.4, 5.4 and 5.6 percentage respectively. The highest percentage of total protein of leaf, rice grain length, white grain width after cooking and the lowest percentage of grain crushing after bleaching were obtained by applying sulfur coated urea or sulfur coated urea with granular urea. The mean comparison of interaction effect of the factors on other studied traits showed that the highest leaf area index was observed with the application of sulfur coated urea or the application of sulfur coated urea with granular urea × application of fulvic acid and the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and white grain length after cooking belonged to the treatment of application of sulfur coated urea along with granular urea × application of humic acid. It seems that the supply and availability of nitrogen in the soil at different growth stages of rice under the application of nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the improvement of soil characteristics due to the use of organic fertilizers and as a result of sufficient access to nutrients at different stages of plant growth and development, improvement of physiological characteristics, has affected the quantity and quality of rice. Based on the results of this experiment, it seems that the combined application of humic acid or fulvic acid with sulfur coated urea fertilizer or sulfur coated urea with granulated urea is recommended in similar conditions.

Salinity is a basic non-living environmental factor that reduces the yield worldwide. In arid and semi-arid regions, the salinity of water and soil limits crop production. Therefore, it is crucially important to assess the salinity tolerance of medicinal herbs if they are to be cultivated in saline areas.

To investigate the effect of water salinity and some saline organic fertilizers on the lemongrass' (Cymbopogon citratus) physiological features and growth, a greenhouse experiment was carried out in the research greenhouse of Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center through a completely randomized design with four replications at seven salinity levels including non-saline water as a controlling factor, saline water at 4, 10, and 15 ds/m levels, and saline organic fertilizers at three levels including fish meal fertilizer with salinity rate of 5/2, liquid fish manure with salinity rate of 4/9, and poultry slaughterhouse fertilizer with salinity rate of 4/6 ds /m. Moreover, the physiological growth features, including the leaf area, the leaf's fresh and dry weight, the root's fresh and dry weight, the plant's height, the number of tillers, and total chlorophyll were investigated.

The study's results indicated that water salinity and organic fertilizers had a significant effect on all studied features. It was also found that treating Irrigation water with a salinity of 15 ds /m had the most negative effect on all studied features, with the root's dry weight affected the most. On the other hand, treating poultry slaughterhouse fertilizer with a salinity of 4/6 ds/m improved all physiological growth features compared to the control factor except the number of tillers per plant. The results also showed that lemongrass was sensitive to over 5 ds/m salinity but tolerated less than 5 ds/m salinity and that it was possible to use the relatively saline organic fertilizers studied as a food source in cultivating this plant.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and biofertilizer on some growth indicators of Camelina sativa L. experimental plant during the crop year 2016 in a farm located in Kazerun and as a factorial in the form of complete randomized block design with three replications. Treatments include fertile biofertilizer 2 containing phosphate solvent bacteria (Pseudomonas putida Strain 13P bacteria and agglomerans Pantoea Strain 5P) as the first factor in 2 levels (consumption and non-consumption) and the second factor including chemical fertilizers including control treatments, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur fertilizers (50 respectively). (200 and 100 kg / ha) alone were optimal and chemical fertilizer treatment was 30% less than optimal. The results showed that the application of biofertilizer was significant only on crop yield and phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen uptake traits. Chemical fertilizer treatment was significant on all traits, and the interaction of biofertilizer treatment with chemical fertilizer on grain yield, crop yield and phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen adsorption traits was significant. The combined use of biofertilizers with nitrogen + phosphorus + sulfur chemical fertilizer compared to control increases grain yield by 86.85%, improves crop yield of phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen by 19.48, 12.62 and 14.90 kg / kg, respectively, and its adsorption efficiency. The elements were 42.2%, 30.01 and 36.97%, respectively. The combined use of chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer compared to control increased the leaf area index by 13.60%, increased the plant weight ratio by 23.78% and the leaf surface area. Nitrogen + phosphorus treatment compared to control showed an increase in plant growth rate of 53.64%. The best fertilizer combination in this experiment to increase the yield of whole plants was the combination of chemical fertilizer treatments containing nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur with biofertilizers.

Introduction

Considering prolonged drought condition in the country, water shortage, and water and soil salinity, some crop and current horticulture productions in the arid zone of the country face many constraints in terms of water supply for growth and yield loss. In this way, introducing new plants with high production yield is at the top of the agenda of the Iran Ministry of Agriculture to obtain high-quality production. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an annual plant originated from Latin America. In addition to high nutrition value, this crop shows considerable resistance against a broad range of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and cold; and can be cultivated in marginal lands. Considering inability of most agricultural soils in the country to thoroughly supply nutrients for plants, chemical fertilizer consumption in Iran is much higher than the global average. Thus, in order to increase nutrient use efficiency, fertilizer utilization should change to render essential nutritious available for plants during a long time. Using bio-fertilizer dissolving phosphorus and nitrogen stabilizer is an optimal cultivation method, which improves adsorption of nutrition by plants and decreases soil salinity, and environmental contamination caused by indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers.

In order to evaluate the chemical and bio-fertilizer effects on yield, yield component and some physiological properties of Quinoa under water deficit in saline soil, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial layout based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 crop season at Dastgerd area in Isfahan province. In this experiment four levels of irrigation (25, 50, 75 and 100 % of field capacity) as the main factor, and the combination of biofertilizer including control (without bio-fertilizer), Nitroxin, Biophosphorus and combination of Nitroxin, Biophosphorus and chemical fertilizer in two levels of no application and integrated application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers as sub-factor were considered. The average amount of water used in treatments of 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity was 4204.1, 3427.2, 2665.6 and 2828.8 m3, respectively. Chemical fertilizer treatments (250 kg urea and 75 kg triple super phosphate fertilizer per hectare) were based on the results of soil test and fertilizer recommendation by the laboratory.

Results showed that in all fertilizer treatments with drought stress increment, measured physiological traits (total chlorophyll and leaf area index), and seed yield component including the number of clusters per square meter, seed number in cluster and seed thousand weight decreased, and consequently seed yield and Quinoa harvest index decreased. Under severe drought stress (25% field capacity irrigation treatment), grain yield and harvest index decreased by about 76 and 22%, respectively, compared to non-stress conditions (100% field capacity irrigation treatment). However, in all stress levels and both application and non-application of chemical fertilizers, simultaneous inoculation with both Nitroxin, Biophosphorus bio-fertilizers made the largest contribution to decreased stress influences and significantly increased all traits studied. The nitrogen fertilizer resources had the most effect on decreasing osmotic stress consequence in chlorophyll content, leaf area index and spike number per square meter. Therefore, since spike number is the main part of seed yield, it could be stated that nitrogen fertilizer applied in this experiment had the largest contribution to increase of seed yield. Phosphorus fertilizer resources available in this study also showed the highest influence to decrease in stress effects of 1000-seed weight. This could be attributed to nitrogen influence on vegetative growth and physiological role of phosphorus to generate flower and seed production.

Our results revealed that despite soil salinity of surveyed area, Quinoa can complete growth period even in a 25% level of field capacity (severe drought stress) and produce seeds. This highlights the high resistance of Quinoa to severe environmental stress conditions.

Drought stress is the most important factor of yield reduction in sugar beet. Therefore, adopting effective strategies for diminish of the drought adverse effects in sugar beet is necessary. This field experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of foliar application of potassium (K) and boron (B) on morpho-physiological responses, quality and root yields of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, using a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in Shahrekord University, in 2019. The main plots were allocated to irrigation treatments including: irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm (I1, I2 and I3, respectively) cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan and the sub plots were allocated to fertilizer treatments in the form of foliar spraying including: control (no fertilizer application), K, B and B + K. Results showed that the effect of irrigation, foliar spraying and interaction of irrigation × foliar spraying treatments was significant regarding to leaf area index (LAI), leaf proline content, relative water content (RWC), extractable sugar, sodium and potassium content of sugar beet. The highest value of LAI and RWC was related to interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K spraying treatments. The highest value of leaf proline content was obtained by interaction of I3 irrigation and K spraying treatments. The highest percentage of extractable sugar was observed in interaction of I2 irrigation and B treatments. In other words, I2 irrigation treatment slightly increased the percentage of extractable sugar, which did not have significant difference with I1 irrigation treatment. The lowest amount of root sodium and potassium content was obtained under interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K treatments. The effect of irrigation and foliar application treatments on total plant dry weight, chlorophyll index, extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS), sugar and root yield was significant, as the highest amount of mentioned traits were recorded in B + K and I1 irrigation treatments. Interaction of irrigation×foliar spraying did not have a significant effect on these traits. Alkalinity coefficient was only affected by foliar spraying treatments and the highest amount of alkalinity coefficient was observed in K fertilizer treatment. Generally foliar application of B and K significantly improved the morpho-physiological, quantitative and qualitative properties of sugar beet and reduced the adverse effectss of drought stress, probably due to the important role of these elements in the osmotic adjustment and other plant physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, in sugar beet cultivation especially under drought stress conditions, spraying of B and K is recommended.Drought stress is the most important factor of yield reduction in sugar beet. Therefore, adopting effective strategies for diminish of the drought adverse effects in sugar beet is necessary. This field experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of foliar application of potassium (K) and boron (B) on morpho-physiological responses, quality and root yields of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, using a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in Shahrekord University, in 2019. The main plots were allocated to irrigation treatments including: irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm (I1, I2 and I3, respectively) cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan and the sub plots were allocated to fertilizer treatments in the form of foliar spraying including: control (no fertilizer application), K, B and B + K. Results showed that the effect of irrigation, foliar spraying and interaction of irrigation × foliar spraying treatments was significant regarding to leaf area index (LAI), leaf proline content, relative water content (RWC), extractable sugar, sodium and potassium content of sugar beet. The highest value of LAI and RWC was related to interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K spraying treatments. The highest value of leaf proline content was obtained by interaction of I3 irrigation and K spraying treatments. The highest percentage of extractable sugar was observed in interaction of I2 irrigation and B treatments. In other words, I2 irrigation treatment slightly increased the percentage of extractable sugar, which did not have significant difference with I1 irrigation treatment. The lowest amount of root sodium and potassium content was obtained under interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K treatments. The effect of irrigation and foliar application treatments on total plant dry weight, chlorophyll index, extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS), sugar and root yield was significant, as the highest amount of mentioned traits were recorded in B + K and I1 irrigation treatments. Interaction of irrigation×foliar spraying did not have a significant effect on these traits. Alkalinity coefficient was only affected by foliar spraying treatments and the highest amount of alkalinity coefficient was observed in K fertilizer treatment. Generally foliar application of B and K significantly improved the morpho-physiological, quantitative and qualitative properties of sugar beet and reduced the adverse effectss of drought stress, probably due to the important role of these elements in the osmotic adjustment and other plant physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, in sugar beet cultivation especially under drought stress conditions, spraying of B and K is recommended.

Lack of drinking water and fresh water for agricultural purposes is one of the biggest problems in most arid and semi-arid countries. Therefore, desalination of saline water is necessary for the production of drinking water and irrigation. Due to the irradiative potential of south regions of Iran, the study of a solar subsurface irrigation system was performed experimentally and theoretically in Dehdasht. The system used a solar still and a subsurface reverse flow heat exchanger. The mixture of hot and humid air inside the solar still was directed to the underground pipe by a fan. Using the condensation process, the required water for subsurface irrigation was obtained. Using a suitable system for injecting compost tea into the pure water, a solution with a suitable composition was produced to irrigate and supply soil and plant nutrients. By measuring and monitoring environmental information and using MATLAB software, a fuzzy inference model was designed and Temperature changes, humidity ratio and mass of produced water were investigated. According to the simulation performed in MATLAB, the maximum temperature of the still reached 90°c in August and 60°c in April. Compared with its experimental values, the error values were reached 5.8% and 9%, respectively. The maximum and minimum amount of condensed water in the pipe was 6.13 liters and 3.09 liters per day for August and April, respectively. Compared to the experimental value obtained, the error values were 7% and 15%, respectively. According to the results, increasing the parameters such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, water temperature, diameter of condenser pipe and diameter of hot air pipe, as well as decreasing parameters such as condenser water temperature, relative humidity and pool water height, increased the amount of water produced. Therefore, this method is suitable for arid and semi-arid areas.

The present experiment has been conducted as a split plot factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications in 2018-2019 crop season on a saline farm (with an electrical conductivity of 5.2 dS/m) in Dastgerd area, Isfahan Province. Four levels of irrigation (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of FC) compose the main factors and biofertilizer (the control, Nitroxin, Biophosphorus, and their combination) as well as chemical fertilizer in two level of no application and integrated application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are the sub-factor. Severe drought stress (25% FC irrigation treatment) increase the measured traits (antioxidant enzyme activity including catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase along with Proline and Malondialdehyde content) in quinoa by about 46%, 52%, 142%, 42%, and 39%, compared to non-stress conditions (100% FC irrigation treatment), respectively. Also, they significantly reduce grain and biological yield in this plant (by about 76% and 49%, respectively). However, at all drought stress levels , the combination of nitroxin and biophosphorus under conditions of simultaneous use of chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus shows the maximum effect on moderation of drought stress effects, significantly reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and, consequently, increasing yield, compared to other treatments at the same drought level. Overall, the results demonstrate that despite the salinity of the tested soil, quinoa has been able to complete its growth and seed production even under severe drought stress conditions.

To study the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield and some of the biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a three-factor factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in the region of Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran, in the 2018-2019 crop year. In this experiment, Sajama and Titicaca cultivars as the first factor, four levels of  bio fertilizer including: without inoculation, nitroxin inoculation, biophosphorus inoculation, and inoculation with nitroxin and biophosphorus as the second factor, and four levels of chemical fertilizer including control, urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), and urea and superphosphate combination as the third factor were evaluated. Results showed that the interaction of the cultivar, bio fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer were significant on carotenoids, total carbohydrate, soluble protein, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index of quinoa. Thus, the integrated application of bio fertilizers along with all used chemical fertilizer treatments significantly increased the measured traits in both cultivars compared to the control treatment. Although the highest grain yield was observed in Sajama cultivar, Harvest index, which indicated material allocation to physiological destinations (grain), was not significantly different between the two cultivars. In addition, the growth period in Sajama cultivar was 32 days longer than Titicaca that resulted in water requirement increase, and subsequent crop cultivation delay, in Sajama cultivar. On the other hand, all the measured biochemical traits (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total carbohydrates and soluble protein) in Titicaca cultivar were more than those of Sajama cultivar. Therefore, according to the results of this research, cultivation of Titicaca cultivar along with the application of bio fertilizers as supplements can be considered as an applied strategy to achieve higher quality crops and optimum use of chemical fertilizers to realize the goals of sustainable agriculture in quinoa cultivation.

In order to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation treatment and foliar application of ascorbic acid and jasmonic acid on morphophysiological traits of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.), the experiment was set out in a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahrekord University Agricultural Research Station during the two years, i.e. 2016-2017. The main factor consisted of three levels of irrigation of 100%, 75% and 50% of the plant's water requirement of safflower and sub-factor including safflower genotypes including Sinai, Isfahan local, Faraman and foliar application with three levels including (0 concentration, foliar application of jasmonic acid with 0.5 mM concentration and foliar application of ascorbic acid with 20 mM concentration(. The results showed that the highest cholliorophyll a, cholliorophyll b, relative water content, leaf area index, crop growth rate, oil percentage, grain yield and oil yield related to Sina genotype and 100% of the plant's water requirement and The least of these traits were from Isfahan local genotype and 50% of the plant's water requirement. The results of this study showed that the interaction effects of genotype× deficit irrigtion and genotype× foliar application were significant only on cholliorophyll a and oil yield. Also foliar application of Jasmic acid and ascorbic acid increased all traits compared to non foliar application treatment. The results of this study showed that the differences between the genotypes and also effect of foliar application of jasmonic acid and ascorbic acid to increase of these traits were important components that could be used to select genotypes and suitable compounds to reduce undesirable effects of water stress in order to achieve increased economic performance.

Camelina sativa L. is from the family of Brassicaceae, new oilseed crops, has desirable agronomic characteristics, adapted to temperate climates and as raw material for biodiesel production. In order to evaluate the effect of bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on yield and some characteristics of biodiesel from Camelina sativa L., field experiment with three replications during 2017 in a field located in Kazeroun, a factorial in a randomized complete block design was applied. Treatments biofertilizerBarvar 2 containing phosphate solubilityenhancing bacteria (bacteria Pseudomonas putida Strain 13P and Strain 5P agglomerans Pantoea) as the first factor in 2 levels (consuming and not consuming) and chemical fertilizer as the second factor included control treatments, nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus, sulfur alone and two values were recommended at the considered levels (200, 50 and 100 kg / ha, respectively) and 30% lower than recommended levels. Camelina sativa L. by creating conditions for plant nutrition, grain yield, oil percentage, oil yield and protein content lso, biodiesel characteristics including density, iodine number and saponification number and percentage of sulfur were studied. The results showed that grain yield and oil yield were higher in fertilizer phosphorus nitrogen than in other treatments. Sulfur chemical treatments had the highest increase in seed oil and protein content without using biofertilizers and nitrogen + phosphorous + sulfur without fertilizer application, respectively. The highest density, iodine number and saponification number and percentage of sulfur (0.9248 kg / m3, 26.94 mg iodine per 100 g oil and 227.1 mg sodium hydroxide per gram of oil and 0.027 % by weight) The production of biodiesel was carried out under nitrogen and phosphorus treatments, as well as bio fertilizer and sulfur treatment, and nitrogen + sulfur and phosphorus treatments were optimum without using bio fertilizer. In general, the results of this study showed that the application of biological fertilizers with chemical fertilizers improves the oil and biodiesel characteristics of whole grains is Camelina sativa L.

Introduction Drought stress has become the major limitation factor on plant yield at global scale. It is due to the current environmental changes not only in dry areas but also in temperate ones. Deficit irrigation allows to the plants receive water lower than request. Sugar beet production requires supplementary irrigation in sugar beet producing areas such Mediterranean regions, but recently drought stress has restricted sugar beet cultivation in these areas. In arid and semi-arid regions, sugar beet production is limited by insufficient rainfall or restricted the availability of irrigation water. Breeding new cultivar for drought tolerance, developing new irrigation and soil management techniques and innovating new cultural practices may contribute to improve yield and quality of sugar beet under drought conditions. Sugar beet is one of the most important crops. It is also well recognized that drought stress is the main restrictive factor for sugar beet yield. However, the response of sugar beet to drought stress has been insufficiently studied. Jasmonic acid is a member of plant growth regulators named jasmonates which are important cellular regulators involved in several developmental processes such as seed germination, root growth, fertility, fruit ripening and senescence. Most of the plant parts contain jasmonates and the highest concentration appears to be present in reproductive tissues whereas much lower levels are found in roots and mature leaves. Till now it is considered that jasmonates particularly methyl esters of JA (Me-JA) as a chemical stress agent mimicking the effect of that appear in response to external stress factors inducing senescence.  Materials and methods To explore the germination mechanism of drought-stressed sugar beet improved by exogenous jasmonic acid, and provide a theoretical basis to sugar beet direct sowing technology for water deficit and the effects of soaking with jasmonic acid on germination status, an experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete design with four replications in laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord in 2016. In this experiment, treatments included five levels of drought treatments (distilled water,-0/2,-0/6,-1 and-1/4 MPa with PEG) and seed soaking with jasmonic acid (0 (control), 5 and 10 µM for 2 days. Germination percentage and rate, shoot and length, shoot weight, mean germination time, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination, allometry coefficient, seed length and weight vigor index were measured. Results and discussion The results showed that drought stress and jasmonic acid on germination indexes including germination percent and rate, shoot and root length, shoot weight, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination, allometry coefficient and seed length and weight vigor index significantly decreased under drought stress, while, mean germination time increased. Drought stress in 1/4 MPa level decreased germination percentage and rate, shoot and root length, shoot weight 90, 84, 49, 44 and 33 percent as compared with control, respectively. In other hand, soaking with exogenous jasmonic acid improved all of germination indexes, while mean germination time decreased under drought stress. Moreover, interaction effect drought and jasmonic acid on germination indexes showed 5 µM jasmonic acid had highest germination percent and rate, shoot length and weight, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination, and seed length and weight vigor index. The highest germination percentage and rate was detected when 5 µM jasmonic acid under non-stress that increased 21% as compared with control, while the lowest was detected when pre-soaking water under 1/4 MPa. Also, highest increase in mean germination time was recorded under 1/4 MPa with pre-soaking water, whereas, the lowest was measured under non-stress with 5 and 10 µM jasmonic acid. To conclude, soaking with 5 µM jasmonic acid improved drought tolerance in sugar beet.

Salinity is one of the major challenges to increasing crop productivity. Besides these, in order to investigate of  proline and salicylic acid in the modulation of salt stress on soybean (Glycine max L.) , an experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in a randomized completely design with four replication in 2016 in College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University. Main plot included three level irrigation by saline water with electrical conductivity 2 (control), 5 and 10 dS m-1 NaCl) and sub plot in four level of foliar applied (10 mM proline, in combination with 10 mM proline + 3 mM salicylic acid, 3 mM salicylic acid and sprayed with water (control)). The results showed that the 5 and 10 dS m-1 NaCl lead to increased and decreased of photosynthetic pigments compared with the control, respective. Proline and soluble sugars were increased under salt stress, while membrane stability index and relative water content decreased. Interaction between salt stress and foliar treatments showed that the highest increase in chl. b, carotenoid and proline were recorded in 5 dS m-1 NaCl and proline plus salicylic acid with increase of 93, 53 and 143% as compared to the control, respectively. Membrane stability index and relative water content were decreased 63 and 38% as compared to the control, respectively. So, foliar application of 10 mM proline with 3 mM salicylic acid on physiological parameters of soybean was the best treatment to mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress. So, proline function as compatible solute in osmotic adjustment and salicylic acid with the protective role through physiological reactions under salt stress.

The use of nanotechnology as a diverse and applied discipline is ongoing in almost all areas of science. Fertilizers and nano-nutrients have the effective properties which help the production of plants depending on their needs to regulate the plant growth. Plants under stress conditions are willing to produce natural nanoparticles to continue their growth. Nano TiO2 has a high photocatalytic effect and as a catalyst, it is mainly used in water, electronic devices, conversion and storage equipment of Energy as suspension. Sources of SiO2 are very diverse, including natural nanoparticles, anthropogenic particles and engineering nanoparticles. Although, silicon in many crops is not an essential element for growth, it has beneficial effects on plants growth and development. Today, carbon nanotubes are one of the most important materials in industrial programs. These materials, with different methods and specific properties, can play an important role in the production of composite materials, application in medicine, electronic and energy storage. The Niger plant, with the scientific name of Goizotia abyssinica (L.F) Cass, belongs to the Asteraceae family. Its seed, are used in pharmacy, food industry, green manure and for feeding birds and cows. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of type and concentration of three nanoparticles on some of germination characteristics and anthocyanins content in Niger medicinal-oily plant.   In order to evaluate the effect of three nanoparticles on seed germination of Niger, an experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments of TiO2, SiO2, and CNT were as the first factor while their concentrations in four levels (zero, 10, 30 and 60 mg/l) were as the second factor. In this study the traits of germination percentage, germination rate and mean of daily germination, germination and vigour index, length, fresh and dry weight of radicle and plumule, anthocyanin content and radicle resistance percentage were measured.    The germination percentage, germination rate and mean of daily germination decreased by increasing of nanoparticles concentration. The favorable effect of TiO2 on germination index at the concentration of 30 mg/l and radicle dry weight at the concentration of 10 mg/l, was gained compared to control. The positive effect SiO2 on germination index and radicle dry weight at the concentrations of 10 and 60 mg/l, the anthocyanin content and the fresh and dry weight of plumule at the concentration of 60 mg/l was obtained compared to control. Also, the appropriate effect of CNT on germination index at the concentration of 10 and 30 mg/l, the anthocyanin content and radicle dry weight at the concentration of 60 mg/l and plumule fresh weight at the concentration of 30 mg/l, was observed. According to the results of this study, it seems that the effect of nanoparticles in plants, in addition to the plant, species, type and concentration of nanoparticles, varies depending on the growth stage and physiology of the plant. It seems that nanoparticles at some concentrations can increase the water absorption of seeds and increase seedling growth with their positive effects. Anthocyanins are produced by exposure to stress due to their antioxidant activity. In general, it can be stated that increasing the concentration of nanoparticles caused and increased the oxidative stress in plant. Therefore, it is recommended by investigating the bad effects of nanoparticles on plants, if necessary, use nanoparticles at low concentrations (less than 60 mg/l) to increase the plant's efficiency.   Highlights: The effect of nanoparticles kind and concentration on seed germination indices and anthocyanin content of Niger seedling. Investigating the interaction of nanoparticle type and concentration as the physical priming factor of seeds on seed germination of multi-purpose Niger plant.

Environmental stress, especially drought stress, can play an important role in the reduction of the plant growth stage, specifically during germination. To explore the germination mechanism of drought-stressed germination indices of sugar beet improved by exogenous proline, an experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete design with four replications in laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord in 2016. In this experiment, treatments included five levels of drought treatments (distilled water,-2,-6,-10 and-14 bar) and seed soaking with Proline (0 (control), 5 and 10 mM. Results indicated that germination percent, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination and seed length and weight vigor index of sugar beet seeds significantly decreased under drought stress, while increased mean germination time and allometry coefficient. Soaking with exogenous proline improved the germination percent, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination and seed length and weight vigor index of sugar beet under drought stress. Moreover, application of 10 mM proline decreased mean germination time and allometry coefficient 10 and 25% as compared to the control, respectively. In a word, soaking with proline could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of drought stress on sugar beet seed germination.

Drought stress is a major limitating factor on crop production and plant distribution worldwide. Reduction of RUE, water stress also affects foliage expansion and eventually radiation capture. Water stress almost decreases fresh root weight. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important commercial crop that supplies approximately 30% of the world’s sugar. Research has showed reduction in the leaf area and a smaller decrease in the taproot growth of sugar beet when subjected to drought stress. Phytohormones are part of signaling pathways or their presence may stimulate signaling reactions molecules that are responsible for plants to response stresses. Exogenously applied jasmonates elicit several different physiological responses to stress and therefore increase plant resistance. For instance, MeJA was reported to improve resistance against drought in rice. This research was carried out in 2015 in the research field station of Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran (50051/N, 32019/E and 2050 m a.s.l). A field experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement in a randomized completely block design with three replications on sugar beet (Monogerm Castille seed). The main plot included three irrigation treatments 100% (control), 75% and 50% of water requirement and the sub plot included 3 levels of jasmonic acid applied sprayed with water (control), 5 and 10 µM jasmonic acid. Foliar spray was done at 6-8, 12-16 and 20-24 leaf stages. Plants were grown under full irrigation until the 16-20 leaf stage, when water stress was applied. The result showed that light absorption percent and extinction coefficient were significantly affected by irrigation level, jasmonic acid applications and their interactions. The interaction between drought level and jasmonic acid application showed the highest increase in light absorption percent (73.07) and extinction coefficient (0.58) were recorded in 100% of water requirement and 10 µM jasmonic acid application. Drought levels led to decrease of radiation use efficiency. Jasmonic acid increased radiation use efficiency. In terms of the trend of the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation of shoot and root had the highest in 100% of water requirement and application 10 µM jasmonic acid. The improvement of leaf characters of sugar beet by jasmonic acid of treatment may be due to the fact that jasmonate antagonistically regulates the expression of stress inducible proteins, associated with drought stress in rice. With the increase in leaf area index, dry matter accumulation increased. Jasmonic acid improved sugar beet growth under drought stress by inducing plants to increase organic osmoprotectants. JA spray could be adopted as a potential growth regulator or antioxidant to improve growth under water deficit stress on sugar beet.

To study the effect of deficit irrigation and zeolite application on water use efficiency, oil yield and phenology of hemp, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Shahrekord University. Treatments included irrigation at four levels (supplying 40, 60, 80 and 100% water requirement of crop) as the main plot and application of zeolite at three levels (no application, application of 5 and 10 tons of zeolite per hectare) as sub plot.
The results showed that the length of the reproductive period was affected by irrigation and zeolite treatments and their interactions. By decreasing irrigation water supply, the length of the growth period decreased, although the reproductive stages were more sensitive than the vegetative stages. With increasing defficit irrigation intensity, oil yield, as a function of grain yield and oil content, decreased significantly. But, zeolite application prevented the oil yields to be reduced to some extent. Zeolite improved the water consumption per unit of yield on low and medium levels of drought stress with 19.9% and 17.5% than control treatment. Application of 10 tons of zeolite per hectare, at 60 and 80 percent supplying of the crop water requirement, modified the adverse effects of drought stress to hemp.

In order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress on seed yield and yield components of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.), an experiment was conducted as a split plot with three replicates at the research filed of University of Shahrekord in spring 2016. Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation based on 100%, 75% and 50% of the plant’s water requirement and three selected safflower genotypes including Sina, Isfahan and Faraman. Results indicated that deficit irrigation caused a significant reduction in all traits including the number of lateral branches per plant, plant height, head number per plant, number of seed per head, seed thousand weight, seed yield, oil percentage, oil yield, biological yield and harvest index. The lowest values of seed yield (1196 kg.ha-1) and oil yield (313 kg.ha-1) were obtained in the deficit irrigation treatment of 50 %plant water requirement and the highest seed yield (2310 kg.ha-1) and oil yield (561kg.ha-1) were obtained in 100% plant water requirement. The results showed that there was a significant difference among investigated safflower genotypes, and the highest seed yield (1998kg.ha-1) and oil yield (561kg.ha-1) were obtained in Sina genotype and the lowest seed yield (1659kg.ha-1) and oil yield (426 kg.ha-1) were obtained in local Isfahan genotype. The results showed that the differences among genotypes in terms of morphological traits, oil percentage, and oil yield were important components that could be used to select genotypes or appropriate cultivars with drought conditions.

Using nematode-resistant cultivars is the most economical and environmentally friendly management strategy for the management of the pathogens like nematodes known for causing great yield losses. Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) is distributed in all soybeans - producing regions of the world and can result in yield losses in almost all soybean-growing areas. The most important species in Iran is M. javanica, which has the widest host ranges of any of the root-knot nematodes. Control of M. javanica is accomplished through the use of pesticides, crop rotation and resistant cultivars. Resistance to nematodes is usually defined as a plant’s ability to inhibit nematode reproduction. Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, which had economic and nutritional significance, is currently the most important oil - seed crop cultivated in the world. The relationship between crop yield response and initial nematode densities is an important property of a crop resistance. The purpose of the current study was to determine damage functions of M. javanica for some soybean cultivars.
The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions and temperature maintained at 25±3°C. Pots (2500 grams) were fumigated with methyl bromide to eliminate existing biotic factors prior to planting and then were filled with a sterile soil composed of sand 60%, clay 14%, silt 26%, at pH 7. For evaluating the reaction of some soybean cultivars to the target nematode, infected roots collected from Isfahan province, identified using morphological methods, perineal pattern of adult females as well as molecular markers, amplification of 670 bp band of extracted DNA from egg and larvae using single egg mass culture. Then the nematode mass was cultured around the roots of 2-4 leaf stage tomato cultivar Ps using completely randomized design with five replications. Soybean plants inoculated with 8000 eggs of M. javanica per 2.5 kg of soil. After 80 days, the growth and physiologic factors of host plant such as root length, root fresh and dried weight, shoot length, shoot fresh and dried weight, pod number in plant, seed per pod, 100- seed weight, chlorophyll concentration, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area ratio (LAR) as well as gall index, egg mass and reproductive factors of nematode was measured.
The purpose of this study was to determine damage function of M. javanica for some resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. Similar to M. javanica, the other nematode species was identified using morphological as well as molecular markers as. In greenhouse condition, results showed that the root weight of the infected soybean cultivars increased in comparison to that of healthy roots and the reason is the hormonal imbalance and the gall formation in the roots by the target nematode. The shoot length and shoot fresh weight in infected plants decreased due to the absorption of nutrients and internodes distance reduction. Seed per pod is dependent characteristics on the genotype, and largely is independent of environmental factors and specific environmental stresses may affect grain formation period. The number of seeds per pod was completely genetic trait, indicating significant differences among cultivars, but the cultivars were not affected by nematode infection. The JK cultivar has the most final population of nematodes and Sahar cultivar has the least one. The JK cultivar was sensitive to 2.65 gall index and Williams and Elit cultivars were tolerant and showed less gall index and Sahar, L- 17, 033 along with DPX were recognized as resistant soybean cultivar, among which Sahar cultivar with 0 reproductive factor and 0.6 gall index was most resistant one. The use of resistant soybean cultivars is the most efficient and control methods for root- knot nematode.
The different soybean cultivars have varying degrees of sensitivity, tolerance and resistance to root-knot nematode infection. The present research indicates that using breeding methods as well as biotechnological techniques, tolerant and resistant cultivars can be produced and the farmers can choose the resistant ones to reduce application of hazardous chemicals. On the other hand it is necessary that by a thorough examination of nematode resistant genes in soybean plants and their incorporation in the sensitive plant, the nematode damage would get reduced. The use of resistant soybean cultivars is the most efficient and adequate control measure.

In order to study the morpho-physiological traits of cotton cultivars ýunder the Influence of humic acid in saline conditions, a factorial field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Kashan in the growing seasons of 2014. The first factors included three cotton cultivars: Varamin, line 43200 and khordad, and the second factor consisted six foliar treatment included without humic acid and inadequate soil nitrogen (T1), without humic acid under adequate soil nitrogen (T2), 3 liter per hectare humic acid under adequate soil nitrogen (T3), 1 liter humic acid per hectare under adequate soil nitrogen (T4), 3 liter humic acid per hectare under adequate soil nitrogen (T5), and 6 liter humic acid per hectare under adequate soil nitrogen (T6). The results showed that foliar application of humic acid significantly affected number of leaf ý, NAR, LAD, RGR, seed number per fruitý, seed index, lint index and cotton yield. So that, the highest LAD, seed index, lint index and cotton yield were achived in application of 3 liters per hectare humic acid under adequate soil nitrogen in all cultivars and the highest leaf number, NAR, and RGR were obtained under 6 liters per hectare. finally the application of ý3 liters per hectare humic acid under adequate soil nitrogen improved the morphophysiological parameters of cotton plantý and increased yield.

IntroductionThe historical trend of Iran annual average temperature of shows a 0.05 °C.year-1 increase which indicates that future emissions of greenhouse gases will continue to increase temperature and consequently cause to climatic change in the country. This change in environment will have a serious impact on different growth and development processes of crops. Increasing temperature could affect physiological processes like photosynthesis, respiration and partitioning of photo-assimilates. The negative impacts of climate change on potato production are reported in the literature. The present study was conducted to quantify the potential impacts of climate change on phenology, growth and tuber yield of potato.
Materials and MethodsThe climate projections of Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3), France and Institute of Pierre Simon Laplace (IPCM4), United Kingdom, was used to simulate the future conditions based on A2, B1 and A1B SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) scenario at three time periods including 2015-2045 (2030), 2046-2075 (2060) and 2076-2105 (2090)with a baseline of 1988-2012 (2012). For each period, the year shown in the parenthesis was considered as target year. The SUBSTOR-Potato model, one of the sixteen models embedded within the DSSAT (v4.5) program, was used to simulate the baseline and future yield and growth characteristics of potato. The model was calibrated and validated during 2012 and 2013 with two different farm experiments. In these experiments, the effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and morphological traits of three potato cultivars were investigated. Six levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg urea. ha-1) and three commonly planted potato cultivars in the region (Arinda, Santeh and Agria as early, medium and late maturity varieties, respectively) were studied as a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Several criteria were used to quantify the difference between simulated and observed data. The root mean-squared error (RMSE-N (%)) was computed to measure the coincidence between measured and simulated values, while mean deviation (RMD) was calculated to evaluate the systematic bias of the model and model efficiency (ME) to estimate the model performance in relation to the observed mean.
Results and DiscussionThe evaluation of the SUBSTOR-Potato model showed adequate accuracy for simulating tuber yield, LAI, DTA and DTH of potato (Table 3). The results showed that the RMSE-N (%) was low for all the parameters. In both GCMs, number of days from planting to anthesis stages of potato decreased in compare to baseline of Fereydoon-Shahr region. Modeled values of day to anthesis in all scenarios and models (except B1 scenario in HadCM3 model) showed a decrease over the time, with the lowest amount in 2090. Under all scenarios and GCMs, the length of planting to harvest period will be declined in compareto baseline. Tuber yield will decline in compare to the baseline with a reduction range from 11.21% to 27.53% for HadCM3 model and from 12.60% to 30.58%for IPCM4 model. In HadCM3, B1 scenario in 2030 had the least difference with the baseline period (29.15 t ha-1) (Table 5), which is about 11.21% lower than the current condition. In IPCM4 model, the highest tuber yield was simulated under B1 scenario in 2030 (25.48 t ha-1), which shows a reduction of about 12.60% in compare to the baseline. A2 scenario in both GCMs showed the lowest tuber yield in 2090 (21.13 t ha-1 for HadCM3 and 20.24 t ha-1 for IPCM4), means a drop of 27.53% and 30.58% in tuber yield in compare to the baseline. In fact, in A1B, A2 and B1 scenarios, a decline of 20.29%, 27.53% and 16.04% in tuber yield for HadCM3 and a reduction of 20.88%, 30.58% and 17.90% for IPCM4 model was simulated, respectively.
ConclusionThe results indicated that tuber yield of common varieties of potato under all scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1) in both GCMs and during the evaluated years will decline in compare to the baseline in Fereydoon-shahr region.

In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost tea application on of the reduction of stress effect and improving sugar beet performance, a field experiment was conducted in split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at two regions including Shahrekord University and Shalamzar in 2015. Main plots consisted of three irrigation levels including 100%, 75% and 50% irrigation based on plant’s water requirement and sub-plots were allocated to three soluble including 27 and 54 lit ha-1 vermicompost tea application and sprayed with water (control). Result showed that foliar application of vermicompost tea increased membrane stability index, SPAD value, leaf area index, leaf number, root diameter, shoot and root dry weight, white sugar content, root yield and sugar yield. Water stress decreased all the above mentioned traits except white sugar content. Interaction between irrigation treatment and vermicompost tea application showed that the highest membrane stability index, SPAD value, root diameter, and root yield was achieved with 54 lit ha-1 vermicompost tea application × 100% irrigation based on plant’s water requirement. High correlation was observed between membrane stability index, SPAD value, leaf area index, leaf number, and root diameter with root dry weight.