mahnaz mahmoudi zarandi

As the cornerstone of modern construction, cement deals with concerns about energy consumption and pollution. This study compares the international approaches of EcoCem and Larestan Cement Manufacturing Plant within the “LEED” framework. Among the rising environmental worries, this study has been conducted to evaluate energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in cement manufacturing plants. In particular, this study compares EcoCem International Company and Larestan Cement Plant to identify innovative techniques and improvement potential within the LEED Framework. The main question asks which strategy can effectively increase sustainability in cement production. Comparative research facilitates a comprehensive analysis of energy use, emission, operational methods, reduction of wastes, economic aspects, stakeholders’ perceptions, and environmental impacts. Quantitative data, including energy bills and greenhouse gas emission reports, would complement the qualitative insight obtained from interviews with the factory’s personnel and society members. Statistical analysis and thematic investigation are used to encode the findings. This study evaluates two cement factories based on distinctive techniques using a comparative analysis. The multifaceted approach of the International EcoCem Company for energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is compared with the methods used by the Larestan Cement Plant. Quantitative measurements evaluate the differences, successes, and challenges occurring in energy profiles and their emissions, and finally provide practical advice. International Ecocem Company appears as a pioneer in energy efficiency and provides novel techniques in line with LEED principles. These techniques include high-tech production methods, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques, the use of renewable energies, alternative fuels, waste heat recovery, and comprehensive monitoring. On the contrary, Larestan Cement Plant’s attempts seem less than the comprehensive techniques, requiring fundamental revision to be matched with sustainability goals.

Numerous analyzes have been made on the criteria of beauty and its factors in architecture and art. Each of these perspectives is sometimes defined in the form of theory and sometimes as a stylistic manifesto. The classification of geometric features and visual compositions of architectural and artistic styles can help us to identify the influential elements in the perception of beauty. Stylistics needs to be measured by the product of different artistic or architectural styles in a general judgment. In this assessment, stylistic principles or aesthetic theories can be verified. At the same time, visual preferences are determined from the point of view of untrained audiences for architects and designers. What is defined as a criterion of beauty by professional architects and artists should ultimately be judged by the public. Different architecture and art were examined as background and then one hundred students not related to art and architecture were randomly selected for the test. In this test, a number of images of landmarks in different architectural styles were judged by the participants. . The results were analyzed using statistical analysis. The visual preferences of men and women were matched and it was determined that they have very different aesthetic priorities. But the total audience is mainly oriented towards folding, organic and sculptural styles, respectively. The most prominent visual features were curved lines and surfaces, flexible and fluid forms, legibility, unity and unity in components, balance and balance, integration with nature and naturalism, fit and harmony.These features are pervasive and independent of stylistic divisions.

The global cement industry is facing increasing scrutiny due to its environmental impacts and resource consumption. This study compares sustainability practices in Italian, German and Iranian cement industries. It focuses on waste management, resource efficiency and environmental effects during cement production. The aim of this research is to identify the differences in sustainable practices between Italian, German and Iranian cement industries and to investigate the factors that create these differences. What is the sustainability of Iran's cement industry compared to other countries? The current type of research is comparative and this study analyzes the Italian and German cement industries using data up to 2021. It examines aspects such as cement production, waste management, alternative materials and fuels. The limited availability of data limits the assessment of Iran's industry to a preliminary analysis. Germany excels in sustainability with proactive waste management, resource efficiency and reduced environmental impact, particularly through the use of recycled solid fuel. Conversely, Italy faces challenges in waste management, significant disposal of landfill waste and slow progress in adopting alternative materials and fuels. Italy and Germany have made significant progress, while Iran relies on older production methods. Addressing these disparities is critical to Iran's alignment with global sustainability efforts. Reassessing waste management, improving resource efficiency and meeting sustainability standards are vital in reducing the environmental impact of the cement industry.

Problem statement: 

The semantic values hidden in the architectural context of historical structures are investigated in this study. The research studies the interaction between form and meaning and investigates the complex links between the body, form, and spirit of architecture by focusing on the case of Sepah Street in Tehran. 

This study is based on the concept that architectural design has a deep capacity to convey meanings and these meanings are often deciphered through roles, expectations, and motivations. 

The main question of the research revolves around understanding the inherent semantic structure of the historical bodies of Sepah Street and how these structures help to understand the place. The study assumes that the architectural semantic values of historical structures can be analyzed through 25 indicators grouped into five value levels. These levels include various aspects such as basic balance, functional compatibility, emotional attachment, cultural identity, and symbolic abstraction. The research method was historical content analysis and data were collected quantitatively.

The results show that Sepah Street has a dynamic balance between tradition and modernity. This architecture shows a remarkable ability to expand the organic form while maintaining its essential character. The proportion, connection, rhythm, and order components create a harmonious unity among building elements that enhance the place’s sense. The historical context of the street seamlessly interacts with its surroundings and shows the importance of continuity and interaction. This study shows how the architectural configuration of Sepah Street communicates with its residents on emotional levels. The architectural simplicity of this place fosters a strong sense of belonging, while the intentional inclusion of ambiguity and harmony evokes an emotional depth that resonates with observers. In addition, this research shows how architectural design responds to cultural and symbolic values and shows identity, contrast, and harmony. The precise orchestration of these elements helps to form a coherent and meaningful architectural context.  In short, the research analyzes the semantic values hidden in the historical context of Sepah Street in Tehran., It highlights the subtle interplay between architectural form and the evocation of meaning by exploring the instant, functional, emotional, cultural, and symbolic dimensions comprehensively. The findings emphasize the importance of architectural design not only in the physical dimension but also in the essence of place, culture, and identity.

A large part of people’s social life takes place in public spaces where people’s social interactions are defined. Therefore, sociability is considered one of the most important qualities of public spaces. For a comprehensive and efficient study of the nature of public spaces, it is necessary to examine this nature in different time frames. A post-phenomenological approach helps to define the sense of place in relation to the sense of time. This approach examines public spaces as an event that opens themselves to changes and are formed simultaneously with dynamic activities. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to analyze a correlation between the time factor and the level of sociability indicators of public spaces affected by the time factor with a post-phenomenological approach and to investigate how the sociability factors are related to daily and annual time cycles, quantitatively and qualitatively. This study employs a mixed methods descriptive-analytical approach. This study focuses on the environment, behavior, analysis, and evaluation of the place and policies and programs using a case study in KoohSangi Square of Mashhad. Data was collected using documentary studies, closed-ended questionnaires, semi-structured in-depth interviews, and intermittent observations, and analyzed using analogical, content, graphics and Depthmap 1, and SSPS software. The findings show that the degree of influence of indicators in promoting the sociability of public spaces is strongly influenced by the time factor. This means that most of the indicators have been very successful in attracting people to the space in some specific periods. While this is not the case in other periods their effects are greatly reduced. Coordinating and assimilating indicators with the needs of the audience in different time frames has a great impact on the social-spatial function of public spaces and improving their sociability and the physical-spatial characteristics related to the sociability indicators of the space in different time cycles are in accordance with the desired and usual behavior patterns of the users and at the highest level of integration, form, space, function and time are a suitable ground for the occurrence of cultural events or the physical representation of collective values and norms.

Since vernacular architecture is formed in harmony with the "lived experience" of the natives, it is an architecture of existential space, which, from a poetic point of view, is an unexpected and at the same time liberating space that is discovered and understood through imagination. Therefore, the present article, by referring to the phenomenological approach that is rooted in philosophy and refers to concepts such as "lived experience" and "perception" of human beings, examines the issue in a way that "how" is possible.

to answer the main question of the research: "How can the phenomenological criteria derived from Heidegger and Schultz's theories provide an existential analysis of the realization of habitation/dwelling in the indigenous architecture of Manoujan region?", Phenomenological criteria derived from basic theoretical studies in Heidegger's philosophy of existence and the phenomenology of place in Schultz's research, include: one case dependent variable of "Dwelling", and ten independent variables including: "Spatiality", "Gathering", "Character", and "Poetic" were extracted and compiled.

Then, the findings of field studies on Manoujan vernacular architecture were presented in the form of analysis and description by Schultz and Heidegger phenomenological criteria in order to achieve a deeper and better understanding of Manoujan vernacular architecture in describing and interpreting the phenomenological phenomena with the mentioned criteria. What significantly distinguishes this habitat - the collection of adjacent capers - from similar specimens is the type of material, the shape, and manner of the capers and other related elements, on the one hand, and the habitat that has been established there, on the other.

The results showed that the settlement in question, despite all the economic problems and severe poverty of its inhabitants, has the necessary components for the realization of habitation/dwelling and sense of place in accordance with the authentication and admittance of utility and therefore in relation to form and space. Finally, it was tried to show that this "dwelling" method has advantages that are neglected in current architectural research and studies; the advantages are focused on the "lived experience" of the residents and their existential relationship with their environment and place of living, which seems to be better seen with existential analysis and a phenomenological approach.

Background and objective:

 Despite conducting numerous studies in the two areas of “architectural design process” and “post-disaster housing reconstruction” in recent years in Iran, limited studies have been conducted for the meta-study of these two areas. Therefore, to redefine the “post-disaster housing reconstruction” and strengthen the common theoretical foundations, the current study aims to review the related studies to obtain in-depth knowledge of the concepts common between post-disaster housing reconstruction and architectural design process, extract operational concepts, and formulate a proposed conceptual model.

Method :

This is a mixed-method meta-study using an interpretive-naturalistic approach. The articles published in Persian over the last twenty years were searched using the keywords “housing architecture design process”, “post-disaster housing reconstruction,” and “participatory architecture design process and post-disaster housing “. The initial search yielded 168 articles. After several stages of screening, 66 articles were selected for further review. Quantitative analysis was done using descriptive statistics in Excel software. Qualitative analysis was done using the coding technique and MaxQDA software.

Results:

 The studies in the field of Iranian architecture are mainly subject-oriented and independent of time and place, based on theoretical knowledge along with the global knowledge of architecture and in line with the third generation of design processes (mental processes of architects). Meanwhile, the articles in the field of post-disaster housing reconstruction in Iran are mainly experience-oriented and location-oriented, with an applied design and using a case study method. 

Conclusion :

The “post-disaster housing design process,” due to its nature, includes all three generations of architectural design processes, including systematic, collaborative, and mental processes. Recognizing and redefining the “steps of post-disaster housing design and planning”, “roles and responsibilities”, and “managing the implementation of plans and programs” related to the systematic processes; “participatory design and participatory architects”, “participation in post-disaster design and supply of housing”, “effective factors, barriers, and facilitators of participation” related to the collaborative processes; and “architect- and problem-focused design factors”, “architect’s post-disaster knowledge and attitude towards the situation”, “redefining the post-disaster contextual architecture” and “ mentalizing factors of the architect and disaster survivors” related to the mental processes are the most important issues involved in the three generations of the post-disaster housing design process.

Despite the existence of many advantages in Iran’s rail transportation, only a certain range of users has benefited from this massively useful system due to its performance-based approach and reliance on visual cues. As a result, users have experienced difficulties with navigation- orientation, among other issues. These difficulties stem from a lack of attention to other sensory experiences and the need to enhance the sensory richness of users through thoughtful design of architectural and informational components within rail stations. Thus, explaining the suitable solutions to improve navigation - orientation has a significant impact in decreasing user confusion and establish a sense of place within these spaces. The general perception of navigation and orientation strategies in public spaces involves a variety of signage, boards, and information systems that have been employed at the city level, sometimes effectively and sometimes ineffectively. However, in this research, the purpose of navigation- orientation is to make the environment detectable and give it a strong structure by “informational” and “architectural” elements and components, which are the most important components for influencing routing and orientation in station spaces. The purpose of this study is to present solutions to facilitate and improve the performance of users’ routing and orientation in Tehran railway stations. It seems that the process of routing and orientation of subway users is facilitated by informational and architectural components based on sensory enrichment.

This study utilized a descriptive-analytical method to examine the navigation-orientation process in a selected case sample. After evaluating the sample and identifying areas for improvement, strategies were proposed to enhance routing and orientation within station spaces by emphasizing the sensory experiences of users. Valiasr Square subway station was examined based on some reasons, such as the complexity of the station, intersection and multi-functionality, the combination of underground and surface space and the diversity of the station’s users. The statistical population of the study was the users of Valiasr station, who are selected using a purposeful random method. Data for this study was collected through both bibliographic and field methods. The bibliographic method involved presenting the theoretical framework and identifying research components. The field method, on the other hand, utilized space syntax analysis and a researcher-designed questionnaire in two stages to gather the necessary information. The data collection instrument for this study was a closed-ended questionnaire consisting of 40 Likert-scale questions. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: the first part focused on personal characteristics of the respondents, while the second part comprised questions related to the research variables presented in an illustrated format. Finally, the validity of the questions was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and its validity was verified using Cronbach’s alpha method. In the first stage, the sample station was analyzed using the space syntax method in the DepthmapX software. This is because of enriching the questionnaires by the users in the next stage of the research. In the second stage, the sample station was measured by completing the research process, developing an illustrated questionnaire, and creating special sensory conditions by the users. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (path analysis) with SPSS- software. 

The collected data was analyzed by path analysis. The increase of path coefficients from 0.435 to 0.536 and 0.571 by the impact of sensory richness on the informational and architectural components of the sample station verified the solidarity of the research hypothesis and the results indicated that the coefficient of sensory richness on the informational components is 0.462 and 0.531on architectural components. Also, information components with a coefficient of 0.218 and architectural components with a coefficient of 0.256 are effective in facilitating the navigation process for users. Indeed, these components mitigate the complexity of the space. The results of the analysis by space syntax, in the DepthmapX software (the sample station (Vali Asr Square)), indicate the improvement of the navigation-orientation performance of users in the station, in case of widening from the street level to the rail. The use of VGA analysis shows which spaces are more visible and which are less. Spaces that are more enclosed and lack vertical expansion restrict users’ depth and angle of view, leading to decreased legibility of the space and difficulties with routing and orientation. Conversely, expanding the central spaces of the station increases users’ depth and angle of view, directly enhancing the ease of routing and orientation within the space.

The findings of this study suggest that sensory-based design of informational and architectural components is an effective approach to improving the navigation and orientation process. The study’s findings suggest that creating sensory-rich station spaces that fully engage users’ sensory perceptions, incorporating meaningful elements, and improving navigation and orientation can reduce confusion, enhance users’ sense of confidence, and provide psychological security. Furthermore, it can increase productivity and create opportunities for individual and collective memories, a sense of belonging, and complementing functions such as festivals, memorials, exhibitions, and urban gatherings. By improving the quality of station spaces from a mere functional space to a safe, diverse, memorable, and dynamic place, rail transport systems can become more efficient and accommodate more users while providing suitable sensory places for citizens. Most of these improvements can be achieved with minimal changes and low costs to existing station spaces.

In this research, the effect of the effective parameters in the iwan on the cooling performance of summer rooms in the residential structures of Yazd city was evaluated. The aim of the current research is to provide an optimal model for increasing sustainable development for contemporary housing in a hot and dry climate. Therefore, in the beginning, in order to investigate the effect of the effective parameters on the iwan, field studies and typology of the house plans of Yazd were studied, and in the next step, the base models were simulated in the Ecotect software and for data analysis, the EnergyPlus software was used. Then, the criteria and sub-criteria of the optimal iwan model were ranked after determining the weight of parameters affecting iwan and prioritizing them using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in Super Decisions. The results showed that the main criteria were ranked in the following order: changing the height of iwan, the effect of the main zone, determining the optimal weight of length, height, and depth parameters on iwan, and determining the optimal dimensions of iwan in (summer rooms). The positive effect of the iwan itself shows the advantage of using this idea in sustainable housing designs and suitable for hot and dry climate

In this research, a part of Rasht’s residential vernacular architecture has been analysed to use natural ventilation against the high humidity. The solutions to confront with this humidity is important because of rasht’s high humidity in most months of year. Half-opened spaces have very important role to reduce humidity. so it is necessary to anderstand the best type of these spaces to use more natural ventilation. Research methodology is descriptive- analytic and information was gathered throw documents and observation. This information was analysed with software. In this regard Rasht’s climate information in different months of year had been analysed with software, different forms of half-opened spaces were sorted, characters of vernacular architecture in Rasht’s old house were gathered and the role of half-opened spaces to use natural ventilation was analysed. The sample of wind flow and natural ventilation in two old houses of Rasht was analysed with Fluent software and the best sample was suggested. The results shows that Eyvans as half-opened spaces have an important role to reduce humidity and use natural ventilation.

Paying attention to environmental quality factors in designing educational spaces has a great impact on the performance of the main users of these spaces, i.e. students. In this context, One of the most effective environmental quality factors is the use of daylight in educational spaces , which in addition to affecting how users perform , also affects the amount of energy savings. The quality of daylight is the most important factors affecting student performance. Considering all the features, designers should design the daylight and artificial lighting from the initial stage of design so that they can provide a comfortable and healthy environment. Adequate clarity is a prerequisite for performing visual tasks but in many cases, visual vision is still dependent on other factors depends. To properly distribute light, it is important to know that the amount of light in a space is determined by the reflection of surfaces and direct ambient light. The goal of interior architecture in practical classes is to improve the physical and mental function of the space to facilitate its activity. Color, light, textures, furniture and all the factors in the workshop are an integral part of interior architecture. One of the various factors that affect architecture is the light factor, which in this article deals with the visual quality of this important factor. The purpose of this research is to achieve the extent and effect of the direction and dimensions of the window on the proper use of daylight and the quality of lighting in a classroom in various situations. The main variables in this research for windows are the dimensions of the glass surface and the reflection of the materials, which have been studied as factors analyzed in the charitable design and the quality of lighting and the visual and non-visual effects of the window. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-quantitative in terms of type of research and analytical- numerical research method is based on computer modeling. The example of this research is a common class of practical courses that includes research variables and the software checked the quality of its lighting in different directions on the first day of each month then effect of window dimensions in the workshop was then evaluated by Dialux software. It should be noted that the case study of this article has many similarities in terms of design principles with most classes of practical courses in Iranian schools. Possible results suggest that not only the placement of the window in the classroom but also the dimensions of the window and the texture of materials and furniture can have a major impact on the quality and quality of lighting in practical classrooms and the designers of the studios will be aware of the quality of work and increase the efficiency of service and study, reduce errors and increase the accuracy of the staff, prevent the feeling of tiredness and maintain the health and vision of the users of the studios and motivate the design is.

Fire safety is almost impossible. Providing security in historical buildings has many challenges due to the architectural design, neighbors, structure and materials used and possibly human interventions as well as laws related to restoration. These buildings were built with the technology and facilities of their time. And they may not conform to today's standard codes. Numerous intentional and unintentional fires in recent years show the weakness of these buildings against fire. The historical market of Tabriz is the largest indoor market in the Middle East and one of the most important markets in Iran. Many references, construction conditions, variety of goods and their economic value have made this market an important area in terms of safety. Recent incidents show the vulnerability of the complex against fire. The last fire occurred on May 18, 2018, and many shops were damaged. In addition to the fire damage, parts of the building were also damaged due to the use of water during the fire. This research intends to provide the most optimal solution to answer the main question of the research, i.e. reducing the vulnerability to fire, by studying the past fires and examining the existing challenges, and knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the collection and using the opinions of experts. This research has been conducted in a combined (qualitative-quantitative) way. At first, the researcher with the help of the community of experts in the field of architecture and urban planning and using the network sampling method (snowball) and also after the interview using the open and axial coding technique and the Delphi exploratory survey method (members of the scientific faculty of architecture and urban planning of the country's universities) ) has prepared a table of objectives and contents. Then the relevant table was converted into a questionnaire and the questionnaire was distributed in 2 stages. Then, the data was analyzed with the help of SPSS 26 software. Based on the analysis of the Q factor, the extraction results and finally the most effective factors affecting the reduction of fire vulnerability in Tabriz market have been determined. The results of this research show that accessibility, safety and evacuation, self-safety and non-flammability against fire and its products, and responsive installation systems have the greatest impact in reducing vulnerability to fire in Tabriz market.

Increasing population and construction of tall buildings have multiplied the presence of environmental pollutants in cities. On the other hand, people use open urban environments more than before to meet their living needs. In this regard, various factors such as the layout of buildings and the presence of continuous wind currents can play a significant role in the distribution of pollutant particles. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of the layout of high-rise residential buildings on the distribution of pollutant particles by recognizing the air flow in Tehran.

In this research, using descriptive-analytical and comparative methods, using simulation technique using ENVI-met software, wind behavior around the distribution of pollutants has been investigated and analyzed. The method of data collection has been done through library studies and field survey.

According to the modeling of the two different types of layout of selected urban block (Sobhan residential complex in Gheytariyeh district, Tehran)with similar building form–one as the existing situation and the other as the proposed model with orderly layout, the findings demonstrate that the layout alternation of residential blocks affects the natural airflow and wind speed between blocks and an improper and non-methodical locating of high-rise buildings causes a change in natural wind pattern and consequently, leads to secondary effects resulted from intensification or stagnation of wind and thus, influences the dispersion of pollutant particles.

In this research, the obtained results from the two models of buildings layout in the software and the output related to the intensity of wind and the retention level of CO show that the existing situation model is more desirable compared to the proposed layout due to more unified and higher wind speed throughout the site and also proper air circulation between blocks which causes the dispersion of pollution and prevents the retention of pollutant particles.

The use of non-renewable energies in the past has led to diminished energy resources together with emission of greenhouse gases, and the serious problem of climate changes. Therefore, using an alternative model will have a significant share in reducing energy consumption, and more importantly, improving the quality of life. The improvement in indoor air quality and subsequent indoor thermal comfort using natural ventilation relies on such factors as air flow, indoor and outdoor temperatures, surrounding buildings, and most importantly, proportions of openings. Among these factors, opening and its design can be best controlled.

In the present article, the ventilations in Kolbadi house-Sari and Shafahi house-Amol (both belonging to the Qajar period) are analyzed in Fluent using CFD method.

According to the results, there is a direct relationship between the volume of ventilation space (space configuration) and position of openings, and configuration and proportion of inlet opening to outlet opening has a direct effect on the behavior of air flow in natural cross ventilation, and can affect air flow velocity for better ventilation. In case of openings that play the role of ventilation, it is better to enlarge the inlet instead of minifying the outlets to improve the efficiency of the ventilation.

In the software analyzes, the results were identical for almost all areas examined. The analyses confirmed the increased airflow rate by a "2-fold" ratio of the opening area of the inlet to the outlet with similar results.  Therefore, in Cs climate of Iran, the relationship of climate with indigenous architecture, the need for natural air flow and physical specifications of opening for human comfort can be observed.

The formed buildings in the margins of streets, while being incompatible and unrelated to the cultural identity, cause a great deal of dangers to both passersby and residents in case of a crisis. Considering that Iran and specially Tehran somehow has been threatened by foreign enemies, the pathology of buildings in case of military attacks and discussing
the strength of buildings against explosions and the shots of attacks is very important and strategic. From the defense considerations perspective, facades are the weakest part of buildings against explosion. The facade of a building may be locally damaged and destroyed due to an explosion, so the facade pathology can reduce the number of casualties and can efficiently effect on the way people deal with a crisis while they are threatened. Architectural planning needs a pre-crisis pathology in order to be capable of dealing with incidents crisis and attacks with explosive waves properly. Vulnerability is a term used to indicate the magnitude and extent of the damages that may have occurred to communities, buildings, and geographical areas in result of natural disasters. The aim of this research is to provide an appropriate method for assessing the vulnerability of the building facade to explosion. Minor aims include:1. Achieving the effect of structural, non-structural, and the age of the building on vulnerability of the facades against blast wave
2. Identifying the effective elements on the resistance of the urban building facades against blast wave and the conversion of effective elements into measurable indicators
3. Characterizing the vulnerable facades in low, medium, and high vulnerability spectrums Amiriyeh neighborhood that is located in the 11th district of Tehran, is one the oldest
areas of this city. Due to the demographical compression and residential, commercial, and administrative land use in this area, it is rated as a highly populated area, which makes it seriously vulnerable in times of crisis. The 11th district of Tehran, which is the subject of this article, has an area of 1200 hectares while a population of 245,000 people and the concentration of crucial political land use makes it the most important region of Tehran. The over-compression of administrative and political land use and the way they are located in the area and beside each other, has increased the importance of this district. Such a characteristic has made it a permanent desirable target for military invasions of foreign enemies or terrorists. Accordingly, it is essential to adopt measures and methods that reduce the level of vulnerability of the area against conventional threats, which can result in severe damages to the buildings and people. In this research, four main indicators of architectural facades including compatibility of the building with demography, service life of the building, structural elements, and non-structural elements have been studied. The sub-indicators are as follows: construction age, building quality, block size, employment coefficient, form of the building and openings, balconies, materials, construction methods and roofing systems. The evaluation of the mentioned indicators has been done using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Weighing and prioritizing of the indicators was firstly done considering the views of seven specialists and then by Expert Choice software. After reaching the high priority indicators using the methods explained above, they were evaluated using GIS and multiplied by their weight coefficients and placed together to draw the plans of highly vulnerable areas and to be used as a hint for identifying the areas, which need to be secured. The results of this study show that the priority of defensive vulnerability factors of the district are mostly affected by those, which are related to the indicator of building compatibility with the urban demography and construction age as the first and second important indicators respectively. The occurrence of a crisis such as an explosion seems to involve the whole structure of a neighborhood depending on the blast distance and the amount of explosives used and this reflects the importance of a building in the overall urban space in neighborhood scale, which can have many parameters in vulnerability analysis. The high vulnerability of Amiriye neighborhood is due to demographic erosion for older buildings and low strength of materials used in the façades of newly built buildings in Amiriye neighborhood. Weak connections between the façade structure and the main structure are proved the most significant factor of their collapse against explosions. Considering the old and compressed demography of the following area, indicators such as the number of stories is the most vulnerable sub-indicator with a score of 1.753. The block size with a score of 0.568, building quality (considering old demography and the presence of restored and destructed buildings compared to the newly built ones) with 0.551, and the type of building frame in most of the buildings with 0.451, are the next priorities.

Ilam province has historical monuments that castles are such of this works and due to geographical and historical position, the area is of greater diversity and certain architectural features. This article seeks to find dominant style, design patterns and common significant characteristics between the castles of the Qajar era in Ilam province. The main question is whether socio-political, cultural and indigenous concepts in the formation of performances and spaces and their relationships in the castle are effective?
According to this, researching and studying the style and way of life of the people at that time, is vernacular architecture, and socio-political and cultural conditions of that era. Theoretical framework of research is based on the design features of common architecture of castles. The methodology of research is historical interpretative andreasoning method of this research is analogical. Data were collected in two ways, documentary and library.
The results suggest that these types of buildingswere constructed in different climatic conditions and with a relatively different form and they had almost similar user;Common patterns existed in their design, which has largely been influenced by past behavior patterns. In this regard, we can refer to following design patterns: the type and style entrances, type of plan and spatial relationships, and locating of some spaces such as toilets and king rooms, etc., the fitness of built spaces and open spaces and consistency and following of the style of decorations ofQajar era and the user of castles that the type of all buildings isdesert castles (Dashti castles) with the user of mansion castle (Dar-al-emareh castles).

A green roof which is created with purpose of converting dead roof spaces into a dynamic environment¡ are considered as private spaces. Green roof is a roof that covers much or all of the space with vegetation and soil or covered by vegetative medium. Limitations of energy resources¡ growing trend of energy consumption and adverse effects and irreparable damages to the natural environment are important concerns of urban. One way to reduce energy consumption of buildings is Garden Roof. If garden roof or green roof would be correctly designed¡ implemented by considering climate issues¡ it can help to reduce energy consumption. Also the growing trend of energy consumption is one of the major concerns for cities. Green roof has a significant role in urban ecological efficiency and quality of urban life. Green roofs have significant influences on the city scale. Plants because of their biological functions such as photosynthesis¡ sweating¡ breathing and evaporation beside a layer of soil¡ affect the environmental factors and improve the quality and quantity the surrounding ecosystem. Chlorophyll creation has a positive impact on the space of city while regional climate and indoor air of building have high impacts on it and its role in air cooling through preventing solar radiation. This air cooling made by reducing thermal fluctuations on the outdoor roof and increasing heat capacity of the roof will take place under the roof space in summer and increase heating rate in winter. However its effects are not significant in summer¡ plants positively will have effects on heat performance of roof in summer as they always keep amount of air around their roots and stems which act as a thermal insulation layer. Green roof includes the original layers of vegetation¡ growing media¡ Insulation layer¡ Drainage layer¡ Protection layer¡ Root barrier¡ Waterproof membrane that will vary regarding to the types of used materials¡ compositions of different layers¡ and quality impacts on thermal performance. In green roof¡ vegetation and growing media play main role in heating transfer and other layers¡ depending on their used materials¡ influence differently on total heat transfer of roof while the number of layers cannot effectively influences on heating ratio. Noting Vegetation type and thickness of the growing media basically are important in thermal performance of the green roof. Plants regarding to their biological functions (photosynthesis¡ sweating¡ breathing and evaporation)¡ create a thermal layer due to air storage through the plant’s foliages and roots and producig carbohydrates¡ lead to reduce heat transfer and follow temperature control of structure. In addition¡ according to the vegetation¡ expanded thicknesses of growing media can double the thermal effect of green roof. Studies show that the used materials in green roof systems and its implementation in European¡ American¡ Asian¡ and etc. due to the various potential and ecological benefits of green roofs¡ are defferent. The inappropriate use of fossil energies and non- standard construction of buildings which lead to thermal energy lost; by emphasis on thermal performance of green roofs¡ makes it more important for Iran. For this purpose to minimize heat transfer from inside to outdoor and contrariwise performance in winter and summer¡ suitable details are defined. In this survey after explaining green roof¡ the heat transfer component for green roof is analyzed with the hypothesis that mentions “we can design an optimized detail for green roof and add a layer to it to increase its thermal performance”. The optimum detail of green roofs to reduce heat transfer is compared with conventional green roofs. It is observed that defined defined detail¡ respect to conventional green roofs has desired effect on reduction of heat transfer between the roof and its underlying layers. The number of layers in optimized green roof decrease to three main layers of vegetation¡ growing media¡ and designed layer while using materials with low heat transfer coefficient or almost insulated ones. In addition its main factors include: speed and easiness in implementing¡ reducing loads on the building structure¡ reduction of layers numbers¡ low cost of implementation and more important than all¡ positive effect of designed detail on heat transfer reduction. In this article¡ research method in investigation advantages¡ standards¡ and thermal performance was qualitative¡ but the survey for extracting detail of green roof was quantitative. Methodology for investigating benefits of green roof was descriptive and qualitative while in parts related to software analyses¡ the quantitative approach and analytical methodology were used.

Green roof is a roof which is mostly covered with vegetation and soil or is covered with vegetative medium. Chlorophyll creation has a positive impact on the climate of the city and can also contribute positively to providing cool air inside the buildings. This cooling of air occurs through reducing the penetration of heat through the roof and providing a stronger insulation to prevent indoor air to become warm. As a result، the indoors temperature can be easily decreased during summer and increased during winter. Reducing energy consumption is one of the major concerns for sustainability in cities. Creating roof garden is suggested as one of the ways to reduce energy consumption in major cities. Roof garden or green roof - if properly designed and implemented by considering climate issues - can greatly help to reduce energy consumption. Changing buildings roofs to green roofs could improve the exchange of air between areas of high building density and open spaces between them and accordingly adjust the city›s air moisture. This technology has several advantages including less wastage of heating and cooling، purification of air، reduction of noise pollution، and most importantly energy consumption efficiency – factors that can help the stabilization of city life. Due to the improvement in the social، economic and environmental conditions، the development of green roofs have always been at the top of the agenda in advanced cities. Heat loss through the roof of the buildings is high and there is a lot of energy wastage in higher floors units. Therefore، the green roof is a solution for this problem. Green roofs by rising roofing layers، act as a thermal insulation and help control heat exchanges between the inside and outside of the buildings. In the present research، after recognizing that benefits of green roofs with this hypothesis that “green roof and how design of green roof have effective role in reduce heat transfer” with help of analysis software called ansys، three samples of conventional roofs، green roofs conventional and green roofs with special detail (fiber glass layers) analyzed and heat transfer comparative compared. Also، installed heat sensors to verify the thermal performance of green roofs for designed green roofs and simple ample of normal green roof، indicate optimization of designed green roof respect to normal green roofs، heat performance wise. With software analysis and laboratory samples، green roof compared to 50% less heat transfer rather conventional roof and green roof with fiber glass layers to 40% rather green roof conventional optimized. Shading and evaporative cooling plants and also the role of roof layers that all perform like insulation، have effective role in reduce heat transfer. In researched، methodology research related to the benefits of green roof is descriptive and qualitative approach. But in sectors related to software analysis، these had quantitative approach and analytical methodology.