فهرست مطالب malihe amini

The use of microalgae is an effective path in the process of advanced wastewater treatment in order to remove nutrients. In this study, living microalgae, Dunaliella salina was cultivated and then used in a series of batch experiments for the removal of nitrate and phosphate from wastewater.

The effect of changes in NO3- and PO43- concentrations (2.5-13 mg/l) on the removal efficiency using D. salina was evaluated during the 12-day growth period in the laboratory of Offshore Fisheries Research Center, Chabahar, 2017.

Results indicated that the maximum nitrate and phosphate removal efficiency using D. salina were 51.5% and 93.4%, respectively. The range of initial nitrate and phosphate concentrations were 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12 mg/l and among them, the highest efficiency of nutrients removal after the control sample was obtained in 2.5 mg / l concentration of nitrate and phosphate. Phosphate removal efficiency was higher than nitrate at all concentrations and this shows that living microalgae D. salina has a good compatibility for growth in phosphate-contaminated wastewater. However, nitrate removal percentage is also significant and applicable to wastewater treatment systems. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium models were also investigated in absorption process from solutions by living microalgae and the results of experiments were more consistent with Langmuir equilibrium model with R2 levels of 0.87 and 0.56 for nitrate and phosphate, respectively.

The results of this investigation suggested that D. salina is suitable as a biosorbent material for recovery and biosorption of nitrate and phosphate ions from aqueous solutions and wastewaters.

Today, due to high prices and destructive effects of uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers on the environment and the quantity and quality of agricultural products, use of sulfur as a micro element and also acidifying agent in soil is too important and necessary.  

In order to evaluate and compare the effect of sulfur on yield and the ability to micro elements absorption with oilseed safflower, canola, corn and fodder plants sorghum and pigweed in a calcareous soil a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experimental factors were contain sulfur fertilizer in two levels (without application and consumed 500 kilograms per hectare).  

Results showed that the use of sulfur caused a significant increase in wet and dry weight in all plant species and the maximum increase was observed in corn and sorghum species. The use of sulfur causes significant increase absorption of iron and zinc in roots and shoots of all species of plant.

Among the oilseeds, the effect of sulfur application on corn and canola was higher than safflower and the sorghum forage had better performance than the pigweed.

Heavy metals cases are threatening the health of ecosystems. Accumulation of metals in the soil allows them to plant crops and thus increases the risk of agriculture crops health. The goal of this research was conducted to evaluate zinc stress resistance for Pharagmites australis in greenhouse conditions.

Experimental design was performed in an entirely randomized plan having two factors and three replications, 2016 at University of Jiroft. Digestion and preparation of samples were done by dry burning method and then Zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption.

Greenhouse experiments results showed that with increasing in metal concentration treatments, its absorbing with shoot and root were increased. However, impressive accumulation of zinc was in root and its translocation and accumulation in shoot has been reported much less.

With absorb and accumulate of metals in root, ability of plant growth was decreased with changes in physiological characteristics. Results of regression analysis showed concentration increasing of zinc in P. australis organs under these metal stress condition were fitted as a quadratic function with R2 >90 (p<0.01). In summary results of this research show high relatively resistant of P. australis to zinc stress as necessary metal in plants, high accumulation capacity for metal in its root organ and low heavy metal translocation factor.

Wastewater reclamation involving a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) has received more attention recently due to its high nutrient removal efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and low footprint. This study attempts to develop a stable and applicable activated sludge SBR for simultaneous carbon and nutrient removal from industrial wastewater. The derived-filed data were explored by response surface methodology (RSM) to identify the impact of operational variables on the SBR performance. Optimum conditions were obtained at 4000 mg/L MLSS, 100: 8: 2 COD: N: P ratio, 40 min/h aeration time, and 40 h cycling time, which resulted in the removal of 82.53% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 89.83% TKN, 87.23% PO43--P, and 73.46% NO3--N. Moreover, the sludge volume index (SVI) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS)/mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) ratio were 64.8 mL/g and 0.8, respectively. The maximum nitrification rate was calculated as 113.9 mg/L.d, which increased with the rise of the initial ammonium concentration. The specific denitrification rate (SDNR) was estimated in the range of 0.003-0.07 mgNO3--N/mg MLVSS.d, depicting the high potential of the SBR reactor to eliminate nitrate by granular sludge. Accordingly, the removal efficiency of the optimized system revealed a notable capability towards meeting environmental regulations.

The physical, chemical and microbial properties of drinking water are the basis for judging its drinking potential. Undesirable changes in these parameters can threaten the health of consumers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbial quality of drinking water and compare it with national standards and the Environmental Protection Agency.

33 samples from 11 stations in the water distribution network of Jiroft were collected directly. Physical and chemical tests include Electrolytic Conductivity, pH, Turbidity, Residual chlorine, Total soluble solids (TDS), Fluoride and Nitrate were done based on the standard methods and microbial tests also included total coliform and fecal coliform with multi-pipe fermentation method was applied. This study was performed in the 2017 year.

The average of the measured parameters were included electrical conductivity 720.69 microsiem/cm, turbidity 0.53 NTU, pH 7.86, total soluble solids 397.8, chlorine residue 0.32, nitrate 11.77 and chlorine residue 0.66 mg/l. Other than Nitrates and TDS, which were above the national standard, other parameters were in national standards and EPA drinking water. Also, the health quality of the water distribution network in Jiroft was not a problem, and it was at the national level and the EPA.

In general, it can be said that the drinking water of the Jiroft distribution network is without problem in physically, chemically and biologically aaspects and it is safe to drink.

In this study, the amount of exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons) from the exhaust of Peykan and Zamyad cars in Shiraz in the years between 2003-2011 was investigated and was compared with the standard environment.

In this research, using systematic random sampling data from the 320 vehicles referring to Valiasr Technical Examination Center of Shiraz during 5 months was done. Measurement of exhaust outlet parameters was done by Gasoline Pollution Control Device and also Data analysis was done using SPSS software and independent t-test at 5% confidence level and then charts were drawn in Microsoft Excel software.

The results showed that in most cases, with updating cars model, the amount of HC and CO were decreased and the amount of these pollutants is at the standard level of the environment. So that the amount of carbon monoxide in Zamyad from 4.27 to 0.35 and in Peykan from 6.28 to 2.96 the volume percentages reached from 2003 to 2011 years. Also, the amount of unburned hydrocarbons decreased from 644 ppm to 78 ppm in the Zamyad and from 571 ppm to 298 ppm for Peykan in the period 2003 to 2011 And in both cars, emissions have been downward.

In general, the amount of exhaust pollutants from both cars will not have a disturbing effect on the health of residents in Shiraz. Therefore, it is hoped that with measures such as paying attention to environmental standards to eliminate air pollution, adjust and timely service of car engines and accessories to prevent the spread of air pollutants, prevent the traffic of high-pollution cars and timeworn cars can be taken an effective step to reduce air pollution in cities.

Red tide is an algal bloom phenomenon which causes a lack of oxygen in the deeper water layers and with consumption of oxygen in the water, conditions for growth and aquatic life will be very hard and also can cause fish death. Algal bloom is a very complex phenomenon. In some cases, it has quite natural origin and sometimes it is occurred due to anthropogenic activities. In the absence of anthropogenic cause of this phenomenon, there are varieties of factors such as wastewater, agricultural and industrial wastewaters which contains Nitrate and Phosphate and in large quantities used in agricultural fertilizers; important factors affecting the aquatic environment are exacerbated in low-oxygen conditions. Also increase in greenhouse gases, Iron-rich dust, hydrological factors and massive changes in global climate, handling and transport of non-indigenous species through ballast water of ships and many unknown factors are affecting on occurrence of the red tide. Algal bloom could affect the fishes, aquatic organisms, and also could have negative effects on economy and health of the local peoples in the affected region.

Water pollution with heavy metals is one of the most important environmental problems that affect human life and health by causing serious diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to control their presence in the environment. Despite the high use of zinc in industry and the pollution of water resources by effluents containing it and the problems caused 0062002y the presence of this metal in drinking water, a study on the use of chitosan nanoparticles taken from the waste of fish breeding workshops and Shrimp has not been done to optimally remove this metal from water sources.

Here, a nanocomposite of chitosan and graphene oxide was synthesized at the University of Jiroft in 2019 and used for removal of zinc metal from industrial wastes. The effects of initial solution pH (2-7), chitosan/graphene oxide bio-sorbent dose (0-1.5 g/l), initial zinc (II) concentration (10-200 mg/l) and contact time on the uptake capacity of metal (30- 420 min) were investigated.

This nanocomposite was exhibited the highest metal ions uptake capacity (89.2 mg/g) at pH value of 4.0, biomass dose 0.01 g/l, metal concentration of 200 mg/l and contact time 420 min. The structural stability and efficient adsorption capacity of adsorbent was proved after four times adsorption–desorption cycles and after that uptake capacity was 19.35 mg/g.

The results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite from chitosan and graphene oxide could be used as a potentially good adsorbent to remove Zn2+ simultaneously in aqueous solutions.

The use of crop residues grown in contaminated soils such as iron mine soils can to some extent improves soil properties such as soil fertility, soil organic matter and soil microbial activity. Therefore, this type of soil can be used to supplying the plant's need for copper and iron elements. For this purpose impact of safflower, clover, corn, canola, amaranth and sorghum residues contains iron and copper (25 mg/kg) on growth of tomato and compensation of iron and copper deficiency (1/7 and 1 mg /kg) were investigated in soil with intense deficiency of microelements. This research was done in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The results showed that use of plant residues especially clover and corn Compared with control treatment improved optimum growth of tomato. Also the addition of rapeseed and clover residues increased the concentration of copper in the roots and shoots of tomato plant, respectively. Also greatest increase of iron concentration was observed in roots and shoots of sorghum. Therefore, application of plant residues containing nutrients as green manure while saving chemical fertilizers, will resolved the shortage of these elements (iron and copper) in agricultural soils and Due effect of plant residues on soil chemical and physical characteristics and their role in plant nutrition managing, plant residues can play an important role in providing organic matter, especially in arid areas.

This study evaluates the risk of mercury and arsenic metals in the longtail tuna fish (Thunus tonggol) and blacrskspot snaper fish (Lutjanus ehrenbergii) in the Oman Sea for various people (adults, women and children). Mercury and arsenic concentrations in the fish muscle tissues were determined by using the standard methods D-6722 and chemical digestion, respectively. The number of 34 and 30 samples of longtail tuna fish and blacrskspot snaper fish were randomly selected, respectively. The mean mercury and Arsenic in the longtail tuna fish were obtained0.24±0.012 and 0.13±0.006µg/g wet weight, and they were in the blacrskspot snaper fish, 0.16±0.008 and 0.09±0.008 µg/g wet weight, respectively. The mean mercury concentration, only in the longtail tuna fish was exceeded than the US EPA standard set for mercury in the fish (0.1 μg/g wet weight).The mean arsenic concentration in longtail tuna and blacrskspot snaper fish were lower than the US EPA standard for arsenic (0.3 μg/g wet weight). The hazard quotient (HQ) was only higher than 1 for mercury concentration in the longtail tuna fish for children. The lowest monthly allowed consumption for arsenic were obtained in the longtail tuna fish for the women group (about 6.5 servings per month) and for mercury in the longtail tuna fish for the women group (about 3 servings per month), respectively. Generally, it is advised people apply the consumption restrictions to reduce exposure to these pollutants, while they used of the nutritional and health benefits of fish consumption.

Antropogenic heavy metals discharge in to the precious environment has been a key burden of modernity. Excess trace elements have driven the fertile soil and water mediums in to unstable and fragile states in many countries. In recent years bio-remediation approaches via various plants species, has been highlited as prior strategies in soil pollution control.

The present study aims to assess phytoremediation of Pharagmites australis (common reed) for lead contamination in constructed wetland. Experimental design was performed in an entirely randomized plan having two factors and three replications. Accordingly lead and levels of metal stress were obtained.   

According to indoor expriments results, any increment in lead concentration enhances root-shoot metal absorbing. However, impressive accumulation of heavy metals was in roots and its translocation and accumulation in shoot was reported in lesser portions. Results of regression analysis showed concentration increment of lead in P.australis organs under these metal stress condition which was fixed as a quadratic function with R2 >90 (p<0.01).

P.australis showed high relatively resistant to lead stress. High accumulation capacity for metals in roots and low heavy metal translocation factor were observed during the present study.

Biopolymers are environmental friendly, non-toxic renewable alternatives for conventional synthetic polymers. Rice wastewater contains high biochemical and chemical oxygen demands and organic contents mainly in form of starch which can cause serious environmental problems, while, it can be used as a potentially low-cost substrate for biopolymer production. The objective of the current study was to investigate the ability of Azohydromonas lata to produce poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P3HB-co-P3HV) from rice wastewater in a batch system.

Aspergillus niger was first used to hydrolyze the starch content of rice wastewater to fermentable soluble sugars. Then, the bacterium Azohydromonas lata was cultured in hydrolyzed wastewater at various C: N: P ratios to produce biopolymers. So, effects of different nitrogen and carbon sources on P (3HB) and P (3HV) contents at a C: N: P ratio of 100:4:1 were assessed.Results and

This study showed that Azohydromonas lata was able to produce poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P3HB-co-P3HV) from rice wastewater in the presence of simple carbon sources and under limited nutrient conditions, especially phosphorus. The highest content of P (3HB) was achieved when ammonium sulphate was used as nitrogen source at a C: N: P ratio of 100:4:1. The highest recorded cell dry mass and biopolymer concentration were 4.64 and 2.8 g l-1 respectively, at a P(3HB) content in biomass of 60%  w w-1. Results indicated that phosphorus and nitrogen limitations could significantly affect P (3HB) production. In general, rice wastewater is a potential alternative for carbon sources such as glucose and maltose in polyhydroxybutyrate production.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Today, the electricity industry and its use are an integral part of life, so even a single minute of electricity can cause billions of losses. If electricity had not been discovered so far, human beings would never have reached such levels of prosperity and still have to use carts and horses. This paper examines the characteristics of urban environments and the effects of electricity transmission lines on the environment and humans. In addition to all the benefits that the electricity industry has, it will also have potentially harmful effects on humans and the environment, making people exposed to power lines more likely to develop cancers than others. Considering human progress, solutions to this problem can be found, for example, the transmission of electricity from underground lines, which have a detrimental effect on both the physical and environmental health of the airline

This study done with the aim to determine the Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) of the Persian Gulf coasts in winter and summer seasons in Bandar Abbas and Bushehr cities. Generally, 130 samples of blue swimming crab were randomly selected. After separation of the muscle tissue of samples, chemical digestion of the samples was carried out and determination of the concentration of metals was performed by atomic absorption Spectrophotometer. The succession of studied metals in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in the winter and summer seasons in cities was obtained as follows: Pb> Ni> Cd. In winter, all three metals, and in summer Cd and Ni in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab showed a significant difference between the studied cities. Although the concentration of Pb in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Bushehr was higher than the Bandar Abbas, but this difference was not significant. In both cities, mean concentration of Cd and Ni in blue swimming crab in the summer was significantly higher than winter. Also, the mean concentration of Pb in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Bandar Abbas in summer was significantly higher (p = 0.01) than winter, but in Bushehr this difference was not significant. The mean concentration of metals studied in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in the Sumer and winter seasons was lower than the WHO, FAO and US FDA standards.

One of The ways for increasing of micronutrients elements absorbable in Calcareous soil is using of amendments. In this Study the effect of different levels of sulfur and organic materials absorbable of elements, and also some chemical characteristics of soil was investigated. This experiment was done in completely randomized of factorial design with three replications. Treatments was include two levels of sulfur (zero to 250 kg / ha) and two kinds of organic materials, sheep manure and remains of pine with control (without organic material and sulfur addition). The results showed that adding manure and pine remains to the soil significantly increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, copper and manganese concentrations in soil. The effect of sulfur on the absorbable iron and manganese concentrations in treatments containing sulfur was significantly more than control. According to the results of the study, the use of sulfur along with organic fertilizers can increase the observation of microelements in the soil by increase in performance of Thiobacillus bacteria and improving the chemical characteristics such as organic carbon and total nitrogen.

Gasoline fuel vehicles cause emissions of airborne pollutants that are poisonous and have a deleterious effect on human health and the environment while natural gas fuels have less harmful effects on the environment and humans due to their greater environmental compatibility. The propose of this study is to investigate the concentration of CO, HC, O2 in the exhaust outlet of gas and diesel cars that is referred to the technical examination center and to compare the distribution of these gases based on the fuel type of the vehicle and the lambda coefficient. 

This study was conducted on 1000 vehicles tested in technical examination centers in Shiraz city. To do this, the distribution of air pollutants including CO, H, O2 exhaust from Pride, Peugeot 405 and Samand, which were obtained with two types of gas and gasoline combustion and the relationship between the distribution of these gases with the lambda coefficient and the gasoline and gas type in these three types of vehicles was analyzed by t-test with a significant level (p <0.05).

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between vehicle fuel type and CO, HC and O2 emissions from car exhaust (p <0.05) and in gas-fueled cars, it was less gasoline-burned. Also, by increasing the lambda coefficient, the oxygen content of the exhaust was increased while the contaminants, HC, CO decreased. Therefore, with the desired performance of the combustion chamber and the optimum consumption of oxygen in the combustion process, fewer pollutants are produced and introduced into the air.

Also gas-fueled cars have higher lambda rates than gasoline cars and emit less pollution in the air.

In this study, potential of garlic leaves powder to biosorption of cadmium from industrial wastewater effluent was investigated. The effects of pH, biomass dose and initial concentration of cadmium on the removal of biosorption and uptake capacity were examined. Range of pH, biomass dose and initial concentration of cadmium were 2-8, 0.1-4 g/l and 50-300 mg/l, respectively. According to results, the most cadmium removal (45.63%) and uptake capacity (6.25 mg/g) were obtained in pH of 5, biomass dose of 0.1 g/l and initial cadmium concentration of 100 mg/l. The use of synthesized chemical adsorbents including cellulose, aldehyde functionalized cellulose, amino functionalized cellulose, acetate cellulose and 2-amino pyridine supported on cellulose also were shown that the percentage of removal of cadmium ions by these synthetic materials were a few percentage higher from garlic leaves powder. But, the lower absorption capacity of these materials indicates the high performance of garlic leaf powder to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Therefore, use of garlic leaves powder as a biological biosorption is the appropriate candidate and will reduce about 50% the risk of cadmium contamination in industrial streams.

Annually, large amount of date-palm leafs are produced as waste products of agriculture in Iran. In this study, the potential of date-palm leaf ashes as an inexpensive adsorbent for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions has been investigated.

The studied variables were pH (2-7), Cd (II) ion concentrations (50 – 350 mg/l) and adsorbent dose (0.1 – 14 g/l) in batch systems.

The optimum pH for the removal of Cd (II) ions was equal to 4. Investigation of the effect of adsorbent dose showed that the removal efficiency increased with the increase of adsorbent dose from 0.1 to 11 g/l, and after that the removal efficiency was stabled with the increase of adsorbent dose. The highest removal efficiency was obtained at 60 minutes in 100 mg/l Cd(II) concentration. Discussion and

According to results, optimum removal efficiency of Cd(II) in pH 4, adsorbent dose of 11 g/l and Cd(II) ions concentration of 100 mg/l was obtained as 92.36%. It was concluded that the date-palm leaf ash had a good potential as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium, from aqueous solutions.

With increasing population, the process of contamination of water resources has intensified and humans need new and inexpensive ways to refine and improve water quality. Heavy metals are the environmental pollutants that originate mainly from industrial and agricultural activities and are found in all parts of the industrial communities. This research was conducted to evaluate cadmium stress resistance for Pharagmites australis in greenhouse conditions in University of Jiroft. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with two factors and three replications. Experiments were included: cadmium as the first factor and levels of metal stress including 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 mg.kg-1 soil for greenhouse experiments as the second factor. The resistance of Pharagmites australis to cadmium stress at deposition stage to full growth in greenhouse conditions was investigated and the concentration of cadmium in the underground organs and aboveground organs and soil pots were measured. results of Greenhouse experiments showed that with increasing in metal concentrations, it's absorbing with underground organs and aboveground organs were increased. However, impressive accumulation of cadmium was in underground organs and its translocation and accumulation in aboveground organs has been reported much less. With absorption and accumulation of metal in underground organs, ability of plant growth was decreased with changes in physiological characteristics. Even in respect of cadmium with high solubility in water and significant uptake in underground organs, have seen stop growing in aboveground plant parts.  In summary results of this research showed that regarding the growth of underground organs, the Pharagmites australis is relatively resistant to cadmium stress, has low transmission factor and ability to accumulate cadmium in its underground organs.

Annually large amount of date-palm leafs are produced as waste products of agriculture are produced in Iran. In this study, the potential of date-palm leaf ashes as an inexpensive adsorbent for Cd (II) removal from aqueous solutions has been usedwas investigated. The studied vvariables were as pH (2-7), Cd (II) ion concentrations (50 – 350 mg/l), and adsorbent dose (0.1 – 14 g/l) in batch systems. The optimum pH for the removal of Cd (II) ions was equal to 4. IExperiments for investigate of the effect of adsorbent dose showed that the removal efficiency increased with the increasing increase of adsorbent dose from 0.1 to 11g/l the removal efficiency increased and after thatafter that the, removal efficiency was stabled with the increasing increase of adsorbent dose, removal efficiency was stabled. The removal efficiency reached the highest value at 60 minutes in 100 mg/l Cd(II) concentration was highest value. According to the results, optimum conditions for desirable Cd(II) removal efficiency of 92.36% was obtained Cd(II) in pH 4, adsorbent dose of 11g/l and Cd(II) ions concentration of 100 mg/l. was obtained 92.36%. This study concluded indicated that, date-palm leaf ashes, have a good potential, as an adsorbent, to remove the toxic heavy metals like including cadmium from aqueous solutions.

Addiction is a disease that individual continuous repeated her Behavior that's bad side effect. Today increase of use drug is an increasing concern for all communities. Studies have shown there is a relationship between substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. This study was performed to compare rates of depression in patients with drug-dependent and non-dependent. The present study was cross-sectional, descriptive – comparative, which has done in Qazvin, during 2009 – 2012. The study population was included 120 males (60 addicted and 60 normal subjects).Demographic information is completed with a demographic checklist. For study of depression rate, the Beck depression questionnaire was used. For statistical analysis, chi-square and t-test were applied. Study showed that depression severity comparison between the two groups was statistically significant and the severity of depression in patients with substance was more. Also association between demographic variable education level and employment status, with depression was statistically, significant. < 0.05. According to the results of this study, since the depression in substance abusers were more compared with the normal group, therefore pay special attention to addicts in all levels of society is needed. Also due to the significant relationship between education level and employment status with addiction, should be in prevent or reduce drug abuse policies and programs, these factors paid more attention.

The international circulation of translation has a core-periphery structure, where literary texts travel mostly from the core to the periphery. The unequal literary translation flows between linguistic groups result from the position a linguisitc group occupies at world level. While various studies have attempted to examine this unequal flow of translation from the central languages to the peripheral ones, few have dealt with the flows in the opposite direction. This study aimed to examine the literary translation flow from Persian to Russian as a semi-central language with a time series approach. This approach is sophisticated enough to reveal hidden patterns in a timed series of data. The data which were derived from the Index Translationum produced by UNESCO, were related to a time span of 30 years, starting in 1979 and ending in 2010. The total number of books translated from Persian to Russian was about 210. Time series analysis revealed a general downward trend in the number of books translated from Persian to Russian over the time span. Another downward trend was found in 1990s, and a cyclical component emerged between 2003 and 2009. A decline in the cultural relations between two countries as a result of the Iranian Revolution and adopting an anti-imperialism view towards Russia, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 with its socioeconomic consequences, the revival of the Russian literary tradition, and having access to the Western literary movements could be responsible for the downward trends in the data. The cyclical pattern can be attributed to Russia’s Eurasian perspective in the late 1990s and also the constructive diplomatic relations with other states during the presidency of Khatami.

The increasing pollution of urban wastewater into toxic compounds due to industrial development and growth is a threat for environment. Cadmium is a dangerous metal for creatures and is increasing due to the use of industrial wastewater for irrigation in agricultural land. Considering the importance and the high impact of the presence of different types of metal ions in industrial wastewater and the inhibitory effect of the presence of metal anions and cations for effectiveness of biosorbents in cleaning up dangerous metal ions, in this research, the optimal conditions for removal of cadmium ion with the leaves of garlic are investigated and then, removal percentages and equilibrium absorption capacity were studied in the presence of other anions and cations. In each experiment, one of the NO3-, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, Pb2 +, Al3 +, Fe2 + ions was examined. According to results, the presence of nitrate in a solution containing cadmium did not affect the rate of absorption by garlic leaf biomass. Also, copper, lead and iron cations had no effect on the absorption rate but zinc ions increases the rate of absorption of cadmium by garlic leaves and iron ions had a somewhat inhibitory effect on the absorption process but in general effect of the presence of other ions on the absorption and removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions was not significant. Therefore results of present experience investigation as an illustration of the fact, in the presence of a variety of metal ions can be generalized and garlic leaves can remove excess heavy metal ions from the wastewater successfully and the presence of other ions in a cadmium-containing solution will not have a significant inhibitory effect.

Heavy metals are present in different types of industrial effluents, being responsible for environmental pollution. Microorganisms play a significant role in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated wastewater and biosorption has attracted the attention in recent years as an alternative to conventional methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater. In this study, potential of A. niger to biosorption of cadmium, nickel and lead from industrial wastewater effluent was investigated. The effect of pH, biomass dosage and initial concentration of the heavy metal on the removal of biosorption were examined. Range of pH, biomass dosage and initial concentration of the heavy metal (Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+) in this software were 1.3-8.7, 0.01-0.75 g/l, and 0.5-37.5 mg/l, respectively. A. niger biomass pretreated by boiling in 0.5N NaOH solution for 15 min exhibited high cadmium, Nickel and Lead biosorption capacity about 96.1%, 68.2% and 93.6%, respectively. This research proved that with a pH of 5, biomass dosage of 3.8 g/l and heavy metal concentration of 19 mg/l a biosorption process with A. niger could be successfully used for heavy metal removal industrial wastewater.