فهرست مطالب mandana mohammadi

Species richness is a simple and interpretable indicator of biodiversity and is one of the most important and and practical measurements in the rangeland ecosystems. Experimental models of richness are used to determine the points of richness of suitable and unsuitable species, and the factors affecting it. The aim of this study is to compare two methods of modeling species richness S-SDM and MEM in the Sorkh-Griveh rangelands in Mazandaran province. For sampling of vegetation and soil, random-systematic stratification method was used. In each sampling unit, 10 plots of 1m2 and a total of 260 plots of one square meter were located. Species list, presence and absence of species were recorded in each plot. Also, three soil samples were taken in each sampling unit from a depth of 0-30 cm. Data related to a number of soil physical and chemical factors were collected in the measurement laboratory, topographic variables were determined with the help of GIS software and 15-year climatic data were collected from meteorological stations in nearby areas. Plant species richness was predicted by amplified regression tree (BRT) model with macroecological methods (MEM) and aggregated distribution model (S-SDM). Data analysis was performed using R software version 3.1.1. The results showed that the species richness observed with the richness predicted by both methods and the richness predicted by MEM method had a significant correlation with the richness predicted by the combination of MEM and S-SDM methods. The results obtained from Spearman's correlation between different methods of predicting the richness of plant species indicated that the S-SDM method with a value of -0.184 and then the MEM method with a value of 0.177 were more consistent with the observed species richness. The results show that by modeling species richness, information about plant community composition, species identification and their prediction in space and time can be used to investigate biodiversity changes.

The time series model has been exploited to estimate the relationship between meteorological variables and air in Mashhad with respiratory mortality. For this purpose, data on respiratory mortality was based on data recorded on March 2014 to 2015. In order to investigate the effect of meteorological variables and air pollution values on respiratory mortality, the Box- Jenkins time series model has been utilized. Moreover, the effect of age and seasons on the number of respiratory deaths was assessed by the linear regression and ANOVA test. The fit of the final model to determining the monthly relationship between meteorological variables and air pollutants with the number of respiratory mortalities is a (1,0,2) ARIMA. In the monthly survey, temperature and rainfall have the inverse relationship and pressure has the direct relationship with the average of 7.4, 3.2, and 17.42 on the respiratory mortality. It was also found direct relationship between the mortality from respiratory diseases and CO and O3 and inverse relationship with SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 pollutants with an average of 67.40, 17.42, 17.89, 6.83, and 0.68, respectively. Also, the results of this study indicate that older people are more likely to be affected by the inappropriate status of air quality by 0.37%. The results showed a significant difference between respiratory mortality in different seasons of the year, and the highest number of deaths occurred in the winter.

Candida albicans is one of the most common causes of vaginitis and one of the most important reasons for women to visit health centers. The aim of this study was to determine Candida albicans infection and its related factors in women in Kazerun.

This cross-sectional study was performed in 2017 on 150 samples extracted from the laboratory. Swab specimens were prepared from patients' vaginal secretions and immediately transferred to Nickerson culture medium. To distinguish Candida albicans species, germ tube method and macroscopic and microscopic morphology were used. The ability to identify Candida albicans with 92.5% chromium agar medium, 94.5% fertile tube production, 92.5% corn mill agar medium, 87% culture at 45 ° C and 92.5% RapID commercial kit were reported.

Susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates to antifungal drugs fluconazole 58%, ketoconazole 62%, nystatin 100%, amphotericin B96%, clotrimazole 70% and 100% resistance to flucytosine was observed.

In univariate analyzes, Chi-square and Fisher tests were used for qualitative variables and independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used for quantitative variables. The mean and standard deviation of age of the studied samples was 28-29±  6-8 years and the prevalence of Candida albicans was 27.23 ± 0.33. In this study, the prevalence of candidiasis based on positive candida culture in vaginal discharge was high and was higher in groups of women with specific risk factors. Knowing these risk factors can be helpful in diagnosing and treating affected women.

Epidemiological studies conducted in the past two decades indicate that air pollution causes increase in cardiovascular, breathing and chronic bronchitis disorders and even causes cardiovascular mortality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between meteorological parameters, air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in the city of Mashhad in 2014 by a time series model. Data on mortality from cardiovascular disease, meteorological parameters and air pollution in 2014 were gathered from Paradises organization, meteorology organization and pollutant monitoring center, respectively. Then the relationship between these parameters was analyzed using correlation coefficient, generalized linear regression, time series models and comparison of means. The results of the study showed that the highest rate of cardiovascular mortality related to Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and then PM2.5. So that each unit increase in SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 pollutants adds to the rate of cardiovascular mortality by 22.5, 2.9 and 0.69, respectively. Pressure, wind speed and rainfall have a significant association with mortality. So that each unit decrease in pressure and wind speed, increases the rate of cardiovascular mortality by 2.79 and 15.77, respectively. It was also found that in the case of one-unit increase in rainfall, the possibility of mortality from the mentioned disease goes up by 3.8 units. It was also found that one-year increase of the age increases the mortality caused by these diseases up to 0.57 percent. Furthermore, the highest rate of cardiovascular mortality related to cold periods of the year. Therefore, considering the growing trend of air pollution and its health effects on human health, performing actions and effective solutions is important in the field of controlling and reducing air pollution in Iranian metropolis including Mashhad.

This research was aimed to study the effect of the type of fuel delivery system (petrol, dedicated or bifuel), the type of consumed fuel (petrol or gas), the portion of consumed fuel and also the duration of dual-fuelling in producing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons from Pride and Samand. According to research objectives, data gathering from 2000 vehicles has been done by visiting Hafiz Vehicle Inspection Center every day for 2 months. The results of this survey indicated that although there is no significant difference between various fuel delivery systems in terms of producing the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons by Samand, considering the emission amount of carbon dioxide, the engine performance of Pride in bifuel and dedicated state in GTXI and 132 types is more unsatisfactory than that of petrol state by 0.3 and 0.4%, respectively. On the other hand, consuming natural gas increases the amount of carbon monoxide emission in dual- fuel Pride by 0.18% and decreases that in dual-fuel Samand by 1.2%, which signifies the better design of Samand in terms of fuel pumps, used kit type and other engine parts to use this alternative fuel compared to Pride. Since the portion of consumed fuel and also duration of dual-fuelling does not have a significant effect on the amount of output pollutants from the studied vehicles, it can be claimed that the output substances from the vehicle exhaust are more related to the vehicle’s condition than the fuel type.

The control of gaseous emissions of vehicles is very important issue due to high rates of car production in Iran and their toxic emissions. In this study, in order to introduce a superior car compatible with environmental standards, the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by Peugeot 206, Samand and EL Samand during 2004-2008 were examined.
Preliminary data was collected from Vehicle Inspection Centers and statistical analysis of the experimental data. Moreover, the mean data comparison was carried out using Excel software and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% (p The results showed that Samand and EL Samand significantly produce more hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants compared to Peugeot 206, while Peugeot 206 provides a greater amount of carbon dioxide. This could be attributed to the different mechanisms of combustion (complete or incomplete) in the vehicles. Moreover, the downward trend in emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide was observed during 2004-2008 by Peugeot 206 unlike carbon dioxide. Although, the amount of pollutants produced by Samand and EL Samand was declined.
Therefore, Peugeot 206 is more appropriate vehicle in terms of environmental standards as compared to Samand and EL Samand cars. Furthermore, Samand in competition with EL Samand produces more pollutants. It is hoped that by systematic survey of the vehicles performance and improvement their quality the gray dust can be wipe out from sky.