mansour nazari

Cockroaches are one of the most important carriers of disease that involved human health, they can carry a great variety of pathogenic bacterial and then freely moved in the hospital environment. The presence of cockroaches in the hospital is a potential problem to the healthcare system. This study was aimed to determine the type of cockroaches and bacterial species in some hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 2017. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Fatemieh and Sina hospitals, Hamadan. 179 cockroaches were trapped at night and early morning from different parts of hospitals in a sterile condition. The insects were transported to the laboratory for analysis. To isolation and identification of bacteria, suspension prepared from the external surface and internal digestive tract of cockroaches. Bacteria species identification was performed by using selective media and specific diagnostic tests. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS V.20. In this study, of the 179 cockroaches caught, 117 cockroaches were American (65.36%) and 62 German cockroaches (34.64%). Bacterial contamination was diagnosed in 173 (99.42%) cockroaches. Our results revealed the maximum contamination was observed in American cockroach (648 (77.4%) colony) and minimum contamination was observed the German cockroach (189 (22.6%) colony). The most predominant species of bacteria isolated from American and German cockroaches were Escherichia coli  223(26.6%), and the lowest found was Staphylococcus aureus 4(0.5%). Bacterial contamination of cockroaches in the hospital environment is an important concern in Hamadan health care systems. Moreover, antibiotic resistance observed in separated bacteria can enhance the pathogenicity of bacteria. So, we can conclude that cockroaches can contribute to the dissemination and spread of bacterial infection. Results suggest that elimination of cockroaches from human environments could reduce the bacterial infections.

Scorpions have medical importance in the studied area with 2377 cases of envenoming during past six years. This study was the first to explore the scorpion species and dispersion in the Kazerun District during 2014–2015. The studied sites were selected based on different topographic conditions such as plain, foothill and mountainous which formed four geographical zones with three villages in each zone. The sampling was carried out twice each month throughout the year. Daytime collections were carried out using hand digging tools for moving stones and excavate the borrows, as well as night sampling, is done with the black light device. The co ordinate of locations was recorded with a GPS. The collected specimens were maintained in 70% ethanol and identified using authorized keys. Overall, 800 scorpions were sampled from different parts of Kazerun District, bringing the species rich ness to 9 belonged to 3 families of Buthidae, Scorpionidae, and Hemiscorpionidae. The Mesobuthus eupeus (84.6%) was prominent vice versa M. caucasicus (0.1%) had lowest abundance. Other species comprised Comp sobuthus matthiesseni (5.3%), Androctonus crassicauda (5.0%), Razianus zarudnyi (2.0%), Hemiscorpius lep turus (1.5%), Orthochirus sp (0.9%), Hottentotta zagrosensis (0.4%), and Scorpio maurus (0.3%). The sea sonal activity of the scorpions showed a lower peak in Mar, with the main peaks in Aug for the dominant spe cies. Mesobuthus caucasicus is recorded for the first time in the Fars Province, southern Iran. All the known dangerous scorpions, including H. lepturus, M. eupeus and A. crassicauda were re vealed in the studied area.

Some members of family Calliphoridae are myiasis agents and mechanical vectors of some pathogens. The aim of this study was to measure the biodiversity and synanthropy behaviour of Calliphoridae flies in Abadan, Khuzestan province. Data were collected based on a monthly schedule during March to December 2014 in urban, semi-urban and rural ecosystems of Abadan County. Bottle trap was equipped with 30 g of chicken liver and installed 3 days in each collection site where net collection was done for about 30 minutes. Synanthropy Index (SI) of flies and biodiversity indices including Simpson, Shannon-Wienner and Margalef were calculated. As many as 1479 samples of Calliphoridae were collected including 18, 1212 and 249 specimens of Chrysomyia megacephala, C. bezziana and C. albiceps respectively. C. bezziana showed a moderate SI in some collecting times. In spite of more collection of C. megacephala in all three ecosystems, its SI had the highest range in comparisons with the others. The biodiversity of Calliphoridae community was high in spring (H´= 0.67) while the highest diversity of dominant species was in autumn (1-D = 0.74). Margalef Index showed equal estimation of species richness in spring and autumn (Mg = 0.3) but it was reduced in summer. C. megacephala was the common species of Calliphoridae in Abadan. Abadan is an old international county in Iran which is the host of many domestic and international engineers, workers and visitors. Knowing the fauna and behaviour of medically important flies would be a major fact for the conditions of the health status of this city

Endemic relapsing fever remains under diagnosed in our area according to a low index of suspicion among clinicians, as well as its difficult diagnosis. The goal of this study was to present the epidemiological aspects of the disease in western Iran.
In this analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study, the epidemiological and clinical aspects of relapsing fever were investigated in Hamadan Province, western Iran from 1999 to 2013. A confirmed patient was defined as a person who had both febrile illness and detected spirochetes by Wright-Giemsa or dark-field microscopy in a periph­eral blood smear. For the statistical analysis, the statistical software SPSS was used.
During the study period, 276 cases of relapsing fever were recorded that 146 were male. Due to the age group distributions, most of the patients aged less than 20 yr. Patients noticed from April through March, most cases were reported in September (53 cases, 19.2%). Considering time trend of the mentioned disease between 1999 and 2013 showed an increasing trend of disease from 1999 to 2003 (from 2.5% to 21.0%), while the prevalence of dis­ease had a decreasing trend after than from 21.0% in 2003.
The rate of endemic relapsing fever is similar in both male and female genders, but its prevalence re­duced by increase of age. The trend of the changes in prevalence of the mentioned disease has shown to be down­ward in recent years probably due to improving health policies especially among children and adolescents and par­ticularly in rural areas.

Background and Scorpion envenomation is a serious health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. There are several reports on scorpion stings in Kazerun, Iran, therefore, the present study was conducted to establish a strategy to reduce the rate of scorpion sting.
The study was conducted in 2009 to 2014. Relevant information was collected from Kazerun health center.
A total of 2377 cases of scorpion sting were reported during 5 years including 51.4% males and 48.6% females. The highest and the lowest rate of scorpion sting were found in individuals aged 25-34 years old (23.2%). The highest rate occurred in 2012 (25.7%). The scorpion stings were more frequent in summer (52.4%) and in August (22.6%). Majority of scorpion sting cases lived in rural areas (59.4%). The maximum numbers of scorpion sting were observed in hands (52.5%) followed by feet (35.2%), trunk (10.1%) and head and neck (2.2%).
Due to the weather condition in Kazerun scorpion sting is one of the major health issues in this city. It seems that personal protection trainings through public media, especially in rural areas can be effective in reducing scorpion sting.

Premenstrual syndrome is a set of physical, mental and mood symptoms that occurs in the luteal of the menstrual cycle. Calcium supplement as an inexpensive and uncomplicated treatment prevents of many premenstrual stress. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of calcium supplement on severity of physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
This double blind clinical trial study was performed on 64 female students diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Data collection tool were demographic information questionnaire, standard form of provisional diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome, and checklist of premenstrual syndrome daily recording. Intervention was performed as administration of 500 mg of calcium per day orally for two menstrual cycles in the experimental group and administration of placebo in control group. The questionnaires were completed at baseline questionnaires, at the end of first and second months after the intervention. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 20).
P All physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (headache, back pain, leg pain, depression, irritability, general pain and abdominal pain) except cramps significantly reduced in the first cycle of calcium consumption. Also, all physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (cramps, headache, back pain, leg pain, depression, irritability, general pain and abdominal pain) significantly reduced in the second cycle of calcium consumption (P Calcium reduces the physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. So, calcium can be used as a safe and effective drug to reduce the physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

Leishmaniases are important diseases in many parts of the world, which are transmitted by bites of sand flies.
This study aimed at investigating some ecological aspects of sand flies in Hamadan.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, sand flies were collected weekly by sticky traps.
For this study, 3305 sand flies were collected and identified during 2013. Sand flies active season began from May till October in Hamadan. The greatest activity occurring between 08:00 pm till 12:00 pm.
In order to avoid the possible transmission of diseases and reduction of harassments of sand flies, especially in the period of greatest activity, personal protection is recommended.

Recent attempts have been focused on employing chemical and natural supplemental agents for treatment of cyclic mastalgia. Among various agents, the potential effects of vitamins remain questionable. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of two types of these vitamin supplements (vitamin E and vitamin B6) in improving pain severity in cyclic mastalgia. In a randomized double‑blinded clinical trial, 80 patients suffering from cyclic mastalgia were randomly assigned to receive 200 IU of vitamin E daily or 40 mg/day of vitamin B6 for 2 months. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Severity of breast pain was detected by the Cardiff breast pain score during one menstrual cycle before and two menstrual cycles after the intervention. Data were analyzed using t‑test, Chi‑squared test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression with SPSS version 19 and P < 0.05 was considered significant. There was no significant difference in the mean of severity of cyclic mastalgia during one menstrual cycle before the intervention between the vitamin E and B6 groups (9.1 ± 2.1 and 8.4 ± 3.1, respectively), but the difference was significant during the first cycle (5.1 ± 1.6 and 5.2 ± 2.5, respectively) and the second menstrual cycle (2.3 ± 1.0 and 2.6 ± 2.0, respectively) in the two groups after the intervention. The trend of changes in pain severity score showed significant downward trend of pain severity score within the study period in both the treatment groups (P < 0.001), while these trends were similar in both groups when examined by the repeated‑measure ANOVA test. By multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for baseline variables, we found that both the treatment regimens resulted in similar reduction in breast pain severity (P = 0.067). Both regimens containing vitamin E and vitamin B6 are similar in reducing breast pain severity in cyclic mastalgia.

The use of mobile phone by clinical staffs enhances transmission of pathogens and therefore, might intensify the hardship of interrupting infection spread.. The aim of this study was to determine bacterial colonization on the mobile phones used by clinical staffs in hospitals..Patients and We randomly selected and examined 250 mobile phones from their users. The phones were obtained from the following study groups: Group A, 125 clinical staffs including physicians, nurses, residents, and interns; and group B, 125 university headquarters staffs. Isolated microorganisms were identified using biochemical tests such as Gram stain, morphology, catalase, and oxidase reaction, and all isolates were allocated to appropriate genera. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.. In total, 99.2% of mobile phones in clinical staffs group demonstrated growth of bacterial species. The most common isolate were consecutively coagulase-negative staphylococci (82.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.0%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.0%). Among controls, 93.6% of mobile phones demonstrated growth of bacterial species. For eradication of coagulase-negative staphylococci, the highest resistance rate was detected to oxacillin. For inhibition of S. aureus, the highest resistance was detected to Oxacillin. For eradicating P. aeruginosa, considerable resistance rate to ampicillin was detected in both study groups.. Mobiles contamination with different pathogens is extremely common among our health care staffs compared with other societies, and resistance of these isolates to various antibiotics is also detectable. Thus, quick assessment of this issue to prevent the spread of these infectious agents is critical for the authorities in our health care systems..

Insects are able to recognize many pathogenic microorganisms and defend against them due to their long evolutionary history. Due to the development of resistance to synthetic antibiotics, researchers are trying to apply insect immune-derived products.. The current study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) hemolymph on susceptible and resistant strains of nosocomial bacteria.. To stimulate adult cockroaches'' immune system, Escherichia coli cells were injected. The antimicrobial effect of the extracted induced and non-induced hemolymph was assayed on many susceptible and resistant pathogenic bacteria.. The comparison of antimicrobial effects of the induced and non-induced hemolymph strains showed that about 43% of bacteria were sensitive to induced hemolymph (P < 0.001), whereas non-induced hemolymph showed no inhibitory effect on the bacteria. Also, evaluation of induced hemolymph effect on the types of strains showed that induced hemolymph affected about 75% of the susceptible bacterial strains (P < 0.001); whereas, it did not affect the resistant strains. Among the tested bacteria, ceftazidime-sensitive E. coli and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus showed sensitivity to the induced hemolymph (P < 0.001).. The study results showed that stimulation of the American cockroach’s immunity system lead to production of antibacterial proteins and peptides which had inhibitory effect on the bacteria, depending on the bacterial strains and their sensitivity. Likely this feature of insects can be used as therapeutic strategies to produce natural antimicrobial compounds against the pathogenic bacteria..

Scabies is a highly contagious zoonotic skin disease caused by the parasitic mite. The disease spreads throughout the world and a is major public health problem in many developing countries and basically associated with poverty and overcrowding population. Therefore، the objective of the current study was to investigate epidemiologically the scabies in the central prison of Hamadan in 2013. This is an analytical descriptive-cross sectional study. From 2900 male prisoners، 384 were chosen by using the systematic method after checking and clinical examination then، the data were gathered by the demographic questionnaire and they were analyzed by SPSS version 20 using chi-square test and T-test. The results showed that 2. 6% of the prisoners were diagnosed with scabies. The highest prevalence was in the age group of 30-39 years. Also، the prevalence of scabies was observed more in people، who were in prison for less than 6 months، buying and selling of drug addiction، lack of having a specific bed، common use of blankets، bath once and less per week and lack of using shampoo and soap. Rate of infection on the trunk، arms and legs were 40، 40 and 20 percent، respectively. Mean of age، term of imprisonment and prisoner’s room members did not show a significant difference between healthy and infected individuals (P>0. 05). In this study، high incidence rate of scabies was seen. With education about symptoms and ways of transmission and treatment of infected patients and improve health as well as reduce the number of prisoners living in each room can be an important step in the control of the disease.

Different therapeutic methods have been applied for the treatment of dysmenorrhea and the method with the lesser side effects is preferred. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of herbal products (fennelin and vitagnus) and mefenamic acid in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. This double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 105 students with mild and moderate dysmenorrhea. The students were randomly divided into four groups which received the extracts of fennelin and vitagnus, mefenamic acid, and placebo, respectively. Severity of pain was detected by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) during one cycle before and two cycles after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 and (P < 0.05 was considered significant. Demographic characteristics of the students were similar in the four groups. There was no significant difference in the mean of severity of dysmenorrhea during one cycle before the intervention between the four groups, but the difference was significant during two cycles after the intervention. Fennelin had similar effects as vitagnus on dysmenorrhea. Mefenamic acid had less effect than both the drugs (P <0.05). Fennelin and vitagnus had higher effect than mefenamic acid. Use of these products is suggested for dysmenorrhea.

Despite progress in health and medical sciences، human lice are still considered as a health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with its pediculosis in Central Prison of Hamadan in 2013. In this descriptive and analytical cross sectional study، from 2900 male prisoners، 384 were selected by the systematic method. After reviewing in terms of pediculosis infection، the extracted data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 20. The study showed that 5. 2% of the prisoner was infected with louse. Most infections were observed in the age group of 30-39 years old، and the lowest in the group of 20 years old and less (P>0. 05). The highest rate of pediculosis was seen in the people had drug addiction، and buying and selling، no specific bed، common use of bed and blankets، bath once and less per week (P<0. 05). Comparison of Age، a period of imprisonment، level of education and number of prisoners in room، between healthy and infected people showed no significant difference (P>0. 05). Most cases of infected with lice were in the head (85%)، body (10%) and pubic (5%). Considering the results of this study، it can be said that the conditions of the prison، including density، the type of crime and lack of hygiene and the use of personal devices are highly associated with the prevalence of pediculosis.

Since time of menopause is influenced by a variety of racial, environmental, and physiological factors, determining age at natural menopause and its main indicators seems to be necessary. The present study attempted to determine average age at menopause and its main predictors among Iranian women. This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 400 postmenopausal women aged 43 to 65 years attending the health centers in Hamadan, Hamadan Province, Iran, during 2013. Due to potential effects of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on age of menopause, we considered two groups of women with and without OCP use using cluster sampling method. Data were collected through individual interviews at the health centers. The findings showed significant univariate relationships between age at menopause with some baseline variables including mother’s age at menopause (p<0.001), mother and spouse with high educational level (p<0.001), passive cigarette smoking (p<0.001), weekly physical activity (p<0.001), and high family income (p<001). Adversely, smoking was associated with early menopause. The postmenopausal women doing intense weekly physical activity, having mothers with late menopause, having higher monthly income, and experiencing later-age pregnancy are likely to reach menopause later than their contemporaries, while smokers have an early menopause.

The risk of occupationally acquired tuberculosis (TB) remains a concern, even now that the infection has been under control to a great extent.. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of latent TB infection and pulmonary TB, and to assess the risk factors for TB, among health care workers in Hamadan.. Patients and Tuberculin skin test was performed on 245 health care workers, in two educational hospitals. The reaction was considered as «positive» if the induration diameter was ≥ 10 mm. Individuals with a positive test > than 15 mm were encouraged to seek further medical evaluation, including a chest-x-ray and a smear and sputum culture of the sputum for acid-fast bacilli, in those with radiographic changes indicating TB.. Out of 245 health-care workers included in this study, 92 (38%) had positive tuberculin test. There was a significant association between aging and tuberculin positivity. There was also a significant association between the length of employment and tuberculin positivity. Ward attendants had higher rates of positive test results, compared with other occupational groups.. It was concluded that latent TB infection is common among health-care workers in the studied region. Age, occupational group and employment length were found to be strongly associated with tuberculin positivity..

Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis is important endemic diseases in many parts of the world, including Iran, which are transmitted by bites of sandflies. This study is conducted to identify Phlebotomine sand flies fauna in Hamadan, Iran. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which caught sand flies in the months of May, June, July, August, September and October. The catch was performed by sticky traps. In this study, a total of 4871 sand flies were collected and identified. The number of sand flies caught from indoor and outdoor places was respectively 1302 (26.73%) and 3569 (73.27%). As a result of this study, nine species of sand flies were identified in the city of Hamadan, seven of which are of genre Phlebotomus (P. papatasi, P. kandelakii, P. sergenti, P. major, P. caucasicus, P. ansarii, P. halpensis) and two species are of the genre Sergentomyia (S. sintoni, S. dentata). In order to avoid the possible transmission of diseases and reduction of harassments of this insect during warm months of the year, personal protection such as use of mosquito nets, application of window and door mesh and use of repellents are recommended.

Dysmenorrhea is among the factors disrupting women's social activities. Selecting medicines with lower side effects are preferred. The objective of this study is to compare between the effect of herbal extracts of Vitagnus and Mefenamic Acid on the primary dysmenorrhea and menstrual bleeding in female students of the University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan in 2009-2010. This Study was carried out on 80 students with primary dysmenorrhea as two-way blind clinical experience. The participants were randomly divided into three groups of receiving Vitagnus drop, Mefenamic Acid capsule, and placebo drop. Severity of dysmenorrhea was assessed using pain severity measurement tool during a cycle before and two cycle later taking the medicine. Data was analyzed using SPSS-16 Software. Individual characteristics of the samples were similar. Mean pain intensity and menstrual bleeding in a cycle before the treatment beginning had no significant differences in the three groups, but in two cycles after the treatment beginning, there was a significant difference between the three and the effect of Vitagnus drop was more effective than Mefenamic Acid capsule in mitigating dysmenorrhea (p=0.0001). The two medicines (mefenamic acid and Vitagnus) were effective in reducing menstrual bleeding (p<0.05). Vitagnus drop and mefenamic acid resulted in mitigating dysmenorrhea and the effect of Vitagnus was more than mefenamic acid. The two medicines (mefenamic acid and Vitagnus) were effective in reducing menstrual bleeding. Accordingly, Vitagnus herbal medicine can be used as the effective and safe medicine for dysmenorrhea

The blastocyst implantation in any place other than uterus cavity endometrium is called ectopic pregnancy. The prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is different in various countries. This study has been conducted to investigate the epidemiology of ectopic pregnancy in Hamadan province during 2000-2010. The present study is a retrospective descriptive study. The data on 872 ectopic pregnancies were extracted by questionnaires from the files in the records department of hospitals and delivery centers in Hamadan province during 2000-2010. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software. The frequency of ectopic pregnancy in Hamadan province during 2000-2010 was averagely 2.6 per 1000 pregnancies. Tubal pregnancy with 95.2% is the most prevalent type of ectopic pregnancy most of which had occurred in the right tube (52.4%). Most ectopic pregnancies (52.2%) were in the age group of 25-34. The prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in Hamadan province during the mentioned years has been 2.6 in 1000 pregnancies, which is lower compared to many existing data. However, the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in this province has increased over time, so that it has become 3.3 times as much from 2000-2010.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries; caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and can be transmitted by sand fly bites (Psychodidae). The aim of this study was the detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in Hamadan, Iran. This investigation is a descriptive, cross sectional and retrospective study. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical examination and microscopic observation of the parasite in the ulcer site from April 2004 to November 2010. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software, Ver. 16. The results revealed that number of infected cases in Hamadan were 81 people during the study. Maximum cases have been reported in 2006 (17 persons or 21%) and minimum in 2007 and 2010 (7 persons or 8.6%) in each year. Seventy-seven cases (95.1%) were men and the remaining four patients (4.9%) were female. The statistical difference between them were significant (p<0.01). The majority of cases were groups of 16-30 and 31-45 years-old with 48.1% and 30.9%, respectively. Nearly 77.8% of the patients were living in urban and 22.2% in rural areas. Most of the cases (37.0%) had one and 28.4% two ulcers. The most common location of ulcers were on the hands (50.6%) and then on their feet (23.5%). The steady trend of disease in different years showed that Hamadan city is a non-endemic area. Further epidemiological investigations of disease particularly CL are suggested.

Foot orthosis is used as protective treatment in people with flatfoot. This study aimed at assessing the effects of Foot orthosis on energy consumption in 20 runners with flat feet. In this study a treadmill and a Quark b2 were used to measure oxygen consumption. For each patient, a pair of foot orthosis with the appropriate size was prepared. The maximum running Heart rate, vo2 max and vo2 of the subjects were measured and calculated with and without foot orthoses. The data were compared through paired T-test. In this study, after using the foot orthoses, the mean VO2 (ML/M), theVO2 max (ML/M for each Kg of body weight) and the maximum heart rate respectively reduced from 4504.6 to 4488.3, from 63.6 to 63.4 and from 168.7 to 168.0, all of which indicating a significant observed reduction (P