فهرست مطالب marouf khalili

To investigate the expression pattern of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes under water deficit stress in spring bread wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in 2020. In this study, agronomic traits, enzyme-related traits, antioxidant activity as well as the amount of gene expression affected by irrigation and salicylic acid were measured. In this study, there was a significant difference between irrigation levels and salicylic acid in terms of the effect on all traits. There was a significant difference between interaction treatments in terms of the effect on all traits except spike length and 1000-kernel weight. Mean comparison of interaction treatments showed that foliar spraying of 1 mM salicylic acid under 100% plant water requirement treatment had the highest plant height (64.76 cm), number of tillers per plant (3.71), number of seeds per spike (21.2) Dry matter yield (15.14 g / plant) grain yield (10.68 g / plant), chlorophyll an (8.66 mg / g fresh weight), chlorophyll b (2.66 mg / g fresh weight), Carotenoids (4.13 mg / g wet weight). While the highest content of leaf proline (0.53 mg / g fresh weight), leaf phenol (Galic acid / 82 DW9 / 82), catalase activity (97.09 mMolH2O2 / min mg protein), ascorbate peroxidase (mMolH2O2) / min mg protein 03/120), superoxide dismutase (mMolH2O2 / min mg protein 89/330) was allocated to foliar application of 1 mg salicylic acid under 50% plant water requirement. In this study, water deficit stress and salicylic acid foliar application had a synergistic effect on increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The highest expression of superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase genes was observed by foliar application of 1 and 2 mM salicylic acid, and the highest expression of ascorbate peroxidase gene was observed by 1 mM foliar application of salicylic acid under 50% plant water requirement treatment. Application of salicylic acid under irrigation 50 and 75% of plant water requirement increased the expression of antioxidant genes in comparison with salicylic acid control treatment in each plant water require treatments and under 100% plant water requirement.

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of wild and cultivated chickpea germplasm to cold stress, and to identify cold tolerant genotypes in field and controlled conditions. Twenty chickpea genotype including; 10 of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, eight wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum) genotypes, and two cold-sensitive ILC 533 line and cold-tolerant (cv. Saral) controls were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications in the dry conditions of Saral agricultural research station, Kurdistan, Iran, in two cropping seasons (2019-20 and 2020-21). Agronomic and phenological traits were measured and recorded. Meanwhile, the chickpea genotypes were subjected to a gradual decrease in temperature in the growth chamber under controlled environment, and their biochemical and physiological traits were measured and recorded. Analysis variance showed that chickpea genotypes had significant differences for physiological traits such as peroxidase activity, electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll b content. Path analysis revealed that 100 seed weight traits followed by membrane stability and peroxidase activity had the most direct and positive effect on seed yield. The results of this experiment showed that high-yielding genotypes such as FLIP 11-86C (889.62 kg.ha-1) and FLIP 11-03C (795.72 kg ha-1) had cold tolerance rating score  of three and moderate electrolyte leakage index, and were selected as superior cold tolerant genotypes.

To study the effect of different levels of melatonin on the biochemical properties and the amount of expression of genes related to the activity of antioxidant enzymes in bread wheat, a split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete Triticum aestivum block design. Irrigation levels (normal (FC = 80%)), mild stress (FC = 60%), and severe stress (FC = 40%)) were allocated to the main plots and melatonin foliar spray (zero, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) were assigned to subplots. The results showed that the flavonoid content and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity increased with the intensification of dehydration stress. The level of 100 µM melatonin had the highest flavonoid content, ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. The mean comparison interaction treatments showed that the highest content of proline, phenol, superoxide dismutase and catalase was assigned to the 100 µM melatonin foliar spray under conditions of extreme stress of dehydration. Also, the lowest amount of malondialdehyde was observed for the 50 μM melatonin foliar treatment under normal irrigation conditions. The highest content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and grain yield were recorded in the treatment of foliar spray of 100 μM melatonin and normal irrigation conditions. In this investigation, the maximum expression of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase genes were determined in the foliar spray of 100 and 150 μM melatonin levels under conditions of extreme stress. . The foliar spray of melatonin, especially at the level of 100 μM, could moderate the effect dehydration stress on grain yield by improving biochemical and antioxidant properties.

Canola oil is a vegetable oil derived from a variety of rapeseed with lower erucic acid contents. To investigate the mechanism of response to salinity induced by sodium chloride in canola, Fornax cultivar was evaluated in greenhouse conditions. Results showed that salinity stress affected morphological and physiological traits so that leaf relative water content and photosynthesis-related traits decreased while proline and glycine betaine concentrations were higher than in control plants. In addition, under stress conditions, imbalances in ionic concentrations were caused by an increase in sodium ion concentration and a decrease in intracellular potassium ion, as well as a decrease in the potassium / sodium ratio in leaf cells. Proteomic analysis results also detected 7 protein spots with expression difference and significant induction factor (IF) between control plants and severe salinity stress. Each protein, identified by mass spectrometry, was related to antioxidant defense, involved in photosynthetic light reaction, Calvin cycle, and nitrogen assimilation, respectively.

In this study, the values of input energy, output energy, net energy in the production of sugar beet were 67170.9, 1215006 and 1147835 MJ respectively. Fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers and irrigation water accounted for 31.29, 27.76 and 24.91% of the total input energy, respectively. In this study, 0.274, 0.161, 0.00161, 11.80 and 0.00074 kg of each of NH3, N2O, NOX, CO2 and CH4 pollutants were introduced to produce one ton of sugar beet, respectively. In this study, to produce one ton of sugar beet, 0.274, 0.161, 0.00161, 11.80 and 0.00074 kg of each of NH3, N2O, NOX, CO2 and CH4 pollutants, respectively entered the environment. NH3 pollutant has the largest share in the group of the effect of acidity and utrification in the sugar beet production system. In this study, the final index of impact groups including global warming, acidity, depletion of fossil resources and depletion of water resources, depletion of phosphate and potassium resources sugar beet production in Piranshahr region were, 0.01, 0.0013, 0.00049 and 0.60, 0.095, respectively. The final environmental index (EcoX) and the final discharge index (RDI) in the production of this product were equal to 0.0295 and 0.0806, respectively. Conclusion In this study, the impact groups of depletion of water resources and depletion of phosphate resources had the highest potential for environmental damage, respectively, in the form of impact groups of depletion, Therefore, by constructing pressurized irrigation systems with high irrigation efficiency

To evaluate the protein response of barley cultivars under salinity stress, leaf samples were prepared at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after the tillering stage. Following two-dimensional electrophoresis, 153 and 141 protein spots were identified in tolerant (Afzal) and sensitive cultivars (Macouei), respectively. In total, 21 and 17 spots with significant induction factor (IF) were revealed in Afzal and Macouei, respectively. Most common proteins between two cultivars were involved in the removal of antioxidants (five proteins), and for each protein group including heat shock, proton transfer, Calvin cycle and photosynthesis optical reaction proteins, a protein was detected. Also, 12 protein spots were exclusively present in tolerant cultivar (Afzal), most of them involved in the elimination of antioxidants, and eight protein spots were found exclusively in sensitive cultivar (Macouei), which was also largely involved in the removal of antioxidants. Lower expression of these proteins in the susceptible cultivar compared to tolerant cultivar resulted in decreased homeostasis in susceptible cultivar under salinity stress. Also, for most proteins, the highest and lowest protein expression levels occurred in tolerant and susceptible cultivars at 12 and 9 days after initiation of salinity stress.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc nano-chelate on vegetative characteristics and expression of genes affecting the synthesis of thymol and carvacrol in thyme. The experimental design was factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor included two cultivars of thyme and the second factor was the foliar application of zinc nano-chelate at four levels (zero (control), 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mg/l). The results of the present study showed that the highest content of carotenoids was at the level of 4.5 mg /l and the highest content of caracrol essential oil was at the level of 2.5 mg /l nano-zinc chelate. The results of comparing the mean of interaction treatments also showed that both cultivars showed the highest plant dry yield, chlorophyll a and b content in response to spraying of 3.5 mg /l nano-zinc chelate. In this study, the highest thymol content of essential oil was recorded in the levels of 2.5 and 3.5 mg/l  for Thymus vulgaris cultivars and Thymus Dena cultivars at the levels of 2.5 and 4.5 mg / L. The results showed that the effect of nano-chelate zinc foliar application on the expression of CYP71D180 and CYP71D178 genes was significant at the level of 1% and on the expression of DXR and CYP71D180 genes at the level of 5% probability. In this study, the level of 2.5 mg / l nano-zinc chelate increased the expression of DXR gene by 27.36% compared to the control treatment. Also, foliar application of two levels of 2.5 and 3.5 mg / l increased the expression of gamaterpinene synthase genes by 51.13% and 2.38%, expression of CYP71D180 gene by 36.31% and 42.28, and the expression of CYP71D178 gene by 61.70% and 36.34%, respectively.

To study the effect of manure and treated municipal wastewater of Zabol, Iran, on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed, an experiment was conducted under farm condition in 2016-2017. Experiment was performed as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were included irrigation at two levels, I1: irrigation with normal water, and I2: irrigation with treated municipal wastewater as the main factors and type of manures at four levels, M1: no fertilizer application, M2: cow manure (40 tons per hectare), M3: sheep manure (30 tons per hectare) and M4: poultry manure (20 tons per hectare) as sub-factors. Results showed that irrigation with treated municipal wastewater led to 10.74% increase in plant height, 31.48% in the number of sub-branches and 9.70% in the number of capsules per plant. Among different type of manures, application of poultry manure compared to sheep and cow manure increased 12.41% and 14.00% of plant height, 21.90% and 22.20% of the number of sub-branches and 5.92% and 7.66% the number of pods per plant. On the other hand, in irrigation with treated municipal wastewater treatments, it was observed that the highest yields of fresh and dry forages and grain and oil yields were 10249, 992, 2769 and 894 kg/ha in average that were obtained in poultry manure treatment. Study of correlation coefficient indicated that rapeseed seed yield correlated positively and significantly with most of the measured factors, and the highest correlation was between seed andoil yields. Overall, the results showed that irrigation with treated municipal wastewater along with poultry manure were the best treatment for higher fodder, grain and rapeseed oil yields, but to recommend it to farmers in the region, it is recommended to perform economic justification plan and then it can be recommended to the farmers of the region as an appropriate pattern.

In order to evaluate the drought tolerance of safflower cultivars using some drought tolerance indices, an experiment was carried out as split plot in complete randomize block design with three replications in the research field of Payame Noor University of Khash, during the growing season of 2015-2016. Experimental treatments were consisted of four drought stress levels included cutting-off irrigation at stages of flowering, beginning capsule, ripening stage and no cutting-off irrigation as main factor, and five safflower cultivars included domestic cultivars of Golmehr, Padideh and Faraman; and foreign cultivars of Yut and Nebraska 10 as sub factor. The results showed that the highest seed yield was obtained from treatment of no cutting-off irrigation and Yut cultivar, and the lowest seed yield was related to irrigation cut-off treatment in the flowering stage and Padideh cultivar. Correlation coefficients between drought tolerance indices and seed yield under the conditions of all three stresses showed that MP, GMP, STI, RDI and YI indices had a positive and significant correlation in all three stress conditions with seed yield under control and stress conditions. Therefore, they can be used for better selecting of safflower tolerant cultivars. In addition, the correlation between MP, GMP, STI, RDI and YI indices in all three stress conditions were positive and significant, which due to their correlation with seed yield in all three conditions increases the desirability of simultaneous use of these indices in the selection of cultivars. In general, for safflower cultivars, indices of MP, GMP and STI were the most appropriate indices to evaluate drought stress tolerance in different treatments studied. Based on these indices, as well as biplot diagram and cluster analysis, Yut cultivar was identified as the most tolerant and Padideh cultivar was identified as the most sensitive in all three drought stress conditions.

To estimate genetic parameters of yield and yield component of chickpea, six chickpea genotypes were crossed in complete diallel crossing scheme in glass houses of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2007. Parents, direct and reciprocal crosses (36 entries) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with four replications at Grizeh station, Sanandaj, Iran in spring of 2017 growing season. Plant traits including day to flowering, day to maturity, plant height, seed no.pod-1, pod no.plant-1, drought tolerance score, 100 seed weight and seed yield were measured and recorded during the growing season. Statistical analysis for F1 hybrids and parents as well as diallel analysis were performed using Griffingchr('39')s model 2 of method 1. The results showed that there were significant differences between parents and F1 hybrids, which indicated a wide genetic variability for traits of interest. It was revealed that it would be possible to improve the agronomic traits of chickpea using this genetic resources. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for plant height, 100 seed weight and seed yield and the important role of non-additive component in inheritance of these traits was identified. Maternal inheritance had important role in heritability of seed no.pod-1, pod no.plant-1, drought tolerance score and seed yield. Samin" and FLIP 96-154C parents had the highest general combining ability for seed yield, respectively. The effects of specific combining ability revealed that, under conditions similar of this study, Azad × FLIP 96-154C cross was the best specific combiner for seed yield and seed no.pod-1. Considering the results of this study, there was considerable variation in cytoplasmic genes carried by these chickpea genotypes that can be used in breeding for dvelopment of high yielding, with yield stability and early maturity, chickpea cultivars.

To investigate the effects of salinity stress on canola, ten cultivars of spring canola obtained from Karaj Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, were evaluated in vegetative growth stage in the greenhouse of Payam-e- Noor University of Mahabad, in 2017. The experiment was carried out in two salinity levels of Sodium Chloride (zero (control) and 250 mM) using a hydroponic system. Traits were measured at the end of rosette and before the stem elongation stages, after two weeks of salinity stress. The results showed that in addition to morphological depreciation, salinity stress caused imbalance in ionic concentration, increased Na+ concentration, and decreased K+ and K+/Na+. Meanwhile amount of the electrolyte leakage, proline and glycine betaine was higher under stress than control condition while the RWC was decreased. Generally, the most tolerant and succeptible cultivars were SW5001 and Sarigol respectively.  Traits such as plant dry weight, chlorophyll index and K+/Na+ were 10.89, 41.53 and 16.80 respectively in tolerant SW5001 cultivar and were of 8.70, 38.10 and 8.25, respectively in Sarigol succeptible variety. Therefore, there was diversity between the studied cultivars in terms of response to salinity stress, which could be used in complementary studies and ultimately in plant breeding programs.

Grain growth in wheat depends on current photosynthesis and stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). In semiarid regions with terminal drought, grain filling in cereals may depend more on stem water-soluble carbohydrates content than on current assimilates. Reduction in grain yield under water deficit condition is attributed to shorter duration of linear grain growth despite increased contribution of stem reserves to grain yield. The amount of stem reserves is measured either by changes in stem dry weight (indirect method) or by stem water-soluble carbohydrates content (direct method). Genotypic variation in the rate and duration of linear grain growth and in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield has a little evaluated in cereals and especially in the barley.

The objectives of this study were estimation of genetic diversity and grouping of double haploid barley lines in terms of photosynthetic partitioning in normal and water deficit conditions. Plant materials used in this experiment, include 72 double haploid lines along with Steptoe and Morex parents on a research farm of Mahabad University were studied in a simple lattice design with two replications in normal conditions and water deficit conditions 2016. Irrigation in stress and non-stress treatments was done after 90 mm evaporation from class a pan, depending on the temperature and evapotranspiration until heading stage. In water deficit stress treatment, irrigation was stopped at heading stage. Measuring of understudy traits were done after anthesis stage. In present study leaf partitioning, steam partitioning, spike partitioning, spike to steam ratio, remobilization, remobilization portion in grain yield, thousand kernel white, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index was measured.

Results showed that there was a significant difference between studied genotypes for all traits. Under normal conditions, significant positive and negative segregations for all traits other than biological and in water deficit significant positive and negative segregations for all under study treats were observed, furthermore in both conditions, the highest amount of narrow-sense heritability was calculated for harvest index traits and grain yield. The results of regression analysis of traits affecting grain yield showed that under normal conditions, two traits of 1000 grain weight and remobilization of photosynthetic materials (R2 = 89) identified as The most effective traits on grain yield. Under water deficit conditions, the harvest index, the remobilization portion in grain yield and remobilization (R2 = 0.82) were identified as the most effective traits on grain yield. In normal irrigation conditions, two traits of 1000 grain weight and remobilization of photosynthetic materials had a positive and direct effect on grain yield. However, under water deficit conditions, the harvest index and remobilization had direct positive effect and remobilization portion in grain yield showed a negative and direct effect on grain yield. Based on the results of cluster analysis, genotypes were classified into two groups under normal and three groups in water deficit conditions.

In present study photosynthetic remobilization of photosynthetic materials had a positive effect on grain yield variation in both conditions. Therefore, selection of genotypes with the highest amount of photosynthesis accumulation and remobilization could be an effective way to increase grain yield in both conditions. Based on the results of cluster analysis in normal conditions, genotypes located in cluster 1 and under water stress conditions of genotypes located in cluster 2 due to had the highest allocation and remobilization of photosynthetic materials and grain yield are recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of amino acids application on yield and essential oil of German chamomile under various levels of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh in 2017. The treatments were included application of chemical fertilizers, vermicompost, farmyard manure, poultry manure and mycorrhiza as the first factor and foliar application and non application of amino acids as the second factor. Results showed that the highest flower yield at the first harvest was obtained in poultry manure (225.4 g.m-2), chemical (204.6 g.m-2) and vermicompost (186.6 g.m-2) treatments, respectively. At the second, third, fourth and total harvests no significant differences were observed between the applications of different types of fertilizers. The highest essential oil percentage was obtained at the first (0.92 %), second (0.95 %) and total harvests (0.8 %) with vermicompost application without significant difference with farmyar and poultry manures. The highest total essential oil yield was obtained in poultry manure (4.6 g.m-2) and vermicompost (4.41 g.m-2) treatments. Application of amino acids led to significant increase in flower yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield and biological yield in all harvests as compared to non-application.

To Investigate the effect of super-adsorbent and irrigation levels on quantitative and qualitative characteristics Rastar cultivar of sugar beet a split plots experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicas was conducted at the Agricultural University of Mahabad in 2017. Irrigation in three levels (Irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan) is assigned to main plats and super-absorbents A200 in four levels (0, 50, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1) to the subplots. The simple effects of irrigation regime and superabsorbent on all traits, except for the coefficient of sugar extraction, was significant. The interaction of treatments were significant on the dry weight of shoot, sugar content, root yield, and sugar yield and white sugar yield. In this research, the highest leaf area index, root length, and leaf relative water content and the lowest amount of white sugar content belonged to irrigation after 60 mm evaporation. Application of 50 and 150 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent highly increased leaf area index, root length, and leaf relative water content while it decrease the percent of white sugar content. The highest shoot dry weight (3.97 t.ha-1), root yield (69.35 t.ha-1), sugar yield (10.51 t.ha-1) and white sugar yield (9.39 t.ha-1) and the lowest percentage of sugar (15.20%) caused by irrigation interval after 60 mm evaporation and using 200 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent. Interactions due to irrigation and use of super-absorbent showed that there was the non-significant difference between irrigation regime after 60 mm in control treatment (not applicable super-absorbent) with the application of 50, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1super-adsorbent in irrigation regime after 120 mm and application of 150 and 200 kg.ha-1super-absorbent in irrigation regime after 180 mm. Thus, using of 150 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent in irrigation regime after 180 mm evaporation can have similar white sugar yield as it was under irrigation regime after 60 mm in control treatment (not applicable super-absorbent) while saving about 8650 m3 per hectare by using this treatment.

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of quantity and quality of wheat, 30 varieties and lines of wheat were evaluated by SDS-PAGE methode. The banding pattern of glutenin proteins extracted from seed indicated the presence of three subunits in the Glu-A1 gene site, four subunits at Glu-B1 and two subunits at the Glu-D1 site. In the Glu-A1 site, the alleles of the Null, in Glu-B1 site, sub units of 8 + 7 and 18 + 17 and in Glu-D1 site, subunits of 5 + 5 had a the heighest frequency. In this research, the genotypes of Zarin,Pishgham, Azar, Rasoul, Tous, 26 and 29 with genomic score of 10 were identified best genotypes in terms of baking quality. Based on regression analysis of data, allele 2* of loci Glu-A1 explaned 43% of the changes in moisture content, Alleles 2* of Glu-A1 and allele 10 + 5 of Glu-D1 loci justefied 52% of total seed protein variation. Allels 10 + 5 of Glu-D1 locus, allocated 43 percent of Zeleny number variation. Allele 8 + 7 of Glu-B1 locus, showed 40% of hardness variation. Finally alleles 16 + 13 of Glu-B1 locus justifed 38 percent of the starchcontent.

In order to mapping additive and epistatic QTL and their interaction with environment for traits related to spike characteristics using a RILs population of wheat, comprising 148 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between two winter wheat cultivars, ‘YecoraRojo’ and ‘No. 49’, was evaluated in two locations in Iran (Miandoab and Mahabad) during 2014-2016. A linkage map including 177 microsatellite and 51 retrotransposon markers was used in this study. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were determined using QTL Network 2.0 software based on the CIM and mixed-linear method. In the present study, the highest broad (58.31%) and narrow-sense (29.15%) heritability was measured for spikelet number per spike and the lowest broad (51.28%) and narrow-sense (25.64%) heritability was detected for spike length. Results of QTL analysis showed that in normal condition, one QTL (R2A= 1.54%), one QTL×E (R2AE= 4.40%), 2 additive × additive epistatic effects (R2AA= 0.44- 0.4%) and 6 QTL × QTL×E interactions (R2AAE= 8.24-9.7%) were significant. In water deficit condition, 1 additive × additive interactions (R2AA= 4%) and 3 QTL × QTL × E interactions (R2AAE= 6.98%) were identified. In average of two conditions, two QTL (R2A= 0.78%), 1 QTL×E (R2AE= 5.15%), 10 additive × additive epistatic effects (R2AA= 0.02-7.9%) and 14 QTL × QTL × E interactions (R2AAE= 0.86-8.92%), were significant which can be due to the high number of QTLs with low effects and also environmental effects.

In order to investigate the mechanism of tolerance to salt stress in wheat, a factorial experiment basis of completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse media were conducted. The factors of this experiment were included salinity of sodium chloride in four levels of zero (control), 100, 200 and 300 mM and two wheat cultivars namely Niknejhad and Pishtaz as a representative of tolerant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. Leaf samples were prepared two weeks after the starting of salt stress. Then, extraction of protein from leaf tissue was done and two-dimensional electrophoresis in control plants and under salt stress plants were carried out. The results of proteome analysis revealed that 15 replicated protein spots with different expression variations were common between two tolerant and susceptible cultivars, and five protein spots of unique to each tolerant and susceptible cultivar, had significantly expression variations under stress. Protein spots were detected by mass spectrometry and the results showed that more number from commonly detected proteins were classified in functional groups including antioxidant defense and Calvin cycle, while other proteins in each cultivar had more roles in antioxidant activity. Overall, the results showed that there was a significant difference between two cultivars in terms of morpho-physiological response to salt stress, and the Niknejhad cultivar showed a better protein response under stress.

selection tolerant cultivars of wheat (as a strategic plant) under drought stress by using traits that are less affected by the environment, increases efficiencies. In this regard, in order to study some genetic parameters of physiological and agronomical traits and also genetic diversity in spring wheat cultivars under normal irrigation (control) and drought stress conditions in booting stage, a split plot experiment (two stress levels as main plots and 20 wheat cultivars as subplots) was done based on Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications during two cativation years 2011-12 and 2012-13 research farm of agriculture faculty, University of Tabriz, Iran. Based on the results of genetic parameters, number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of fertile tillers, number of spike per plant, seed yield, root number per plant, root diameter, leaf specific area and osmotic potential had more amounts for genetically variance, heritability and genetic improvement under control condition. While, in addition to these traits except grain yield; number of seeds per plant, root length, root volume and root dry weight under stress conditions have more genetic variance, heritability and genetic improvement. Other traits because having low amounts genetic parameters for using selection of superior cultivars under drought stress not recommended. Also dendrogram of cluster analysis based on desirable studied traits divided cultivars into four groups in terms of stress condition and non-stress conditions in the three groups that according to cluster analysis grouped under water stress, Marvdasht, Niknejhad, Moghan3, Darya and Kavir cultivars as the most tolerant and also Pishtaz, Bam, Sistan, Sepahan and Bahar identified as the most sensitive cultivars.

Nigella sativa grain has a rich medical and religious history and consists of powerful chemical compounds that can have many effects on human health. In this study the effect of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa on antioxidant properties has been investigated.
The present study was carried out on 28 adult female Wistar rats (weighing 160 - 200 g) in 4 groups (7 mice per group). The 1st group (control group) received no treatment, the 2nd and 3rd groups were treated orally with alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa, at a dose of 400 mg / kg of body weight for 21 days. In addition to oral treatment, the 3rd group was also treated with immobilization stress, and the 4th group was only given immobilization stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), Ferric Reducing / Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Catalase (CAT) were measured in liver and kidney. Furthermore, the fatty acids profile of the extracted oil was studied. In addition, the proximate chemical composition and the contents of Calcium and phosphorous of Nigella sativa L. seeds was investigated to 5 times. The results of the study were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and mean comparison was conducted using Tukey’s test at significance level of (P The results showed Nigella sativa to be rich in fatty acids, especially linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acids were amounting (46.05 ± 1.3, 33.46 ± 1.02, 15.05 ± 0.65, 3.46 ± 0.13, 1.98 ± 0.04%, respectively. P The results of this study show that extract of Nigella sativa to have necessary chemical characteristics increases antioxidant capacity. Moreover, reduces lipid peroxidation (Oxidative stress) and also the harmful effects of stress on the body’s tissues.

To investigate the mechanisms of tolerance and sensitivity to salinity stress in canola (Brassica napus L.), two spring canola cultivars such as SW5001 as tolerant cultivar and Sarigol as sensitive cultivar were evaluated at two levels of salinity in factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications using a hydroponic culture system into green house. Sampling of leaves was performed in the rosette stage and two weeks after starting of salt stress. Proteins were extracted from leaf tissues and two-dimensional electrophoresis for the study of expression of proteins in both control and salt stressed plants was performed. Staining with commassie brilliant blue and quantitative analysis of protein spot by PDQuest software was performed and protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry using MALDI TOF/TOF MS method. 17 protein spots with significant expression differences between control and treatment plants to salinity, were identified that Of these, 10 protein spots was common between two cultivars and four and three proteins were assigned only to tolerant and sensitive cultivars respectively. Common proteins identified were classified in the functional groups of photo reaction of photosynthesis, Calvin cycle, proteins involved in remove of antioxidant, signal transduction and structural stability of proteins. In generally, in the tolerant cultivar of SW5001, sustainability factors of structure, maintaining of carbon metabolism efficiency and defense against to oxidative stress under stress conditions were effectively creates resistance. The highest strength point tolerant cultivar to rely on the unique proteins was in the light reaction of photosynthesis and the most of damage suffered in sensitive cultivar related to Calvin cycle.

In order to investigating the relationship between gliadin sub-units and grain quality traits in wheat, 30 varieties and lines of wheat were evaluated in terms of allelic variation at the loci controlling Gliadin protein by Polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE). In this study number of bands observed in the varieties included 1-5 bands for α subunit, 1-5 bands for ß subunit, 3-8 bands for γ and 3-6 bands for ω subunit. Among α subunit allele’s α1 and α3, between ß subunits alleles’ß4, among γ subunit alleles of γ1 and γ5 and between ω subunits alleles of ω5 and ω6 showed the highest percentage of frequency. Percentage of protein with α2 allele, zeleny number with ß3 and ß4 alleles, hardness number with α2 and γ8, and thousand kernel with ω5 and γ5 had positive and significant correlations, while amount of water absorption showed negative and significant correlations whit γ5. Based on the stepwise regression analysis, between alleles α2, ß2 and α5 with protein content, allele ß4 and zeleny number, allele α2 and hardness alleles, γ5 with starch and ω5 with flour water absorption rate and thousand kernels with γ5 alleles statistically significant relationship was found. So the above subcultures can help as biochemical markers for high quality baker's progeny

For evaluation of the traits related to water deficit stress in 20 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and subsequently determination of the most tolerant and sensitive cultivars, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) in the research farm of the University of Tabriz, Iran during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 crop seasons. The first factor was different levels of water stress including water stress (no irrigation after booting stage) and well-watered conditions, and the second factor comprised 20 spring wheat cultivars. The results indicated that there was significant difference between cultivars and irrigation conditions related to nearly all the traits studied here. The mean comparison and cluster analysis of the cultivars showed that Marvdasht, Niknejhad, Moghan3, Darya and Kavir cultivars had the highest values, but Pishtaz, Bam, Sistan, Sepahan and Bahar cultivars had the lowest values for almost of all the traits. Generally, Kavir and Bahar cultivars were recognized as the most tolerant and susceptible cultivars under drought stress, respectively. According to stepwise regression, some traits entered into the final model, as the maximum amounts of correlation coefficient and direct effects were achieved for the number of spike per plant under two conditions. So, screening for higher values of this trait can bring an improvement in wheat grain yield under two conditions. Factor analysis detected three and four factors which explained 89.95 and 88.01 % of the total variation in non-stress and stress conditions, respectively. Under drought stress condition the factors of 1, 2, 3 and 4 named as root, yield and yield components, physiological, and biomass factors, respectively. These coefficients showed that cultivars with higher values of these factors had the highest values for the traits related to names of each factor.

In this research, proteome analysis was done by two-dimensional electrophoresis and stainig by Commassie brilliant blue method for two cultivars of Kavir as tolerant and Bahar as susceptible was done. After of be quantitative spots with Same spot progenesis software, 10 common protein spots with significant difference between control and drought stress conditions in the Kavir and Bahar was diagnosed. Using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry of common proteins, nine common protein spots were identified and the type of activity and mode of action of these proteins in the cells was determined. Based on the results, proteins involved in light reactions of photosynthesis (three protein spots Chlorophyll ab binding protein 8, chloroplastic, Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit, chloroplasti and Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase CYP38, chloroplastic) and Calvin cycle (two protein spots include Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, chloroplastic and ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase small chain precursor) in both cultivars were the greatest functional groups and in other words, the most important common proteins for maintain of efficiency under drought stress were. Since these proteins in both tolerant and susceptible cultivars showed changes in expression, seems to be the most sensitive proteins in response to drought stress in wheat. In other words, these results show that it is important to maintain the efficiency of photosynthesis under drought stress.

Estimation of genetic variation in crops, a very important role in the development of breeding programs and preservation of genetic resources through morphological characteristics, is possible. To identifying genetic variation and double haploid barley lines classification in relation to germination traits, 72 lines derived from the cross of Steptoe and Morex were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications, at three conditions including normal and two salinity levels of NaCl (100 and 200 mM NaCl). Investigated traits in this study were coefficient of velocity of germination, final germination percentage, mean germination daily, germination rate index and average germination speed. The results indicated that considerable genetic variation among genotypes in all traits. Genetical correlation based on average of the three environments indicated that high significant correlation exist (r= 0.85**) between the daily germination and final germination percentage. In this study, the highest value of phenotypic and genotypic variation coefficient, broad and narrow sense heritability and genetic gain were calculated for final germination percentag. Based on cluster analysis, barley genotypes were grouped into three categories and genotypes of the third cluster, were superior coefficient of variation of germination, germination percentage, germination rate and mean daily germination index, but had low a mount of germination rate. Therefore, the genotype of this group can be used in breeding for high germination percentage. Using principle component analysis; five traits were grouped in the form of two new variables that explained 99.061 percent of the total variance. Analysis biplot indicated that the genotypes of first group have a high percentage of germination index and germination index coefficients.

Salinity is one of the main osmotic stresses that limit plants growth and development through changes in osmotic and ionic balances. In order to mapping of genomic regions of controlling quantitative trait locus (QTLs), related to salinity tolerance in grain barley and assessment of associated indices, an experiment was conducted during 2015 using 72 double haploid lines of barley along with their parents (Stepto and Morex) in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications, at three conditions including normal and two salinity levels of NaCl (100 and 200 mM NaCl). Investigated traits in this study were coefficient of velocity of germination, final germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate index and average germination speed. QTL analysis using composite interval mapping (CIM) was performed based on mean of three environments. Overall, for different traits 47 QTL with LOD≥2.5 was identified and 7 additive-by-additive significant epistatic effects were observed. Total phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs varied from 29.97 to 77.15 percent, which the lowest related to germination rate index under stress conditions of 200 mM and the highest related to coefficient of velocity of germination in normal conditions. The highest LOD (8.27) was obtained for coefficient of velocity of germination on chromosome of 4Hb under 100 mM stress conditions. Stable QTLs in three environments as well as linked markers could be used in the marker assisted selection (MAS) to improve germination characteristics under salinity conditions at different trials replicated over years.