maryam emami

Anger is one of the most basic emotions in human beings. Psychologists regard anger as a normal and typically healthy emotion with evolutionary functions that is occasionally experienced by human beings. The way anger is experienced or expressed is important because uncontrolled anger will negatively impact not only people's social or personal well-being but also their relationships with others. Several factors can influence the way anger is expressed or experienced. Anger experience and its expression are distinct concepts. Anger experience refers to the emotional state that one feels. On the other hand, anger expression refers to the behavioral dimension, which is one’s way of dealing with the feeling of anger The aim of this study is discriminant analysis of personality characteristics (the Big Five personality traits) in determining the styles of the experience and expression of anger (State anger, Trait anger, Anger expression-out (AX-O), Anger expression-in (AX-I), Anger control-out (AC-O), and anger control-in (AC-I)).
 
Population in the study included people over 18 years old. 241 participants (women = 149, men = 92) were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect data, the Short Form NEO personality inventory & State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) questionnaires were used. Date were analyzed using discriminant analysis and Variance Analysis.
Results revealed that, among the Big 5 Personality Traits, four traits—neuroticism (λ=.666), conscientiousness (λ=.715), extroversion (λ=.758), and agreeableness (.795), respectively were able to discriminate individuals significantly on the basis of their anger experience and expression styles. However, Openness to Experience (λ=.928) was not significantly related to the dependent variable.
 
Based on the results, one can conclude that individual differences in personality characteristics influence the way people experience and express anger. Personality traits are among the factors influencing the way anger is expressed and experienced. As the development of personality traits begins early in childhood and such traits are supposed to remain constant all through the individual's life, it's important for parents and educators to take into account the role personality traits (the Five Big personality factors) can play in the wide negative ramifications brought about by the unhealthy manifestations of anger. Parents and educators are thus recommended to make use of the theoretical knowledge and empirical findings to help develop adaptive personality traits in children and reduce the negative impacts caused by inappropriate ways of experiencing and expressing anger. These findings can help clinical psychologists develop intervention programs based on the Five Big Personality Factors to help prevent the harms created by the unhealthy ways of the manifestation of anger.

There is an increasing need for continuous spatial and quantitative soil information for environmental modeling and management, especially at the national scale. This study was conducted to predict the soil particle size fraction (PSF) using the combination of quantile regression forest model (QRF) and spline function in a part of Golestan province. An equal area spline equation was fitted to the data of 105 soil profiles from the database of the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources for estimating PSFs at five soil depths (0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100, and 100-125 cm). The primary auxiliary variables in this research included 22 environmental variables derived from DEM, 15 remote sensing indicators obtained from the Landsat 7 ETM+ images, rainfall and piezometric maps. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), 15 variables were selected and entered into the modeling process of soil texture components (clay, sand, and silt). The efficiency of the quantile regression forest model was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean squared error (RMSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicated that the coefficient of determination for clay, silt, and sand at different depths varied from 0/12 to 0/22, 0/07 to 0/30, and 0/07 to 0/28, respectively. Also, the relative importance of environmental variables showed that rainfall (thirty-year average), piezometry (ten-year average), B3/B7, and valley depth were the most important factors in predicting soil texture components. To improve model performance and validation results, some structural uncertainties in this study should be addressed.

 Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy (25% of all cancers) and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women; death is mainly attributed to the metastatic spread of the primary tumor. On the other hand, secondary tumors of the bladder are rare, representing 2% of all bladder neoplasms. Breast cancer rarely spreads to the urinary bladder. Patients in almost all previous reports have been diagnosed with BC several months before the bladder metastasis (BM) was discovered.

 A 67-year-old woman presented with irritative bladder symptoms with no history suggestive of BC. Normal breast examination and normal laboratory investigations with breast imaging reporting and data system 1 (BI-RADS 1) in mammographic evaluation challenged the pathological findings of the bladder biopsy that was positive for metastatized BC to the bladder.

 Metastatic BC may rarely initially present with irritative lower urinary symptoms and absent clinical and radiological features of BC-but positive histopathological findings.

The present study was conducted with the modeling approach and with the aim of determining the effect of brand personality on brand equity with the mediating role of brand authenticity in the consumers of Majid brand sports products. The statistical population of the present research consists of all consumers of Majid brand sports products. Based on Cochran's sampling formula, 384 consumers of Majid brand sports products were selected as the sample. In order to collect data, demographic characteristics form, Kadirov’s (2010) brand authenticity questionnaire, Kim and Hyun’s (2011) brand equity questionnaire, and Geuens et al.’s (2009) brand personality questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the conceptual model, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between "brand personality" and "brand equity" (p<0.05). There is also a significant relationship between "brand personality" and "brand Authenticity "(p<0.05). And finally, there is a significant relationship between "brand Authenticity " and "brand equity"(p<0.05). Based on the confirmed model, it can be interpreted that brand personality has a direct effect on brand equity (PC=0.69) and brand Authenticity. (PC=0.41). Furthermore, Brand personality has an indirect effect on brand equity through brand Authenticity (PC = 0.20).

We aimed to investigate the association between prostate specific antigen (PSA) density and Gleason score of the positive surgical (PSM) margin after radical prostatectomy with biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer.

In this retrospective cohort study, patients with prostate cancer referred to Hasheminejad Hospital in Tehran, Iran, during 2009-2019, who underwent radical prostatectomy were enrolled through the convenience sampling method. The follow-up period was determined as at least one year after radical prostatectomy to determine biochemical recurrence. Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) and the Gleason score of surgical specimen and positive surgical margins (PSM) were evaluated and their association with biochemical recurrences was investigated.

One hundred and three patients were assessed. The overall biochemical recurrence rate was 48.5% with a mean follow-up of 24 months (12-42 months) and an average time to biochemical recurrence of 18 months (16-20 months). BCR-free (Biochemical recurrence-free) survival rates of patients divided based on the PSAD cut-off point (0.205 ng/ml/cc) were significantly different using the log-rank test (P= 0.008) (85.7%, 57.1%, and 14.3% for values ≤ 0.205 ng/ml/c versus 55.8%, 20.9%, and 0% for values ˃ 0.205 ng/ml/cc, respectively for 1-, 2- and 3-year survival). Moreover, Cox regression showed that the Gleason score of PSM, the Gleason score of the surgical specimen, and the PSAD predicted biochemical recurrence more, respectively.

PSAD and PSM Gleason scores were strong predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and their use along with other common indicators including tumor grade and stage and PSA level can increase the accuracy of risk assessment in patients with prostate cancer.

To investigate the effect of short abstinence on sperm function tests and semen parameters.

This prospective study included 65 male patients with increased DNA injury in their ejaculated sperm and a history of recurrent pregnancy loss and/or assisted reproductive techniques failures. The effects of antioxidants medical therapy and short abstinence on semen quality were assessed (TUNEL test and CMA3 staining).

Antioxidants have statistically significant effects on mean sperm concentration (untreated, 67.51 ± 44.40 million/ml, vs. treated, 56.09 ± 37.85 million/ml; P -value=0.005) and mean TUNEL score (untreated, 24.56% ± 9.49%, vs. treated, 20.64% ± 10.28%; P -value = 0.013). Moreover, a short abstinence period might have positive effects as shown on the TUNEL assay (20.64% ± 10.28 vs. 17.38% ± 8.59 ; P -value = 0.028) and CMA3 staining (47.79% ± 20.78, vs. short 41.92% ± 18.49; P -value = 0.019), when considering all study subjects. However, different results were obtained using more precise analysis based on a TUNEL cutoff score of 20%. The analysis showed that short abstinence might improve sperm DNA integrity in patients with TUNEL score > 20% (mean TUNEL score from 27.85% ± 8.32% to 19.14% ± 8.90% ; P -value =0.001%). However, it might have deleterious effects on sperm DNA integrity in patients with TUNEL score < 20% (mean TUNEL score from 11.89% ± 3.21% to 15.17% ± 7.79%; P -value = 0.045%)

Our results showed that short abstinence may not be beneficial in all infertile males, and it should only be used in selected patients with abnormal DNA integrity.

The development of purposeful and principled programs meant to improve the scientific level of countries requires the assessment and measurement of research, and oil industry research is no exception. Therefore, examining the quantitative and qualitative growth trend of products in petroleum engineering can be a guideline for decision-makers and politicians to develop and advance this field. This research is a scientometric study conducted using the co-citation analysis technique. The statistical population of the present study includes all articles in the field of petroleum engineering indexed in the Web of Science database from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 2019. All full record and cited references with tagged format were marked as plain text files to performing analysis. Ravar PreMap, UCINET and NetDraw software were used to identify countries and researchers in question and do a co-citation study. The annual growth trend of articles in petroleum engineering has had an upward trend between 1985 and 2019. Finally, by examining the research in this area, it was found that based on centrality indices, "BAHADORI, ALIREZA" from New South Wales Oil and Gas Company of Australia and "MOHAMMADI, AMIR H." from the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa have played a more important role in scientific production in the field of petroleum engineering according to rank and intermediate centrality indices. Co-citation analysis of articles can show the most important articles and their relationships. Such analyses can be useful for large-scale policymaking or identifying existing gaps and addressing them.

One of the important issues that we face in studying different branches of Islamic sciences such as jurisprudence, theology and philosophy is that these sciences have general principles and the scholars of these sciences describe issues and remove doubts according to these principles. The question now is whether Islamic mysticism is no exception to this issue and has principles or not, and secondly, if it has principles, what is the origin of mystical principles? In this article, firstly, the principle is defined and the main elements of the principle in religious sciences are determined. Then, based on mystical texts, including theoretical mysticism and practical mysticism, the existence or non-existence of principles is examined. This review shows Islamic mysticism, as a science, also has general principles, and secondly, these principles are either directly derived from Quranic verses and hadiths or indirectly based on their meanings.

 Influenza is a global epidemic disease that always causes irreparable damage to individuals and countrieschr('39') health, and the amount of research in this area is increasing. The primary purpose this study is to discover the hidden patterns and emerging events of global influenza publications.

 This article is an applied type was done with an analytical approach and using the Co-word analysis method. This researchchr('39')s statistical population includes all the keywords of documents indexed with influenzachr('39')s subject in the WOSCC in the last two decades. The number of keywords studied in this article is 26767. MeSH was used to determine the search strategy for document retrieval.

 The keywords "Avian Influenza" and "Influenza Vaccine" with a frequency of 1302 and 1264 were the most frequent keywords in the subject area of influenza. Findings related to the analysis of clusters by the hierarchical clustering method created 21 clusters in the field of influenza. Seventeen clusters with the most keywords were the largest cluster. The strategic diagram indicated that most influenza subject area clusters are located in the third quadrant of the strategic diagram and are considered emerging or declining subjects.

 Discovering the intellectual structure, presenting hidden patterns and emerging events of global publications in the field of influenza infections can help governments, communities, and research centers in understanding research advances, optimizing and managing future research topics, and effectively monitoring and policy-making activities-new research and allocation of facilities and budget.

The aim of this study was to examine the status of documents related to coronavirus based on scientometric indicators and to draw a co-authorship map of authors, organizations and countries producing an article to get to know this field as much as possible.

This applied-scientometric was conducted using social network analysis. The statistical population of this study was all published documents related to coronavirus from 1985 to 2019 in Web of Science (WoS), and finally, 6980 documents were retrieved. Then, VOSviewer was used to analyze and draw the co-authorship map.

Among the top authors in the field of coronavirus, “Christian Drosten” with 85 documents and 4835 citations, “Yuen Kwok-Yung” with 70 documents and 3862 citations as well as “Patrick CY Woo” with 49 documents and 3160 citations have achieved the first to third place in terms of the number of co-authorship in this field, respectively. Moreover, the top authors, countries and organizations in the field of coronavirus had 11, 9 and 12 thematic clusters, respectively.

In this study, the results of co-authorship network analysis on coronavirus allow researchers to learn about the relationships between important elements and identify key individuals, organizations and countries in this field. Besides, the results of this study can pave the way for cooperation and knowledge sharing among experts in this field with other scientific fields.

The purpose of this research is to map the scientific structure of the subject areas of medical and laboratory equipment articles using the co-occurrence analysis.

This research is a scientometrics study and has been done using co-occurrence analysis. The statistical population of the present study is all articles in the field of medical and laboratory equipment, which were indexed from 1984 to 2014 in the Web of Science. In this research, in order to draw a scientific map Ucinet software and its full complement Net Draw have been used and hierarchical clustering was performed with the SPSS software.

The results of the research showed in the frequency, the keyword "medical equipment" and in terms of the coincidence, two keywords "menstrual fluid- menstrual fluid" were the most frequent in the field of medical and laboratory equipment. The results of hierarchical clustering using the ward’s method led to the formation of four clusters in this area, which included the cluster of medical equipment, the cluster of therapeutic methods, the cluster of cardiovascular equipment and the cluster of diseases.

 The results of the co-occurrence analysis showed that the cluster of "therapeutic methods" and the "cardiovascular equipment" cluster are considered to be mature and central clusters and play a central role in medical and laboratory equipment research. Therefore therapeutic methods and cardiovascular therapies are among the key issues emerging in medical and laboratory equipment research that can predict the path to future research. Also, the cluster of "medical equipment" and the cluster of "diseases" are both central and in terms of density compared to other clusters at a low level and have a marginal role and less attention has been paid to research on medical and laboratory equipment.

 Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most common challenging pathogens in causing serious infections in intensive care units of modern hospital systems around the world and poses a serious threat to public and patient health. This study aims to analyze the network of scientific and empirical collaborations of A. baumanniii researchers in the last three decades.

 The present study was performed using the Co-citation analysis technique. All A. baumannii publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection for the period 1990-2019 are the statistical population of the study. After an advanced search, 4473 documents were retrieved. A total of 18343 authors contributed to the publication of the retrieved documents. Ravar PreMap 1.0.0.0, NetDraw, and UCINET 6.528.0.0 software were utilized for data analysis.

 Data analysis showed that the global publication of A. baumannii has risen. "Clinical Infectious Diseases," was the best journal, and "Seifert, Harald," the most influential researcher, and "Seifert, Harald * Higgins, Paul G," were identified as the best co-citation pair. Top researchers in A. baumannii were "Beceiro," "Alejandro," "HSU Li Yang," and "Seifert, Harald," respectively, based on degree, betweenness and closeness centrality indicators.

Analysis of social networks A. baumanniii presents an objective and realistic view to experts and planners. Also, the structure of A. baumannii's internal relationships and researchers' connections is determined objectively. Finally, researchers get acquainted with journals, scientists and organizations that are proliferated and effective and plan to collaborate with them in the future

Caregiver stress is harmful to the health of both caregivers and people living with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias. The present study was conducted to assess stress and its predictors of people living with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias’ caregivers.

The present descriptive, analytical, cross‑sectional study was conducted in December 2017–June 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. Data were collected by interviewing 99 caregivers had at least 6 months of experience caring for a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, through questionnaires developed by the researcher. A convenience sample (easy access) of caregivers was recruited from calling the home of formally diagnosed with Alzheimer’s patient, that have registered in educational hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and psychiatrists’ office both paid caregivers (formal) and unpaid caregivers (family). All caregivers provided informed consent. The type and severity of the relationship between the dependent (stress) and independent variable were assessed using Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients, the independent t‑test, and the multivariate regression analysis.

The caregivers’ mean stress score was 25.4 ± 10.9 (range: 4–54). About 80% of the caregivers were female. Age and stress score was correlated (P = 0.004), the mean stress score was significantly higher in female caregivers (P = 0.04), informal caregivers (P < 0.001), and significantly lower in the caregivers with previous experience of caring for Alzheimer’s patients (P = 0.02) or those introduced by service companies (P = 0.005). Variables including the family relationship with the patient (P = 0.01), kind of caregiving (P = 0.03), and previous experience of caring for Alzheimer’s patients (P = 0.04) were stronger predictors of the stress score.

Stress is a challenge in promoting mental health among dementia caregivers. Providing social support with an emphasis on physical, mental, and social health is mandatory, especially for female and family caregivers, to promote stress management, mental health in this group, and enable optimal and purposeful care.

The aim of the current study was to draw up a co-citation map of prominent researchers in the medical and laboratory equipment based on the scientific articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS).

This scientometric study was carried out using co-citation analysis. The statistical population of this study was all articles in the field of medical and laboratory equipment indexed over 30 years (1984-2014) in the WoS. In the current study, UCINET and its NetDraw were used to draw scientific maps and SPSS was applied for hierarchical clustering.

The findings showed that Aaronson NK is the most cited researcher in the field of medical and laboratory equipment in terms of total citations received. Moreover, data related to co-citation data of authors indicated that Craig R-Millon T had the highest co-citation rate (33 cases) with each other. Among the high
co-citation of subject categories of articles related to medical and laboratory equipment, the "medical equipment" and "medicine" had the highest rank in degree centrality index, betweenness and closeness. Analyzing the findings of the
co-citation articles led to the formation of 7 clusters (neurological disorders, cardiovascular disorders, immunology, diagnostic and treatment equipment cluster, cancer and chemotherapy, public health and microbiology).

Creating a co-citation link among authors in the field of medical and laboratory equipment reflects the intellectual connection among the authors of this field of science, and all high-article authors of the medical and laboratory equipment are not necessarily influential, high-citation and high- centrality authors.

Melissa officinalis is widely used to reduce anxiety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Melissa officinalis on anxiety using existing evidences.

Persian and English clinical trials were searched in international and Persian databases in December 2018. Extraction of data was done independently by two reviewers. The quality of the studies was observed using the Jadad scale.

A review of clinical trials performed on 395 participants showed that oral medicinal herbs in different patients have positive anti-anxiety effects.

There is enough supporting evidence for using Melissa officinalis to reduce anxiety.

Researchers use various questionnaires to examine the sleep of patients admitted to intensive care units. This study carried out aiming to compare between Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire and St Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire in order to assess the sleep quality in patients with acute coronary syndrome hospitalized in CCU ward.

The present study was performed as a descriptive correlational study on 72 patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted to CCU of Vali-e-Asr Hospital in Qom from May 2017 to July 2018. In addition to demographic characteristics, sleep quality was assessed using Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire and St Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire, and psychometric properties of the two tools, were evaluated by the COSMIN Checklist. The correlation between the scores of two questionnaires was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.

In this study, 72 patients (72.2% male and 27.28% female) with the mean age of 59.59±1.17 (age range, 32-78 years) were studied. The COSMIN Checklist did not show all psychometric properties in both questionnaires and the correlation coefficient of the two questionnaires was weak (r=-0.44, p=0.23).

The results of the present study showed that both Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire and St Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire are suitable for evaluation of the quality of sleep, but due to their high use in different studies, more researches are needed to be performed on these two questionnaires in order to determine all of their psychometric dimensions.

 The purpose of this study was to analyze the co-occurrence of the terms of medical and laboratory equipment patents in the United States Patent and Trademark Office between 1984 and 2014.  This research was an applied study using scientometrics and co-word analyses. The statistical population of the present study included all patents of medical and laboratory equipment registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office database between 1984 and 2014. As a result, a total of 13424 patents were retrieved.  The results revealed that in terms of frequency, the keyword "Menstrual Fluid" and in terms of co-occurrence, two keywords (Menstrual Fluid and Magnetic Resonance Image Apparatus) were the most frequent ones in medical and laboratory equipment studies. The results of hierarchical clustering with "Ward's method" led to the formation of eight clusters in this area including the following: General Equipment, Rehabilitation Equipment, Dental Equipment, Therapeutic Equipment, Emergency Equipment, Laboratory Equipment, Diagnostic Equipment, and Medical Consumables. The analysis of the co-occurrence of words revealed the scientific structure of medical and laboratory equipment well. Accordingly, the scientific issues were extracted and the relationship between them was discovered. The maps of co-word analysis showed several changes, sustainability of concepts, and terms related to this field of science.

Title: Evaluation of expression and methylation of promoter of JAK2 and STAT3 genes in lung cancer tissue and its comparison with adjacent healthy tissue in 75 people with this cancer. Lung cancer is a disease that affects lung tissue cells. It is a common cancer in the world and is one of the deadliest cancers. Molecular variations of genes have a significant effect on the progression of the disease and blockage. These pathways can improve the treatment process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the modifications of the promoter methylation of JAK2 / STAT3 signaling pathways and the level of expression of these genes at the level of mRNA, which has so far been studied in lung cancer in Iran. Not action. In this research, a case control study, 75 samples of parathyroid cancer were collected and tumor margins were selected as control samples. Samples were collected from Imam Ali hospital in Zahedan from April to December 1995. Initially, de-paraffinization was performed, and then DNA and RNA were extracted for further investigation The promoter methylation of JAK2 and STAT3 genes was evaluated using Metelyation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) technique by using 75 samples of paraffin and parietal lung cancer tissue and soft tissue at the tumor margins as tissue control samples. Took The expression analysis was performed on paraffin embedded tissue samples (22 of the cancerous and normal tissues) using PCR real time. . The results of the study indicate that there is a risk of lung cancer between the status of the promoter's methylation of both JAK2 and STAT3 genes. [JAK2: OR = 7.15; 95% CI: 3.35-15.46, p = 0.001, STAT3: OR = 8.77, 95% CI: 4.16-18.49, p = 0.001]. According to our knowledge, the present study is the first to show the association between the promoter of hypermethylation of the JAK2 / STAT3 gene, the reduction of JAK2 expression and an increased risk of lung cancer.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, the second most common urologic malignancy, is amenable to early diagnosis. This study presents the potential prognostic benefit for a less invasive modification to the standard endoscopic approach. To evaluate the risk index for the progression and recurrence of additional tumors detected with narrow-band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy compared to standard white light imaging (WLI) cystoscopy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), based on the European organization for research and treatment of cancer (EORTC) scoring system.Patients and Patients with NMIBC, who were scheduled for resection between May 2012 and May 2013, were studied and mapped under NBI and WLI cystoscopy by independent surgeons prior to resection. Detection rates and tumor characteristics, including EORTC progression and the recurrence risk index, were compared. Fifty patients, aged 63.86 ± 10.05 years, were enrolled. The overall detection rate was 98.9% for NBI vs. 89.4% for WLI (P = 0.001), and the false-positive rates were 9.6% and 5.8%, respectively (P = 0.051). Ten tumors were detected by NBI alone, including four grade I tumors, four grade III tumors, and two carcinomas in situ. The tumor progression index was not significantly reduced with NBI compared to WLI (P > 0.05); however, the recurrence index was significantly lower in the NBI group (P < 0.05). NBI cystoscopy improved the detection rate. Although false positives were more common with NBI, this was not statistically significant. NBI found additional aggressive tumors, which underscores the impact of detection in EORTC recurrence risk scoring.

Stress urinary incontinence is a major problem affecting economic - social aspects and private lives of many women. Different surgical techniques such as TVT are used to treat the problem. This study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between the findings of transvaginal dynamic sonography with patient’s signs and symptoms after Mid-urethral sling surgery using TVT tape. In this study, all women aged between 17 to 88 years who underwent TVT surgery for treatment of urinary incontinence at Tehran Hasheminejad Hospital during the past 2 years (2011-2013) and at least three months had passed of their surgery were entered to the study. A questionnaire for evaluation of age, body mass index, parity, irritative and obstructive symptoms was completed by the urologist. Then, a radiologists performed transvaginal ultrasound for the patients to determine the distance of tape from the urethra and bladder neck. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 16) and non-parametric tests. P Among 190 patients, 22 cases (10%) had irritative symptoms, 14 (?%) obstructive symptoms, and 17 (8.9%) with symptoms of incontinence urgency. The sonography showed that mean distance of tape (c shape) from urethra was 3 ± 0.3 mm and mean distance of tape (c shape) from bladder neck was 11.3 ± 0.3 mm; there was no significant relationship between the prevalence of irritative symptoms and variables (P=0.14). There is no significant relationship between the findings of dynamic trans-vaginal ultrasound with patient’s signs and symptoms after Mid-urethral sling surgery using TVT tape to treat urinary incontinence in women.

Alzheimer's disease is known to be a serious burden in all communities throughout the world. It affects both interpersonal and social relations. Since the disease has usually a long and progressive course, the need for caregivers is increasing. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between the predisposing factors and practice and demographic variables in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

In this descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical study, the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was approved by experts and its reliability was checked via Cronbach's alpha. Predisposing factors were studied with 30 questions on knowledge, 14 on attitude and 15 on practice. The relationship between independent variables and predisposing factors were examined using multiple regressions test.

92 percent of all caregivers were females between the 41-60 years of age. Most of them did not complete their secondary school trainings, were married and were already house wives. The caregivers’ knowledge was rated as good while their attitude and practice were assessed as moderate. The difference between mean scores for caregiver's knowledge and their education level were shown to be significant (P = 0.009). There were significant differences between the mean caregiver's attitude scores and their sex (P < 0.001), age (P = 0.001), level of education (P = 0.001), marital status (P = 0.006) and duration of caregiving (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference between the mean caregiver's practice scores and variables (P > 0.050). The caregiver's knowledge scores showed a correlation with their practice scores.

Since the majority of caregivers were shown to be women who were not usually skilled workers, social support especially in terms of physical and mental health for such women, and also for the patients’ family members are of high priority.

Enjoying the twelfth largest coal reserve in the world، only one percent of Iran’s energy consumption basket is supplied by coal. Now، Iran’s energy economy is under the influence of natural oil and gas resources، causing other more profitable energy resources to be neglected. The Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) technology is a procedure to transform the underground coal into gas، resulting in improving the recovery of coal layers with different thicknesses and depths. This technology may be considered as a strategy to feed the domestic gas network with the synthetic gas of UCG. Therefore، Iran’s gas export capacity will be improved، helping domestic and foreign economy of energy. Implementing and using the UCG technology in Iran will help us take a leap toward the goals of upstream documents and orders of the Supreme Leader in the fields of oil and gas.

To compare the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on depression of students with emotional breakdown. This is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest against a control group. The population includes all referred students to Kharazmi University Counselling center; 20 samples were selected using a convenience sampling method. The results confirmed the effect of bibliotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on reduction of depression in students with emotional breakdown. There was no significant difference found between the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing the depression of students with emotional breakdown.

To extract the causes and risk factors of urinary incontinence from an old medical text by Avicenna entitled “Canon of Medicine” and comparing it with contemporary studies. In this study, etiology and risk factors of urinary incontinence were extracted from Avicenna's “Canon of Medicine”. Commentaries written on this book and other old reliable medical texts about bladder and its diseases were also studied. Then the achieved information was compared with contemporary findings of published articles. Urinary incontinence results from bladder dysfunction in reservoir phase. Bladder’s involuntary muscles and voluntary external sphincter are two main components which are involved in this process. Urinary incontinence can exist without obvious structural and neuronal etiologies. According to Avicenna, distemperment of muscular tissue of bladder and external sphincter is the cause for urinary incontinence in such cases. Distemperment is the result of bothering qualities in tissue, i.e.: “wet” and “cold”. They are the two bothering qualities which are caused by extracorporealand intracorporeal factors. Interestingly, the positive associations of some of these factors with urinary incontinence have been shown in recent researches. “Cold” and “wet” distemperment of bladder and external sphincter can be independent etiologies of urinary incontinence which should be investigated.