maryam rahbar

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has obtained the mainstay role as a procedure of gold standard in patients harboring renal lithiasis larger than 2 cm. It has earned an outstanding reputation as a low complications/low mortality minimally- invasive procedure worldwide. Therefore, its complications carry a great deal, and considering bleeding as its main problem, possible post-bleeding Acute Renal Injury must be checked out. This is a cross-sectional study planned for 91 patients who underwent PCNL. The renal Function variable had been tuned primarily as Serum Creatinine levels, which had been obtained before surgery following afterwards sessions as the order of days 1, 2, and 30 after surgery. Demographic data were as Gender: 63(69.2%) males. The mean age of the patients was 47.8± 4.7 years. Analytic Data as Mean stone size was 25 mm, Serum sodium & potassium & hemoglobin & hematocrit level &GFR. Data analysis uttered the considerable rise in the creatinine levels on the second day (p value<0.05), although respecting its levels after 1 month, all recovered in one month and meant no considerable decline neither in GFR or other biochemical levels.  Our Data revealed a considerable decrease in the overall kidney function through an increase in the serum creatinine and electrolytes levels on the second postoperative day which was shown to be completely recovered based on their measured levels after one month.

Many outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD), an endemic disease of artiodactyl ruminants, occur all over the country every year. FMD is one of the diseases that cause a lot of economic damage to animals and is one of the main obstacles in ensuring health and production of livestock. Preventing the introduction of the disease into a country by controlling the imports of meats and meat products and other sources which might transmit the virus or use of vaccination are two major alternatives in respect to preventing and controlling FMD (Carpenter and Thieme, 1979). Vaccination, with currently available and tested vaccine must be undertaken at least three times annually to maintain immunity. The semen quality may be affected by vaccination due to vaccine stress and anaphylactic shock (Murugavel et al. 1997). The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of FMD vaccination on seminal traits of Holstein bulls.

Twenty Holstein bulls between three and five years old maintained at Nahadehaye Dami Jahed Artificial Insemination center were used in present study, which were housed in individual pens under identical feeding and management regimes. FMD vaccine polyvalent (inactivated, containing virus types O2016, A13, A15 and Asia1 strains) produced by Razi vaccine and serum research Institute was administered for vaccination purpose at 5 ml by SC injection route. Semen samples were collected by artificial vagina technique. Appropriate sexual preparation with two false mount on dummy cow was followed. A total of 571 semen ejaculates were collected at 15 days before, 15 days after and 15-30 days after FMD vaccination during autumn of 2018 and spring of 2019. Seminal traits like fresh and post thaw sperm motility, motility after incubation test, sperm concentration, semen volume and HOS test were evaluated. The ejaculate volume was measured in the divided semen collection tube in milliliters. The concentration of spermatozoa was calculated by photometer. Motility of spermatozoa was analyzed by Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The integrity of sperm membrane was evaluated using the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Extended semen was filled in medium straws and were frozen by programmable freezing device. Recorded data were analyzed using SPSS, oneway ANOVA. The differences at P<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

However, the available reports on the effect of such vaccination on semen quality are conflicting, Vaccination is one of the major anaphylactic stress factors that affect the semen quality (Gahlot and Kohli, 1981; Venkatareddy et al. 1991 and Murugavel et al. 1997).In this study There was no significant (P>0.05) effect of vaccination on the semen volume in Holstein bulls, but a slightly increasing trend was observed. The secondary activities of accessory sex glands remain unaffected following vaccination (Radhakrishnan et al. 1975). So, this can be considered as a possible cause for no change in the ejaculate volume. However, Venkatareddy et al. (1991) in Onqole, Jersey and Ongole × Jersey breeds reported an increase in the volume of semen. Significant decrease in sperm concentration following vaccination was observed by Venkataswamy and Rao (1970); Venkatareddy et al. (1991) and Singh et al. (2003). On the contrary, Kammar and Gnagadhar (1998) reported no adverse effect of vaccination on sperm concentration during post vaccination period, and in the current study there is no evidence of reduction in sperm concentration (p>0.05). The decreased sperm concentration may be due to the adverse effects of therapeutic agents on germinal cells resulting into increase in dead spermatozoa, which are absorbed by leucocytes through phagocytosis (Mann and Mann 1981). The negative effects of vaccination may be due to the adverse effects produced by therapeutic agents or degenerative changes in germinal epithelium. The increased resorption of abnormal spermatozoa leads to reduction in epididymal sperm reserves (Rao et al. 1980), thereby decreasing concentration. The motility of sperm cell develops during their passage through epididymis (Olson et al. 2002). However, vaccination transitory rise in body temperature as well as testes temperature causes derangement in spermatogenesis and epididymal function, and this leads to vaccination mediated declined sperm motility (Arthur 1989). When testicular temperature increases, metabolism increases at a greater rate than blood flow and hence the testes become hypoxic. Therefore, the testes are very susceptible to temperature increases due to endogenous or exogenous factors (e.g. fever, high ambient temperature). As testicular temperature increases, the proportion of defective spermatozoa increases; recovery is dependent upon the nature and duration of the thermal insult (Setchell 1978). Pankaj et al. (2007) reported significant reduction in the mass activity and motility of buffalo bull semen after vaccination. In this study a non-significant effect on initial progressive motility with decreasing trend was observed which is in agreement with observation of Gupta et al. (2017). Our results are in agreement with the findings of Bhakat et al. (2010) who reported a significant decline in post thaw motility during post vaccination. To be specific, there was a significant decrease in frozen semen samples progressive and slow motility, rate of plasma membrane integrity and significant increase in immotile spermatozoa in our study(p<0.05). Contrary to this Mangurkar et al. (2000) observed no significant effect on post freezing motility. Both physiological and structural status of sperm get severely affected during cryopreservation (Bailey et al. 2003). The chemical, osmotic, thermal and mechanical stresses during extension, cooling, freezing and thawing result in cryoinjuries of varying degree to the spermatozoa (Farooq et al. 2013). The significant variation in post thaw motility and motility after incubation test can be attributed to the effect of thermal stress developed following vaccination (Gupta et al. 2017).

The observations showed that vaccination changes the seminal characteristics of Holstein bulls. Thus, it is suggested that AI Centers consider sexual rest and prescribe supportive treatment in order to improve semen characteristics after vaccination.

 

The reduction of public participation in many sports fields due to various issues, including economic, political and social pressures, has led sport development to become a planned and up-and-down process to enhance the sustainability of sports participation by influencing the quality and variety of programs offered to all people in the community with every level of sport. Since the removal of barriers to sport development is one of the main steps and the beginning of its realization, the purpose of the present study is to identify the obstacles that exist in the path of the sport industry development process of the country.

The method of research is qualitative and based on theme analysis. For collecting data, snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 knowledgeable elites. Data was performed based on the six stages of theme analysis with the approach presented by Clarke and Braun (2006).

According to the results, the barriers to sport development in 42 sub themes and 8 main themes were extracted and explained: cultural, economic, political barriers, systemic-human, management, infrastructure, technological and media barriers.

The careful consideration given to the obstacles suggests that some of these obstacles, such as cultural, economic and political barriers, are barriers to the land. Therefore, in removing obstacles to the development of the country's sport, there should be a closer look at the barriers that underlie the barriers and feed other obstacles.

 The current research aimed to design and explain the sports Development processes in Iran.

 The qualitative and grounded theory-based methods have been used for the current study. The snowball data sampling method and the semi-structural interviews with 15 knowledgeable elites on the subject was used for data collection. The obtained data were analysed by the grounded theory coding with the structuralist approach introduced by Charmaz (2006). The coding was done in two phases as the primary and concentrated codes. Then, the theoretical coding was used to organize the concentrated codes. The trustworthiness of the obtained data and codes for ensuring them the researcher did authenticity.

 The findings show that the processes required for sports development in Iran include attraction, maintenance (the Process of maintaining community sport participation and the Process of retaining talent), and education. These three processes and their components are interrelated and connected in a systematic approach. The proper designing of the processes and the relationship between their components with the strategy to use each process output as the input of the next one with particular emphasis on the interstitial processes and components is an essential point that must be considered.

 

Proper design of processes and the relationship between their components using each Process's output as input to the next Process with special emphasis on the Process and intermediate components is a critical point that must be considered. It is in this state that heroism is taken out of the greenhouse mode. Incidentally, with the spread and promotion of sports and physical activity among different sections of society, the possibility of the emergence of sports talents naturally increases, and their growth and excellence path becomes clear. Iran's sports development model is presented with a stakeholder approach, procedures and process.

This study was conducted to determine the suitable dose of gamma rays for increasing sperm motility and viability after thawing and to assess its effects on malondialdehyde concentration and the rate of sperm DNA strand breaks. Sperm samples in liquid nitrogen were irradiated at doses of zero, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 Gy. The sperm quality and quantity parameters were evaluated before and after irradiation using CASA system. Sperm morphology and viability were evaluated using Eosin-Nigrosin staining. Malondialdehyde concentration was determined based on thiobarbituric acid method and DNA strand breaks analyzed by Comet assay. Data were analyzed based on randomized complete block design by SAS Software. The results showed that irradiation influenced (P<0.05) on motility and viability of sperms. The semen malondialdehyde concentration had no significant differences among treatments (P>0.05). Based on the Comet assay result, DNA strand breaks parameters had no significant differences with the control group, except at dose of 0.9 Gy. The results of this study demonstrated that gamma irradiation at dose of 0.7 Gy could enhance the motility and viability of sperms after thawing without negative effect on semen and sperm quality.

Introduction & goal: the aim of this research has been to study the effect of perceived waiting time on evaluating service quality and customer satisfaction in the sport services area (including swimming pool and sport hall) as a case study in Gas National company. The research method was descriptive. Statistical sample of the research are consist of 100 persons from women users of provided service in sport complexes of Gas Company in 1391. The research tool was a part of Hightower (2002) which its validity was considered by using factor analysis technique and its reliability was 95%. For data analysing in this part, structural equation modeling and its special type of this model, confirmed factor analysis technique, with the application of Partial Least Squares (PLS) through the SmartPls2 application used.
Findings: In this model, the perceptive wating time could affect service quality directly and with satisfaction relatively powerful effect coefficient (0/614) as well as effect coefficient (0/59). Furthermore, service quality could has a role between waiting time and satisfaction as a mediator factor. Therefore, it is proposed that managers enjoy this area to make changes in the other variables of the model and by understanding the various forms of perceptive waiting time in the sport service, use the waiting time more effective management in order to improve customers satisfaction.

Cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) efficiently protected sperm of some species against cryodamage. On the other hand, vitrification of sperm especially in human opened a new horizon in the field of sperm freezing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of CLC on vitrification of cat sperm. The tom epididymal sperm (n=22 pairs) was extracted from epididymides and subjected to vitrification in TRIS based solution that was incorporated with or without CLC. The warmed sperm was analyzed for motility, viability and morphology. Vitrification significantly (P

Beta-2 Microglobulin (β2M) is a middle molecular weight uremic toxin. Lack of β2M removal leads to β2M accumulation and amyloidosis in hemodialysis patients. The present research aims to determine the relationship between β2M and inflammatory factors, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in hemodialysis patients. 

Fifty-four hemodialysis patients were selected and their pre- and post-dialysis serum levels of β2M, CRP, albumin, and HDL, were measured.

There was an obvious inverse relationship between β2M level and serum level of albumin, while no relationship was found between β2M and CRP or HDL.

According to the findings of this study, it was identified that inflammatory-induced increase in β2M level in dialysis patients leads to reduced serum albumin

Anemia is a common complication of chronic renal failure due to reduce erythropoietin production by kidneys. Anemia treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHu-EPO). Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) due to antibody productionagainst rHu-EPO is a rare but major complication of this drug.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PRCA due to antibodies in dialysis patients with resistant anemia who received erythropoietin.
Patients and We studied 128 under maintenance hemodialysis patients more than 3 month in Kashan. In patients with anemia who received erythropoietin with dose requirements based on weight and anemia and without any another cause for anemia, evaluate for PRCA and anti-rHu-EPO antibody level were measured by ELISA.
In this research, 75 patients (58.6%) were male and 53 patients (41.4%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 59.05 ± 16.66 years. The result of analysis showed that 55 (43%) patients had anemia with hemoglobin level less than 10 mg/dL. Only 3 patients had PRCA and antibodies against erythropoietin in serum. There were no correlation between age, gender, cause of renal failure, hemodialysis duration, hemoglobin level, rHu-EPO dose and levels of anti-rHu-EPO antibody serum value.
The result of this study indicated that administration of rHu-EPO in dialysis patients afflicted to kidney failure may cause PRCA especially through intravenous injection. However, this change is not statistically significant.

One of the problems in chemical dosimeters such as Trimesic acid is the liquid environment which makes it difficult to use. Chemical dosimeter merged into a bed of gel can help to partly overcome this problem.According to the importance of stability of dosimeter response after irradiation, in this study, the parameters of gelatin- Trimesic acid dosimeter in the range of doses of a one fraction of radiotherapy was assessed in days one, two, three and four after irradiation.
After the gel construction at a concentration of 1 mM and a pH of 2.2, it was poured into Perspex vials which opening was tight with parafilm and wrapped in an aluminum foil to eliminate light and was divided into 5 groups to be irradiated with 6 MV photons of linac 24h after the gel synthesis. To do so, vials were place at the isocenter of the linac in a SSD of 100cm and field size of 10×10 cm2. The delivered doses were from 0-200 cGy and vials were kept at the temperature of 4˚C after the irradiation. The procedure of reading the vials were performed using a spectroflourimeter (Jasco 6200) from one to four days after irradiation in excitation wavelengths of 370, 380, 390, 410, 420 and 450 nm.
After obtaining the emission spectrum from the spectroflourimeter, the emission spectrum was analyzed and it was found that there is a peak in the wavelengths of 377, 387, 396, 416, 427 and 457 nm seen in one day after irradiation and the most stable response belongs to the first day after irradiation.
The results of this study showed that the combined gelatin- Trimesic acid dosimeter in the first day after irradiation has the highest and most stable response and according to its characteristics, has the potential to be assessed as a clinical dosimeter

Hepatitis B virus potentially accelerates graft rejection and mortality in renal transplantation population. Vaccination of graft candidates without prior immunization against HBV seems essential before transplantation but some candidates of transplantation have not received HBV vaccine at the time of receiving graft. We aimed to evaluate immunogenicity of an enhanced regimen (4 doses of double-strength intramuscular shots) after kidney transplantation in candidates without history of prior HBV vaccination.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted, 49 renal graft recipients in Sina Hospital (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran) of age >18, receiving graft within past 6 months and negative history of hepatitis B vaccination from 2010-2011. Participants received 40 μg intramuscular (IM) shots of a recombinant vaccine in the months 0, 1, 2 and 6. The titer of HBsAb was measured 8 weeks after the 3rd and 4th injections. Cases with HBsAb titers less than 10 mIu/ml were considered as non-responder while antiHBs≥10 mIu/ml was considered protective.
The overall response rate was 57.14% (28/49 patients). Protective HBsAb titers were detected in 44.89% patients following 3rd dose and reached to 57.14% after injecting the 4th shots. The mean HBsAb titers were 50.00 (±88.35) mIu/ml and 229.45 (±356.56) mIu/ml after the 3rd and 4th shots respectively. Responders showed significantly younger age in comparison to non-responders (P=0.013). The vaccine was well tolerated in all patients with no side effects.
Regarding the relative good response rate following HBV vaccination in graft recipients, we suggest a post-transplantation enhanced regimen of 4-dose double-strength IM shots against HBV in patients without prior immunization.

In today's challenging environment, managers emphasize sustainable and profitable relationships with customers. Moreover, the issue of customer's behavioral intentions (like loyalty) and the identification of the effective factors have a double significance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and relationship of the management of servicescape and service infrastructures with behavioral intentions of customers. The study was a descriptive survey. The statistical sample consisted of 200 users of the services offered at the National Gas Company sport complexes in 2013. A researcher-made questionnaire with 59 items was used in this study. The reliability of this questionnaire was 0.96 (P<0.01). In the fit model with 8 factors which showed a good consistency with the current models, customer's involvement, servicescape and employees were independent factors; waiting time, service quality, value and satisfaction were the related factors and the behavioral intentions was the answer factor of the model. Also, the managers should notice the bivariate correlations of the factors. Customer's involvement was the key factor that affected customer's satisfaction and loyalty. Service quality, servicescape, employees and customer's satisfaction were important factors, but value must receive more attention.

The purposes of this study were modeling from the conceptuals to exclusive intentions of private sector customers.
The method of research was descriptive - survey conducted. The samples were consisted of 354 users of the services offered at Enghelab complex gyms in 1391. Research tool were built as a questionnaire with 55 closed questions that has been answered. Cronbach's alpha reliability test was up to 0.95(P In the proposed model, there were three independent factors that contribute loyalty: perceived justice (IF: 0.31) (IF: 0.0068) and perceived risk (IF: 0.0068). Also service quality were contributed on satisfaction (IF: 0.70) and value (IF: 0.52) indirectly. Furthermore, satisfaction on loyalty (IF: 0.44) and value on trustness (IF: 0.39) & on loyalty (IF: 0.028), also trustness on loyalty (IF: 0.11) had contributions. Perceived justice on trustness (IF: 0.52); on satisfaction (IF: 0.17); on value (IF: 0.24) have indirectly contributed. Satisfaction and trustness had contribution on situational factors (IF: 0.25); (IF: 0.13); respectinly.
Satisfaction and perceived trustiness had a great role on loyalty formation and firm’s benefits, but considerations on value, as a mediator factor, were suggested.

Considering the possibility of increased renal toxicity induced by streptomycin in tea and coffee, which contain methylxanthines such as caffeine, we aimed to investigate the histopathological changes in the kidney and liver of rats. We also evaluated some serum parameters after the concurrent use of streptomycin and caffeine. This experimental study was performed on 25 female Wistar rats, with the average weight of 200 g; the rats were divided in five groups. Group I was regarded as the control group, group II received streptomycin (25 mg/kg), group III was administered streptomycin+caffeine (5 mg/kg), group IV received caffeine (5 mg/kg) and group V received streptomycin + vitamin C (100 mg/kg) for a period of 21 days. Afterwards, the rats were anesthetized with ether and blood samples were obtained from the heart. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, sodium and potassium levels were measured in rats. After preparing and sectioning renal and hepatic tissues for pathological examinations, they were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E); the samples were examined, using a light microscope. Serum creatinine and potassium levels were not significantly different between the groups, while urea nitrogen level in group V (15±07 mg/dL) was significantly lower than the values reproted in groups I and IV (p<0.05). Sodium level increased in group II (139. 8±0.2 mEq/L) and group IV (140±0.447 mEq/L), while a significant reduction was reported in group V (137.25±0.75 mEq/L) (p<0.05). According to the findings, hepatic and renal damages were severe after the concomitant use of streptomycin and caffeine. However, vitamin C reduced the induced damages. As the results indicated, caffeine could aggravate renal injuries, induced by streptomycin, while vitamin C had an alleviating effect.

One of the toxins accumulated in the body of hemodialysis patients is beta-2 microglobulin which is caused and increased by various factors. The one of this factors that can affect beta-2 macroglobulin is of membrane type that using in hemodialysis. In the present study, we examined the impact of C-reactive protein (CRP) as an inflammatory factor on beta-2 microglobulin in high-flux membrane hemodialysis patients. This cross-sectional study was done in 44 hemodialysis patients that have been dialyzed in two academic centers; Sina and Amir Alam Hospitals, Tehran, Iran from 2013 to 2014. The patients were hemodialyzed via fistula or permanent catheters three times a week for 4 hours for more than three months. Patients with known infectious disease, hemodialysis with low-flux membrane and dialysis less than three times a week were excluded. All patients were hemodialyzed using Fresenius biocompatible high-flux membrane (FX 100, Fresenius, Massachusetts, USA). Arterial blood sampling was performed. beta-2 microglobulin, CRP, BUN and creatinine tests were conducted for all patients. Forty-four patients among the chronic hemodialysis patients were selected for final analysis. 20 males (44.5%) and 24 females (54.5%) were included in this study. The frequencies of underlying disease in patients participating in the study were as follows: hypertension, 23 cases (52.3%); diabetes mellitus, 11 cases (25%); hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 2 cases (4.5%); obstructive disorder, 2 cases (4.5%). In 23 patients (52.3%), beta-2 macroglobulin was >12 mg/l and in 21 (47.7%), it was <12 mg/l. 29 cases (65.9%) had CRP values less than or equal 6 mg/l. However, there was no significant differences between beta-2 microglobulin and CRP levels (P= 0.460). Also regression analysis of data showed no relationship between beta-2 microglobulin and CRP levels (r= -047, P= 0.763). Although it seems that inflammatory factors can be effective in increasing beta-2 microglobulin, the present study did not find such a relationship between CRP and beta-2 microglobulin.

Leishmaniasis is a well recognized opportunistic infection, which caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite belonging to genus Leishmania. Although, in healthy subjects the mortality and morbidity from this infection is not significant, however in immunosuppressed patients it can cause an overwhelming visceral disease.We report a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a 54 years old diabetic man after kidney transplantation. He had successful unrelated kidney transplantation 14 months before presentation of skin lesions. In physical examination, the patient had multiple itchy and erythematous nodules and ulcers in diameter of 1×2 cm with central ulceration over his arms and hands compatible with a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The patient was given intramuscular Glucantime 20 mg/kg but he didn’t tolerate it. In finally he was treated with fluconazole and after two weeks the ulcers healed. Cutaneous leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis of each nodule or chronic skin lesion in kidney transplant patients. Although, antimonials are the first line drug, fluconazole can also used in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Viral hepatitis is the most frequent disease as a complication of hemodialysis treatment. Because of the importance of reducing the risk of infection, we decided to study the seroprevalence and possible predisposing factors of hepatitis B and C infections. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C serologic markers and risk factors were assessed in 130 hemodialysis patients in two university-affiliated hospitals in Tehran. Sample population included 52 women and 78 men with the mean age of 52.9 years and the mean duration of hemodialysis of 4.83 years. The seroprevalence of antibodies against the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were 8.5% and 4.6%. Out of all patients, 55.4% and of vaccinated individuals, 71.3% had positive hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (HBsAb). There was also a significant correlation between anti-HCV positivity and the mean duration of hemodialysis (p=0.00). However, there was no relationship found between the history of transfusion and anti-HCV or HBsAg positivity (p = 0.98, p = 0.71). Among aminotransferases, aspartate transaminase (AST) level had only a relationship with positive HBsAg(p = 0.02). Correlation of duration of hemodialysis with the presence of antibodies against HCV strongly supports that the hemodialysis environment is as a source of transmission of this disease. High prevalence rate of HBsAg positivity in the hemodialysis units needs more restricted rules for immunization with HBV before beginning the hemodialysis program.