masoud bagherzadeh karimi

River water is used for various purposes more than water from any other source. This study was designed and implemented to evaluate the water quality of the Tajan River by the Iran Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc). Considering the establishment of polluting sources on the banks of the Tajan River (various agricultural, industrial, urban and domestic wastewaters), sampling was done at 9 stations with 3 repetitions in two seasons (January 2021 and June 2021), and 11 water quality parameters including; BOD5, COD, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, fecal coliform, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and total hardness were measured using standard methods in the laboratory. In the present study, the average amount of BOD5, COD, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, fecal coliform, and electrical conductivity increased in both seasons from upstream to downstream stations, dissolved oxygen in both seasons from above It decreased downstream and the total hardness did not have a regular trend from upstream to downstream. The results of the study of the IRWQIsc index showed that this index was between 23.7 and 70.08 in the cold season and between 64.21 and 16.35 in the hot season for all the stations of the Tajan River. In general, the water of the Tajan River was placed in the descriptive-qualitative class of medium and bad, and the closer the agricultural lands were to the studied stations, the more the water pollution was. The most important source of pollution in the study area; Indiscriminate harvesting of sand and paper mills in Mazandaran, fish breeding farms, animal husbandry, sewage of Sari city, surrounding villages, effluents of paddy fields, and agricultural fields. In this regard, attention to the comprehensive management of water resources and assessment of environmental effects should be prioritized.

The purpose of this research was to calculate the environmental water requirement and ecological water level of Parishan wetland to transfer water from Nargesi Dam. Based on hydrological information, there is no relationship between the volume of water in the wetland, the amount of rainfall and runoff input. Therefore, the main factor of wetland death is the improper use of water in agriculture in addition to drought. To determine the hydrological water right, the balance formula of lakes was used. Accordingly, the environmental water requirement is 15.05 million cubic meters per year in the case of stop-cultivation plan, and 35.95 in case of limiting 50% of agricultural wells. If the first scenario is implemented, without drought and water transfer after 3.5 years, the groundwater will reach to zero level and then the restoration process will begin, but with the implementation of the second scenario, this time is 5 years and in case of water transfer from the dam, it will be accelerated. Flagship species include Dalmatian pelican, Golden barb and common reed. The year of 2007 was the last year that the entire area had water. Multi Species Indicators (MSI) was 80 and desirable. In 2007, the amount of fishing was 64 tons and it was desirable. The area of ​​reeds in the same year was 220 hectares. Therefore, the minimum ecological level, based on the volume of wetlands in 2007, is 39.3 million cubic meters, but the ecological balance level based on the average volume of wetlands in watery years is 51.6 million cubic meters. Thus, using hydrological and ecological indicators determine the minimum and optimal volume for the restoration of the wetland to its natural functions, and the role of accurate statistics of indicator organisms is very important.

Wetlands are known as valuable ecosystems that have programmable functional values ​​(economic, social, ecological) due to their diverse functions. Wetland conservation is a priority for most governments and communities. Wetland extinction is associated with the extinction of the functions and services of these ecosystems. Among the valuable services and functions of wetlands can be water storage and flood prevention, nutrient stabilization, plant and aquatic harvesting, biodiversity conservation and nature development, primary production, waste decomposition, food networks, element and gas rotation (phosphorus, nitrogen rotation). , Sulfur) pointed out. . Considering the importance of wetlands in the protection of biodiversity and emphasizing the approach and the role they play in meeting the needs of human societies, also for the wise use of these ecosystems, the Convention on the Conservation of Wetlands of February 2, 1971 ( 13 February 1349) was formed in the city of Ramsar. The purpose of the Ramsar Convention is to ensure the protection and reasonable use of wetlands through local, regional, national and international cooperation to achieve sustainable development around the world. Currently, 171 countries, covering 2,409 wetland sites, with a total area of ​​more than 254 million hectares, are participating in the protection of these bodies of water under the Ramsar Convention. Iran has registered 25 sites in total with an area of ​​about 1.5 million hectares in the list of Ramsar Convention. However, the areas registered in the Ramsar Convention from the collection of wetlands and lakes of the country, do not include only the water body and include service areas around the natural wetland and even a collection of natural and man-made wetlands (such as the site of Fereydoun) A title is listed in Ramsar. Therefore, Iran's registration sites in the Ramsar list include 41 different lakes and wetlands. The Ramsar Convention for the Selection of Wetlands Eligible for Entry into International Aquatic Formations has established standards since 1980, which it revised in 1996. The recent criteria consist of 9 criteria in two separate groups. According to the first group of criteria of the convention, the wetland must be "rare or unique sample specimens". Following the introduction of eligibility criteria for the Ramsar Convention, the same criteria will be used for the optimal management of wetland host countries. Accordingly, a list is published in the Ramsar Convention called the Montreux List, which refers to wetlands that have deviated from the Ramsar Convention criteria and are temporarily removed from the Ramsar Wetlands List. The Montreux Index is a list of international wetlands where changes in the environmental characteristics of wetlands have occurred or are occurring, which may be the product of technological developments, pollution or other human interventions. Host countries have the opportunity to improve management and improve conditions. Improve and return the wetland to the Ramsar list. Currently, 47 wetlands from 26 countries are on the Montreux list, with the most Montreux sites belonging to Greece with 7 sites, followed by Iran with 6 sites. Currently, one of the challenges facing the country in the field of wetland management is the existence of 6 Ramsar sites in the Montreux list, and many efforts are being made by the Wetlands Office in the Environmental Protection Agency to remove these wetlands from the Montreux list. However, achieving a coherent and programmable methodology can accelerate this process and be based on scientific principles. Shadegan International Site is one of the wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention, which together with Khoralamieh and Khor Musa with an area of ​​400,000 hectares in 1975 (04/02/1354 solar) four years after the conclusion of the Ramsar Convention with reference number 2100 Ramsar was registered. After developing the criteria of Ramsar Convention, this wetland was identified as complying with criteria 1 to 6 of the Convention. Unfortunately, in the last two decades, the development of human activities in the field of industry and agriculture has disrupted the natural conditions of this wetland and has caused a decrease in the quality of environmental conditions and loss of the wetland's eligibility in some criteria of the convention. . One of the criteria of the Ramsar Convention for considering an international wetland as its index is its rarity and uniqueness. Shadegan wetland, which is in accordance with the first criterion of Ramsar Convention, has turned it into an index wetland with unique features. The purpose of this study is to use linear programming in optimizing Shadegan wetland in fulfilling the first criterion of Ramsar Convention, in order to evaluate the status of this criterion in Shadegan site in order to help it be removed from the Montreux list. In this research, the linear programming model with the

1- Determining the values ​​of target variables in the three zones of sweet, salty and lush of the wetland 2- Determining the optimal total value of the wetland of the wetland within the criteria of Ramsar Convention 1, will be examined. This research seems to be the first use of linear programming to analyze the status of Ramsar Convention criteria, and no other similar approach is observed both at home and abroad. The minimum acceptable area with respect to the highest area of ​​the wetland water body was defined as the objective function of this criterion. The variables and constraints of this objective function were identified based on the three zones mentioned and the coefficient of each variable was calculated according to the habitat dependence of birds. The results of the research using Lingo software show the minimum frame area

Ala-Gol, Alma-Gol and Aji-Gol wetlands are situated about 60 km southwest of Gorgan city in the province of Golestan, Iran, These complex wetlands area is 3027 hectares and are one of the most valuable and important habitats in Iran from hydrological, biological and ecological point of view. And were reorded in the list of Wetlands of international importance in 1975. These wetlands included in Montreux Record in 1993 due to occurred changes in ecological characters as a result of developments, pollution or other human interference during the last two decades. Therefore it is essential to provide them with a comprehensive management plan for restoration and rehabilitation. According to the the management planning guideline of Ramsar convention, some studies and surveys conducted on occurred changes in ecological characters including drastic reduction of waterfowl birds and waders following over-hunting, decreasing in wetland water levels following unsustainable water operation, developing proper management strategies to mitigate these pressures, analyzed and implemented in 4 context. These context included in interaction among relevant organizations, determining some restriction rules to water over uses, controlling the land use changes around the wetland, organizing the recreational activities, education of local people, enhancing public culture and conducting works for improving the conservation status of wetlands. Finally Ramsar convention secretariats experts confirmed wetland restoration after 16 years performing management plan and these wetlands removed from the Montreux Record as the first experience for Montreux Iranian wetlands.