masoud naseripour

Over the past three decades of research, despite the success of scientific quantitative production, their quality has not improved in terms of developing the knowledge boundaries and the effectiveness of research results in the country's development indicators. As the article production increased, why did not pay attention to the quality of articles? And simultaneously, why the value of the effectiveness of produced science on the society did not take into consideration? These questions and the other ones of this kind are the cases that the writers will review. In the meantime, whether the country's past research can be criticized, or whether it can be violated, and whether in the three decades of research the country has been affected by the effectiveness of scientific production in the development of the country and the system of research management in the country. The purpose of this research is to investigate the three decades of research in the country, to examine two different perspectives from discourse of the day in the field of research and pathology of the field of research, and finally to present various strategies that can pave the way. It is obvious that the general survey of quantitative and qualitative paradigms shows that Iran's research in extending the knowledge boundaries has little effect on the development of society. Therefore, the existing capacities of research of the country create the expectation that along with increasing the financial support for research, while maintaining the growth of scientific papers numbers, the research system of the country will be managed in a way that will contribute to the quality of the articles as well as to promote the development indicators of society that it’s buds have grown over the last few years. Creating the required structures for technology and commercialization of research has provided the appropriate fields to change the paradigm and the research management system of the country. A deeper analysis of this issue will require more extensive applied research from both the views and attitudes of the top executives of the research system of the country and the researchers' at

Background and Retinoblastoma is one of the most common intraocular tumors. In survival analysis where some patients have not experienced the event of interest, we prefer to use cure models. Since many of patients among those diagnosed with retinoblastoma will not require enucleation surgery, these cases assumed to be cured. In order to investigate the factors affecting eye survival, mixture cure models were utilized in present study. Methods & Materials: In this prospective study, we investigated and analyzed the eye survival of 170 pediatric patients suffering from retinoblastoma in Rasool-e-Akram Hospital during 2002 to 2007. Factors affecting eye survival were analyzed using a cure model with lognormal survival function and logit link function. There were statistically significant effects on eye survival for both tumor stage and chemotherapy in mixture cure model (P<0.001, (P<0.001), respectively. Cure rates among children diagnosed with non-advanced tumor stage, for patients who had been treated with chemotherapeutic regimens and patients who had never received chemotherapy obtained 50% and 90%, respectively. Among children diagnosed with advanced tumor stage, cure rates obtained 3% and 24% (chemotherapy vs. no treatment). Cure rates for mentioned groups were 67%, 90%, 0%, and 25% respectively using Kaplan-Meier estimator. In case of patients with long-term of survival applying a cure model is appropriate. Since in eye survival analysis among patients suffering from retinoblastoma. the assumption that all members of society maybe at risk was not considered here, Cox model can be replaced with Lognormal Mixture cure model

urpose: To study the pattern of perfusion of central retinal artery (CRA) after 0.1 ml intravitreal injection of bevacizumab to verify the need for any maneuver to decrease the intraocular pressure (IOP) including anterior chamber paracentesis (ACP)

This is a prospective, interventional, noncomparative case series. Patients receiving intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema and retinal veno-occlusive diseases were included in the study. Each eye received 0.1 ml intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and the status of perfusion of CRA and its pulsation was monitored by indirect ophthalmoscopy until cessation of visible pulsation. Main outcome measures were patency of CRA, its pulsation and time from injection to cessation of pulsation.

Seventy seven eyes of 70 patients were studied. At first ophthalmoscopy 30 seconds after injection, CRA was open in all cases with or without pulsation. CRA occlusion was not observed in any case. In 20 eyes (26%) CRA was patent without pulsation. In 57 eyes (74%) CRA pulsation was detected and this visible pulsation of CRA stopped within an average time of 167±99 seconds (range: 30-480 seconds). From 17 eyes which had significant vitreous reflux, only 6 eyes had CRA pulsation which stopped in a mean time of 80±36 seconds. There was a significant difference between pulsation duration in patients with and without vitreous reflux (Mann-Whitney U test, P=0.005). Absence of postinjection vitreous reflux was a risk factor for CRA pulsation after intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml of bevacizumab (relative risk: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.25-4.62).

Considering the absence of CRA closure and the short time needed for the cessation of pulsation after intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml bevacizumab, no treatment including ACP is warranted before or after such injections in nonglaucomatous eyes. Indirect ophthalmoscopy is a noninvasive useful maneuver to ascertain patency of CRA after intravitreal injections.

To evaluate the results of Verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vasoproliferative tumors (VPT) of the retina and retinal capillary hemangiomas (RCH). In a retrospective case series, 6 tumors in 5 eyes with VPT, and 3 RCH in 3 eyes underwent PDT which was performed using intravenous Verteporfin. Eyes were evaluated for tumor regression, final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and final retinal status. Patients were followed for a mean period of 7.1±3.9 months. Mean number of PDT sessions for each tumor was 1.33 (range 1-2). Overall, mean BCVA improved from 1.7±1.06 to 0.88±0.8 logMAR (P=0.017). Tumor thickness decreased from 3.53±0.83 to 1.73±0.73 mm (P<0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed improvement in BCVA and tumor thickness in the VPT group (P=0.04). However, in the RCH group, there was no statistically significant improvement in BCVA (P=0.43) despite significant reduction in tumor thickness (P=0.024). A favorable outcome characterized by improved or unchanged visual acuity was achieved and the tumor regressed in all eyes. Subretinal fluid was absorbed in all eyes except for one eye with preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Vasoproliferative tumors and retinal capillary hemangiomas can be treated effectively by Verteporfin PDT and a favorable outcome can be expected.

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is one of the most important causes of irreversible blindness in the developed world and prevents the affected person from performing simple tasks such as reading, driving and facial recognition. In the AMD, new blood vessels grow underneath the retina in a process called choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). There is much interest in the quantification of the angiographic features of CNV, as these parameters are used as markers for monitoring the response to CNV treatment. To date, the techniques used in angiographic analysis are based on subjective interpretation by experienced clinicians. The goal of the present study was to propose an automatic algorithm for determining the extent of CNV.

The proposed algorithm was used to analyze indocyanine angiograms of 12 patients with CNV. The angiograms were acquired by a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The algorithm included an adaptive Wiener filtering technique, a top-hat morphology method and a new thresholding technique based on a modification of Otsu’s method. The area of each lesion was obtained and compared with a subjective evaluation of CNV. Finally, each area was expressed in square millimeters by making a cylindrical tube filled with indocyanine green.

The CNV area was determined by the proposed algorithm and an observer. No significant differences were observed between the two data sets (p>0.05). Discussion and

This study demonstrates that the proposed algorithm based on a modification of Otsu’s method can be used to measure the area of CNV.

To determine globe and patient survival in children with retinoblastoma at a major referral center in Iran. Hospital records of 156 eyes of 105 patients with retinoblastoma referred to the Ocular Oncology Center at Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2001 to 2007 were reviewed. Demographic data, family history, presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms, ocular findings and treatment modalities were evaluated. Main outcome measures included patient survival with the event of death, and globe survival with the event of enucleation. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 28.5±23.0 (range 3-120) months. Mean follow-up was 30.9±29.0 (range 3-72) months. Male to female ratio was 47/58. Five patients had positive family history. Involvement was unilateral in 52% and bilateral in 48% of patients. Enucleation was performed as primary treatment in 76 eyes (48.7%) and as secondary treatment for recurrence in 11 eyes (7.1%). Sixty nine eyes (44.2%) were salvaged by different globe preserving modalities. Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival estimate for globe preservation according to the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) was 100% for group A, 93.5% for group B, 86.7% for group C, 57.1% for group D and 0% for group E. Kaplan-Meier estimates for 5-year patient survival was 100% for ICRB groups A and B, 92.3% for group C, 73.3% for group D and 79.9% for group E. Five year patient survival rate was better in ICRB groups A to D than in group E (P=0.004). Advances in treatment, early diagnosis and prompt referral have improved the prognosis of patients with retinoblastoma in terms of globe and patient survival.

To report a case of retinocytoma associated with bilateral retinoblastoma.Case Report: A 3-year-old girl presenting with left eye exotropia was referred to our ophthalmic oncology service for a second opinion. Funduscopy under general anesthesia revealed one prominent retinocytoma associated with five discrete retinoblastomas in the left eye and three discrete retino-blastomas in the right eye. Although retinocytoma is often a benign tumor, it may be associated with retinoblastoma. Therefore, periodic examination of the fundus is necessary in these patients

To describe the association between vitreous traction on the optic disc and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Eighty three eyes of 83 patients with NAION were evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detecting vitreous adhesion to the optic nerve head with separation from the adjacent retina (partial posterior vitreous detachment). Eyes which were negative for such adhesion underwent ultrasonography to detect complete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Fifty male and 33 female subjects with mean age of 51.9±10 years were studied. Partial PVD with optic nerve head adhesion was found in 54 patients (65.1%) using OCT. Ultrasonography detected complete PVD in all other eyes with optically empty spaces on OCT. Vitreous traction on the optic nerve head from partial PVD may play a causative role in some cases of NAION. This traction may impair vascular supply and/or axoplasmic flow leading to signs and symptoms of NAION.